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The classical Carbonising treatment of fabric usually involves the following operational steps:
Impregnated with Sulphuric acid ( 6-9 %of acid).
Squeezing, exhaustion or whizzing of the surplus acid solution (5% solution relative to fabric
weight may remain).
baking at 60 to 90C to concentrate the acid
baking at 105 to 130C (Carbonizing).
Rumbling and rapping (mechanical treatments) to remove the carbonized particles.
Washing and neutralizing with dilute Ammonia Solution.
The use of wetting agents leads to thorough wetting of the greige goods and reduces impregnation
time. To avoid damage of the wool, an excess of sodium carbonate may be added to the
neutralizing liquor.
3. Scouring and Desizing:
The combined treatment of scouring and desizing removes lubricants that are also called
lubricating oils, rag pulling or batching oils and in some cases this process also removes sizing
agents from woolen yarns and fabrics.
Typical substances that must be removed by scouring wool can be classified as:- Soluble in water
Insoluble in water, but able to emulsify with detergents.
Insoluble in water and non/poorly emulsifying with detergents. These substances are only removed
with organic solvent.
The washing will therefore occur with water or with organic solvent (dry cleaning)
Washing (Scouring) solution for wool:Water washing: Sodium carbonate or bi-carbonate solution (neutral or weakly alkaline conditions).
Dry Cleaning: Perchloroethylene (most widely used), water and detergent (optional).
Worsted (or combed) wool under goes short water washing (10 to 20 dipping) with strong nonionic detergents. The treatment usually occurs under same machine used for subsequent dyeing.
Colored worsted wool is first washed with an ammoniac solution to remove non-fixed dyes. The
treatment is finished with a washing in a solution of formic acid and anti-electrostatics.
Woven or knitted fabrics are commonly washed not only to remove the lubricants but also to give
the fabric a special luster or handle. Further more the fabric is relieved from the tensions of the
proceeding knitting or weaving. Here too ammoniac solution may be used to pre-wash the fabric.
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