Cased Hole Logging Basics Guide

CASED HOLE LOGGING BASICS
Petroleum Engineer
Abbas Radhi Abbas

Iraq-Missan -2016
E-mail : Loggingwell@yahoo.com
CASED HOLE LOGGING BASICS -----------------------------ENGINEER : ABBAS RADHI ABBAS
Table of Contents
INTODUCRION ................................................................................................................ 2
CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY................................................................................................ 3
CASED HOLE SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY................................................................................ 4
CASED HOLE POROSITY ................................................................................................... 4
CASED HOLE RESERVOIR SATURATION LOG ...................................................................... 6
CASED HOLE DIPOLE SHEAR SONIC ................................................................................... 9
CASED HOLE ELEMENTAL CAPTURE SPECTROSCOPY ....................................................... 12
CASED HOLE FORMATION RESISTIVITY ........................................................................... 14
CASED HOLE FORMATION DENSITY ................................................................................ 15
CASING and TUBING INSPECTION BASICS ....................................................................... 17
CASING INSPECTION with CEMENT MAPPING LOGS ....................................................... 17
CASING and TUBING INSPECTION with ELECTROMAGNETIC LOGS ................................... 20
CASING and TUBING INSPECTION with MULTI-FINGER CALIPERS .................................... 23
CASE HISTORY: CASING INSPECTION .............................................................................. 24
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................... 30
CASED HOLE LOGGING BASICS

INTRODUCTION
Logging through casing began with the gamma ray log in the later part of
the 1930s and this tradition has continued to the present. The gamma ray
log is used for depth correlation on many logging and wireline services.
Most cased hole logs have a GR and casing collar log (CCL) for depth
control. Slim hole tools for use through tubing or hostile environments, as
well as full size tools for casing or open hole applications, are usually
available.
In the mid 1940s, the neutron log was added and recorded through casing.
Correlation, shale volume, porosity, and gas zones could be observed with
these two logs. Both were uncalibrated logs, so the analyst had a fair
amount of work to do. Analysis of ancient logs is covered elsewhere in this
Handbook. Modern gamma ray and neutron logs are properly calibrated
and scaled, but a number of environmental corrections may be required.
The pulsed neutron (thermal decay time) and induced gamma ray spectral
logs followed in the 1960s, as did the natural gamma ray spectral log. With
these, we could assess water saturation and lithology through casing, at
least in favourable circumstances.
Compensated neutron logs with some corrections for casing and average
cement conditions appeared in the 1970s. This log was scaled in porosity
units so it could be used more directly for reservoir evaluation than
previous neutron logs.
Compressional and shear travel time (slowness) logs appeared in
the 1980s and were suitable for both open and cased hole.
Roke Oil Enterprises in Calgary developed a though casing laterolog with
a 3 to 6 inch bed resolution and a through casing density log in the 1970s.
Both tools were calibrated and worked fine, but they did not find a large
audience and no major service company took up the challenge until almost
25 years later. By 2004, the Schlumberger services catalog listed both
cased hole resistivity and cased hole density logs
The modern logs that cannot be run in casing are the dipmeter, resistivity
image, nuclear magnetic resonance, and SP.
Cement bond, cement mapping, and casing inspection logs are covered
elsewhere in this Handbook. Production logging, perforating, testing, and
completion or workover services run on wireline in casing are not covered
in this Handbook.
Petrophysical analysis using these cased hole measurements proceed along
the same lines as with the equivalent open hole logs, with only minor
exceptions. The first is that the annulus between the casing and formation
must be well cemented, with good cement fill up. Most cased hle logs
suffer from poor cement. A good cement bond or cement mapping log
should be run and remedial action taken before running cased hole logs for
reservoir evaluation.
The analyst needs to determine whether further borehole fluid, casing size
and weight, cement sheath, or other environmental corrections are
required. Some corrections are made at the time of logging, others are not,
and this varies with the age of the tool.
A brief outline of each of the tools useful in cased hole reservoir evaluation
are given below, condensed fromSchlumberger Services Catalog,
2004 Refer to appropriate Chapters in this Handbook for additional details
on
tool
theory
or
petrophysical
analysis
methods.
1- CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY

Gamma ray tools record naturally occurring gamma rays in the formations
adjacent to the wellbore. This nuclear measurement indicates the
radioactive content of the formations. Effective in any environment,
gamma ray tools are the standard device used for correlation of logs in
cased and open holes.
Applications
Depth determination
Depth correlation within the well and between wells
Lithology identification
Qualitative evaluation of shaliness
Qualitative evaluation of radioactive mineral deposits
Cased hole perforating depth control
Positioning for openhole sampling tools
3
2- CASED HOLE SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY

