Prepared under

QIP-CD Cell Project

Lecture-6

Jet Propulsion

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph. D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

1

Nozzle and Diffuser Example

Diffuser: to reduce the velocity of incoming

air efficiently.
Engine installation:
Under the wings
Base of vertical stabilizer
Root of the wings
Under the fuselage

Subsonic inlets : Each of the installation

May cause flow distortion
at the compressor inlet.
Surge/vibration/flame-out

Total pressure losses.

5

Subsonic inlets - Fixed design.

Blow-in-doors in turbofan engines
 a for high
high (BPR) for extra m
Power output (and low C a )
Operation
And design

Efficiency of compression
External drag of the inlet
Mass flow into the inlet
Subsonic

Depends

Entry Flow
Supersonic
6

Normal operation

High angle of
attack

At M > 1, Shockwave occurs

inefficient compression
7

Supersonic inlets : Reduction of velocity.

(supersonic subsonic)
with one Normal Shock
is relatively inefficient.
Oblique shockwaves are employed
for efficient compression.
Difficult to design.
Design
Variable geometry
center body
Performance
Off-design
Boundary layer bleed incorporated (to prevent separation).
8

Must serve subsonic performance

subsonic flight, supersonic design conditions

operate at all p a , T a
Example : Creation of a vortex if the engine
draws air from Boundary Layer.
Separation at high .
Wake due to protuberances in inlet

Intake / Diffuser :
adiabatic duct.
no heat transfer, work transfer.
total temperature remains constant.
total pressure decreases due to fluid friction

Function :
Convert dynamic
pressure energy at
the inlet.

Static pressure
rise at the outlet
1
p 0 = p0 + PC a
2

Without loss of total pressure

10

Subsonic application:
C a is decreased to C1
D

p a is raised to p1
a

Between (a) and (1)

No heat transfer (T0 a = T01 )
Pressure loss ( p 0 a > p 01 )

11

Efficiency :
Isentropic efficiency
(in term of temperature rise)
Ram efficiency
(in term of pressure rise)

12

poa

oa

T01 = T0 a

T01

p1

p01

01
1 1

Ca 2
2C p

Ta

C12
2CP

pa

a
S

From figure,
T01 = T0 a

Ca
= Ta +
2C p
13

Also,

T01 p01
=

Ta pa

T01 Ta T01 Ta
=
=
2
T01 Ta
Ca
2C p

K.E. that can be converted to PR

=
K.E. that is available to convert to PR

If

p0 a = p01 (for isentropic diffuser)

D = 100%
14

When C1 = 0
States 01 and 1 are identical.
01 : For process been isentropic
Now,

D
or,
or,

T01 Ta
=
T01 Ta

2
T01 Ta = D (T01 Ta ) = D C a / 2C p
T01 Ta
T01
DCa 2
= 1 +
= 1 + D
Ta
2C p Ta
Ta
15

p01
Ca
= 1 + D

pa
2C pTa
2

or,

/ 1

r 1 2

Ma
= 1 + D
2

/ 1

Ma =
M a2

Ca

RTa

Ca 2
=
RTa

R
Cp =
1
R = C p ( 1)
16

Ram Efficiency:
Ram : Increase of pressure (above ambient)
at the inlet due to forward velocity
is called Ram.
Pressure rise : Ram pressure rise.
Ram Efficiency,

Actual PR
Ram Pressure Rise
R =
=
Isentropic PR Inlet Dynamic Head
p1 pa
p01 pa
=

p0 a pa p0 a pa
17

Intake efficiency : depends on location of

engine (wings/fuselage)

D = 0.93 for subsonic A/C

< 0.93 for supersonic A/C ( M a , D )

Supsonic application :

D
R

p 01
Pressure Recovery Factor =
p0a

p01
pa
18

Combustors : Loss of total pressure.

Skin friction and turbulence
Rise in temperature due to
combustion ( T , , increase of
velocity and momentum of streams)
Aerodynamic Resistance from the Flame
Stabilizing Devices & Mixing devices

19

Nozzles:
Convergent nozzle (Fixed area)
Convergent-divergent nozzle
Plug Nozzle

Fixed
Variable

20

Convergent Nozzle :
used for low nozzle pressure ratio (<2)
used for low thrust engine (subsonic A/C)
no moving parts
high nozzle pr. Ratio
Conv.-divergent Nozzle :
high sp. Thrust engine
(Supersonic A/C)
Fixed area : One expansion ratio and
mass flow rate.
Over expanded
For other expansion ratio
Under expanded
21

Variable area : Throat area may be varied.

Used in engines with AB
Position (a) Cruise operation
Position (b) Take-off

b
a

Plug nozzle :
Variation of throat area by
axial translation of the
plug.
Requires cooling and
structurally weak.

22

Design Criteria :
Be matched to all other components at all
operation conditions.
Minimum loss both at design and off-design
conditions.
Must provide an optimum expansion ratio
Must have a reverse thrust facility
Should incorporate noise absorbing materials.

23

Nozzles : Gas is expanded to increase the

velocity against decrease of pressure.
1) Convergent Nozzles :
Used in most aircraft
2) Convergent-divergent Nozzles :
Used in supersonic aircraft (M = 2 to 3)

24

Convergent Nozzles :
Designed to maintain a constant internal
total pressure and to produce sonic
velocity at the exit.
ideally
actually

operates isentropically
operates adiabatically
but irreversibly

25

T
04

T04

05

p 04
p 05