Spectral gamma ray tools provide insight into the mineral composition of
formations. The total gamma ray spectra measured is resolved into the
three most common components of naturally occurring radiation in sands
and shalespotassium, thorium, and uranium (K, Th, and U, respectively).
These data are used to distinguish important features of the clay or sand
around the wellbore. The clay type can be determined, and sand can be
identified as radioactive. The deposition of radioactive salts behind the
casing by the movement of water can also be identified.
The natural gamma ray spectrometry tool uses five-window spectroscopy
to resolve the total gamma ray spectra into K, Th, and U curves. The
standard gamma ray (SGR) and the gamma ray minus the uranium (CGR)
component are also presented. The computed gamma ray or Th curve can
be used to evaluate the clay content where radioactive minerals are present.
Applications
Cation exchange capacity studies
Reservoir delineation
Detailed well-to-well correlation
Definition of facies and depositional environment
Igneous rock recognition
Recognition of other radioactive materials
Estimated uranium and potassium potentials
Lithologic analysis log input Nuclear
3- CASED HOLE POROSITY

Cased hole formation porosity services make accurate formation porosity
and sigma measurements in cased wells. The measurement, based on an
electronic neutron source instead of a chemical source, uses borehole
shielding and focusing to obtain porosity measurements that are affected
only minimally by borehole environment, casing, standoff, and formation
characteristics such as lithology and salinity.
The large yield of the neutron source enables the use of epithermal neutron
detection and borehole shielding. As a result, the porosity measurements
are affected only minimally by the borehole environment and formation
characteristics, such as lithology and salinity. Five detectors provide
4
information for porosity evaluation, gas detection, shale evaluation,

improvement of the vertical resolution, and borehole correction. The
measurements can be performed in both cased and open holes.
Compensated neutron logs have traditionally been run as a porosity
indicator in cased wells. Although it provides a good estimation of
formation porosity in most conditions, the unfocused nature of the CNL
log does not allow correction for environmental effects, such as thickness
of casing and cement, or effects resulting from the position of the tool and
casing in the borehole. For the highest possible accuracy, CHFP service is
the measurement of choice.
Compensated neutron tools measure the hydrogen index of downhole
formations. The measurements are converted to porosity values, which in
combination with density tool measurements provide an indication of
lithology and gas in zones of interest. Some compensated neutron tools
provide thermal and epithermal measurements. Thermal measurements
require a liquid filled borehole. Epithermal measurements can be made in
air or gas filled boreholes.
The compensated neutron log tool contains a radioactive source that
bombards the formation with fast neutrons. The neutrons are slowed,
primarily by hydrogen atoms in the formation. Detectors count the slowed
neutrons deflected back to the tool. Because the tool responds primarily to
the hydrogen content of the formation, the measurements are scaled in
porosity units. Both epithermal (intermediate energy) neutrons and thermal
(slow) neutrons can be measured depending on the detector design. These
tools use two thermal detectors to produce a borehole-compensated
thermal neutron measurement.
The dual-energy neutron log has two thermal and two epithermal detectors
that make separate energy measurements for gas detection and improved
reservoir description.
Applications
Porosity determination
Lithology identification
Gas detection
Correlation in cased wells
Option to pump slim tools down drillpipe
Formation evaluation behind casing
Accurate hydrogen index estimation
5
Clay analysis
4- CASED HOLE RESERVOIR SATURATION LOG

Reservoir saturation tools such as the pulsed neutron (TDT) are still
widely used. The newesu, the reservoir saturation log (RST) makes both
formation sigma and C/O ratio measurements that allow the calculation of
water saturation without the need for a resistivity log..
In formations with high-salinity formation water, the sigma measurement
has been used for several decades to determine water saturation. The C/O
ratio measurement can accurately evaluate water saturation in moderate to
high porosity formations regardless of water salinity. This calculation is
particularly helpful if the water salinity is low or unknown. If the salinity
of the formation water is high, the Dual-Burst Thermal Decay Time
measurement is used. A combination of both measurements can be used to
6
detect and quantify the presence of injection water of a different salinity

from that of the connate water.
Time-lapse measurements of water saturation can be used to monitor the
performance of a well or reservoir over time. TDT logs have gone throufg
many evolutionary changes over the years so reservoir monitoring is
difficult, especial;;y in low porosity reservoirs. Some age related
normalization and bore hole corrections are often needed to makes sense
of the data.
Applications
Formation evaluation behind casing
Sigma, porosity, and carbon/oxygen measurement in one trip in the
wellbore
Water saturation evaluation in old wells where modern openhole logs
have not been run
Measurement of water velocity inside casing, irrespective of wellbore
angle (production logging)
Measurement of near-wellbore water velocity outside the casing
(remedial applications)
Formation oil volume from C/O ratio, independent of formation water
salinity
Capture yields (H, Cl, Ca, Si, Fe, S, Gd, and Mg)
Inelastic yields (C, O, Si, Ca, and Fe)
Borehole salinity
5- CASED HOLE DIPOLE SHEAR SONIC

Dipole shear sonic coupled with automated sonic waveform processing
for slowness determinations, provides accurate formation compressional
and shear slowness measurements in cased wells. Slowness processing is
based on optimally designed frequency filters and advanced signal
processing. This method significantly attenuates casing arrivals to
facilitate the clean extraction of formation slowness.
The dipole shear sonic log combines monopole and dipole sonic
acquisition capabilities. The transmitter section contains a piezoelectric
monopole transmitter and two electrodynamic dipole transmitters
perpendicular to each other. An electric pulse at sonic frequencies is
applied to the monopole transmitter to excite compressional- and shearwave propagation in the formation. For Stoneley wave acquisition, a
specific low-frequency pulse is used. The dipole transmitters are also
driven at low frequency to excite the flexural wave around the borehole.
The tool is made up of three sections: acquisition cartridge, receiver
section, and transmitter section. An isolation joint is placed between the
transmitter and receiver sections to prevent direct flexural wave
transmission through the tool body. The receiver section has an array of
eight receiver stations spaced 6 inches. [15 cm] apart and 9 ft (2.74 m) from
the monopole transmitter, 11 ft (3.35 m) from the upper dipole transmitter,
and 11.5 ft (3.50 m) from the lower dipole transmitter. Each receiver station
consists of two pairs of wideband-piezoelectric hydrophones aligned with
the dipole transmitters.
Summing the signals recorded by one pair of hydrophones provides the
monopole waveform, whereas differentiating them cancels the monopole
signal and provides the dipole waveform. When a dipole transmitter is
fired, the hydrophone pair diagonally in line with the transmitter is used.
Four sets of eight waveforms can be acquired from the four basic operating
modes fired in sequence. A special dipole mode enables recording both the
inline and crossline (perpendicular) waveforms for each dipole mode.
This mode, called both cross receivers (BCR), is used for anisotropy
evaluation.
Applications
Geophysics
Velocity calibration, time/depth conversion
Synthetic seismograms
Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) calibration
9
Shear seismic interpretation

Anisotropy
Petrophysics
Porosity estimation (also in cased hole)
Lithology and clay identification
Gas identification
Stoneley wave measurement
Fracture evaluation
Permeability (mobility)
Geomechanics
Pore pressure
Wellbore stability
Hydrofracture design
Sand strength
Sonic imaging
Sonic imaging with borehole acoustic reflection survey (BARS)
Very long spacing tool (using spacers)
Reflection analysis
Highly dipping beds
Horizontal wells (apparent dip > 45)
Well placement with respect to cap rock
10
11
6- CASED HOLE ELEMENTAL CAPTURE SPECTROSCOPY

Elemental capture spectroscopy lods use a standard americium beryllium
(AmBe) neutron source and a large bismuth germanate (BGO) detector to
measure relative elemental yields based on neutron-induced capture
gamma ray spectroscopy. The primary elements measured in both open and
cased holes are for the formation elements silicon (Si), iron (Fe), calcium
(Ca), sulfur (S), titanium (Ti), gadolinium (Gd), chlorine (Cl), barium (Ba),
and hydrogen (H).
Wellsite processing uses the 254 channel gamma ray energy spectrum to
produce dry-weight elements, lithology, and matrix properties. The first
step involves spectral deconvolution of the composite gamma ray energy
spectrum by using a set of elemental standards to produce relative
elemental yields. The relative yields are then converted to dry-weight
elemental concentration logs for the elements Si, Fe, Ca, S, Ti, and Gd
using an oxides closure method.
Matrix properties and quantitative dry-weight lithologies are then
calculated from the dry-weight elemental fractions using the SpectroLith*
empirical relationships derived from an extensive core chemistry and
mineralogy
database.
The
calculated
outputs
are
dry-weight lithology fractions (from elements)
total clay
total carbonate
anhydrite + gypsum from S and Ca
QFM (quartz + feldspar + mica)
pyrite
siderite
coal
salt
matrix properties (from elements)
matrix grain density
matrix thermal and epithermal neutron
matrix sigma. Applications
DecisionXpress* integrated petrophysical analysis
Clay fraction independent of gamma ray, spontaneous potential, and
density neutron
Carbonate, gypsum or anhydrite, pyrite, siderite, coal, and salt
fractions for complex reservoir analysis
Matrix density and matrix neutron values for more accurate porosity
calculation
Sigma matrix for cased and openhole sigma saturation analysis
12
Mineralogy-based permeability estimates

Quantitative lithology for rock properties modeling and pore pressure
prediction from seismic data
Geochemical stratigraphy (chemostratigraphy) for well-towell
correlation
Enhanced completion and drilling fluid recommendations based on clay
versus carbonate cementation
Coalbed methane bed delineation, producibility, and in situ reserves
estimation
13
7- CASED HOLE FORMATION RESISTIVITY

Cased hole formation resistivity logs make direct, deep reading resistivity
measurements through casing and cement. The concept of measuring
resistivity through casing is not new, but recent breakthroughs in
downhole electronics and electrode design have made these challenging
measurements possible. Now the same basic measurements can be
compared for open- and cased holes.
The effects of invasion are usually dissipated by the time the log is run, so
the measurement is considered to be a good representation of true
resistivity, as long as cement conditions are adequate.
The tool injects current into the casing with sidewall contact electrodes,
where it flows both upward and downward before returning to the surface
along a path similar to that employed by open hole laterolog tools. Most of
the current remains in the casing, but a very small portion escapes to the
formation. Electrodes on the tool measure the potential difference created
by the leaked current, which is proportional to the formation conductivity.
Typical formation resistivity values are about 10^9 times the resistivity
value of the steel casing. The measurement current escaping to the
formation causes a voltage drop in the casing segment. Because the
resistance of casing is a few tens of microohms and the leaked current is
typically on the order of a few milliamperes, the potential difference
measured by the CHFR-tool is in nanovolts.
Applications
Resistivity measurement behind casing in new or old wells
Reservoir monitoring
Location of bypassed hydrocarbons
Determination of residual oil saturation
Contingency logging in wells where openhole logs could not be run
Primary evaluation where openhole logging is not possible Resistivity
Logging
14
8- CASED HOLE FORMATION DENSITY

Cased hole formation density logs make accurate formation density
measurements in cased wells. A chemical gamma ray source and threedetector measurement system are used to make measurements in a wide
range of casing and borehole sizes. The density measurement made by the
three detector system is corrected for casing and cement thickness.
15
The density data are used to calculate porosity and determine the lithology.
The combination of density and neutron data is used to indicate the
presence of gas.
Applications
Porosity determination
Lithology analysis and identification of minerals
Gas detection
Hydrocarbon density determination
Shaly sand interpretation
Rock mechanical properties calculations
Determination of overburden pressure
Synthetic seismogram for correlation with seismic
16
9-CASING and TUBING INSPECTION BASICS

Casing and tubing placed in well bores may suffer from damage due to
corrosion or mechanical distress. Corrosion is caused by natural electrical
currents that flow in the earth, and from man-made currents from power
lines and surface equipment.
Corrosion can be reduced by cathodic protection systems but not always
with perfectly satisfaction. Corrosion inspection logs and cathodic
protection evaluation logs are widely used in areas where corrosion is
known to be a problem.
Holes in tubing or casing caused by corrosion can seriously affect
production rates and fluid composition, resulting in economic loss.
Loss of metal may result in strength loss without holes in the pipe, allowing
burst or collapse, again with serious economic consequences. Bent,
squashed, or oval pipe can impede or prevent the passage of equipment or
tools into and out of the wellbore. Moving parts, such as pump rods, an
cause wear that eventually will cause problems if not repaired in time.
Although most tubular goods are inspected before running into the hole,
bad pipe has been found in numerous cases after the well completion has
proved unsuccessful. Damage may also occur during testing of the well,
drilling of plugs, or well stimulation. Un-cemented or poorly cemented
casing can be damaged easily with excessive pressure. The effect on
production can be severe and remediation will be assisted by an accurate
diagnosis of the problem by an adequate inspection program. So there are
lots of potential problems to look for.
The logs offer precise depth correlation when recorded with gamma ray or
casing collar locator logs. The following descriptions are condensed from
the 1999 Schlumberger Services Catalog. Equivalent logging tools are
available from all major ,and many smaller, service companies.
10- CASING INSPECTION with CEMENT MAPPING LOGS
Cement evaluation tools are traditionally used to assess cement quality,
cement bond, channels, and cement fill-up using azimuthal ultrasonic
transceivers. These tools also have a corrosion inspection mode, measuring
the thickness of the casing from its resonant frequency. Simultaneously.
the internal dimensions of the casing are determined from the travel time
of sound reflected off the casing walls. An azimuthal image of the casing
inside diameter can be displayed.
17
Casing diameter, casing thickness, and ovality logs from CET tool are use
for casing inspection.
Ultrasonic imaging tools evaluate the quality of the cement and determines
both internal and external casing corrosion. A single rotating sensor emits
ultrasonic pulses and measures the resulting resonance. The USI echo
strength and casing resonance are processed to produce detailed images of
cement quality and distribution that can spot channels as narrow as 1.2 in.
Alternate presentations provide images of casing thickness, internal radius,
and internal corrosion. Casing ovality, kinks, and holes can be observed on
the image logs. The size of the rotating head is chosen appropriately for the
size of the tubular to be surveyed.
18
Typical USI composite presentation with casing cross section and internal
radius measurements.
19
11-CASING and TUBING INSPECTION with

ELECTROMAGNETIC LOGS
Electromagnetic corrosion
and protection evaluation
tools measure casing
potential and resistance in
cathodically protected wells
to evaluate protection and
determine the extent of any
corrosion. Using four
hydraulically activated sets
of three measurement
electrodes spaced at 2 foot
intervals. This service
provides axial and radial
current density, corrosion rate, and casing thickness. In wells
without protection, the tool determines the rate and location of
external corrosion.
This log shows current flow in a casing string with no cathodic protection.
Corrosion is occurring at the depths shaded red.
==>
20
Multi-frequency
electromagnetic
thickness
tools are nondestructive and
non-contact
induction
devices to determine metal
loss and changes in casing
geometry, regardless of fluid
type. Generally used to find
large scale corrosion or
casing splits, the tool also
detects metal loss in the outer
casing of multiple casing
strings. A coil centered in the
borehole
generates
an
alternating magnetic field
that interacts with the casing;
a second coil measures phase shift.
These electromagnetic measurements. made at multiple frequencies. are
related to casing wall thickness. inner diameter, and permeability /
conductivity, Each of these parameters is averaged around the pipe
circumference.
<== This composite corrosion log run across a lost circulation zone shows
the axial and radial currents in the casing. The log shows anodic and
cathodic sections along the casing, Anodes have developed in front of the
poorly cemented section resulting in metal loss, pits, and holes.
21
Pipe analysis logs monitor

casing
quality
and
discriminate between internal
and external defects. This
corrosion-monitoring service
is designed primarily for
detecting small holes and
defects. A high frequency
eddy current test detects
flaws on the inner casing. and
a magnetic flux Ieakage test
inspects the full casing
thickness.
With
these
measurements. small defects
and corroded areas in pipe are
detected. and defects on the
inner and outer walls of a single casing string can he identified. Twentyfour sensor signals (12 flux and 12 eddy) are digitally recorded for
complete surface processing. When combined with other services. severe
corrosion and defects can be detected and identified on the inner or outer
pipe in a double casing string.
PAL log recorded to evaluate casing corrosion. Perforations are at 1145 to
1160 ft, and perforations that have been squeeze cemented are at 1165 to
1167 and to 1190 fl. ==>
22
12- CASING and TUBING INSPECTION with MULTIFINGER CALIPERS

Tubing geometry logs are
multi-finger calipers, used to
precisely measure variations
in the internal diameter of the
tubing and to provide data
for collar corrosion analysis.
The spherical lips of the
caliper~ exert only 2 kg of
contact force, thereby
avoiding damage to pipe
coatings. Interchangeable
fingers permit corrosion
monitoring over a wide range
of tubing sizes. Each set of
feelers can be opened and
closed downhole for repeat
passes over the zone of
interest. Each of the 16 sensors generates an independent signal recorded
versus depth and both well site and computed products are available.
<== Multi-finger tubing caliper with grey scale caliper map - white is 4.0
inches, black is 4.5 inches.
Multi-finger casing caliper logs are mechanical casing inspection devices.

Using from 36 to 72 fingers. depending on the diameter to be measured.
The tool gives very high resolution, radially and vertically, to identify
casing corrosion ranging from small pits and scale to axial splits. The tool
can be opened and closed downhole. Radii measurements include three
minimum and three maximum (one each per 120-degree section) or six
maximum (one each per 60-degree section). All raw data and computations
are available at the well site.
23
13- CASE HISTORY: CASING INSPECTION

This example combines both cement integrity
and casing integrity issues. The problem is to
determine where a water flow behind casing is
coming from. The first thing you need is a a
well diagram to see what plumbing is in place,
as shown at the right. The water flow is coming
up between the 9-5/8 and 13-3/8 inch casing
strings. The only water can get there is through
poor quality cement behind the 9-5/8" casing
OR through a leak in the 13-3/8" casing
combined with poor cement behind that casing
string.
Well diagram showing casing sizes and depths
==>
24
The cheapest logs to check for water

flow are noise logs and temperature
logs. In this well a temperature log was
run. Water inflow might show a slight
low temperature at the point of entry,
caused by gas released from solution,
with a small high temperature anomaly
above geothermal gradient, as the warm
water moves upward through cooler
horizons. This water flow is 100
bbl/day, so it is significant enough to
cause such an anomaly.
<== Compressed vertical scale

temperature log. Dark diagonal line is a
constant gradient. Coolest temperature
is at large arrow, with a warm spot above
it (circled) reverting to geothermal
gradient above suspected entry point.
The illustration below is a casing

inspection log showing good casing at
this depth. The casing ID and OD are
normal and the map shows no breaks or
holes. Since water is not entering this
casing string, the log merely confirms our understanding of the situation.
Below that is an illustration of the cement integrity log, showing a large
cement channel with only about 50% of the annulus filled with cement.
While the cement is well bonded, it does not provide isolation, and this
problem persists throughout the well bore.
A cement squeeze to fill this channel is needed. The interval should be relogged after the squeeze to verify isolation and fill up of the annulus.
25
Casing inspection log over suspect area shows good casing. Ignore the
cement quality indicator on the right edge - it is just plain WRONG - see
below.
26
Cement integrity log over suspect interval shows a bad cement job. White
on cement map is a channel and black is good cement., giving a Bond Index
of only 50%. Water can easily flow up through such a channel. The cement
quality flag at the extreme right is WRONG (black is supposed to represent
good cement but the trigger level is not set correctly - you need at least 80
to 90% bond for isolation to water.
This may not be the end of the story. The integrity of the intermediate
casing also needs to be checked. Fortunately, casing and cement logs were
27
run before the well was drilled to total depth. Samples are shown below.
Lots of corrosion both inside and outside the casing is indicated, possibly
because this was re-used casing. Kinks and dents are also evident on the
casing ID map. The cement fill up is also poor and a remedial squeeze job
should have been performed before the well was deepened. There is one
anomaly on the casing that might indicate a split (see below.. There is no
easy way to squeeze behind this casing now and the temperature log is too
insensitive to confirm a water leak at this depth. The salinity of the water
flowing in the annulus might provide a clue as to whether the water is
coming from a deep or shallow source.
Casing profile shows corrosion an inside and outside of pipe. Map of inside
diameter shows casing is oval - dark red is large diameter, pale colour is
small diameter. Casing thickness shows possible splits (white diagonal
areas with dark blobs- white is thin, black is thick). "Good" cement flag at
far right is not correct - see image below.
28
Cement bond and cement map show poor bond with a medium size channel
and no bond to the formation If the casing is split as indicated in the
previous image, this cement could allow water inflow between this casing
string and the liner. Note that the apparent "casing splits" on the casing log
are at the same place as the missing cement. The interpretation of a casing
split here is not certain - an electromagnetic pipe evaluation tool would
have been needed to confirm.
29
Reference:
CRAIN'S PETROPHYSICAL HANDBOOK

E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng
30

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CASED HOLE LOGGING BASICS

Abbas Radhi Abbas

CASED HOLE LOGGING BASICS -----------------------------ENGINEER : ABBAS RADHI ABBAS

CASED HOLE LOGGING BASICS -----------------------------ENGINEER : ABBAS RADHI ABBAS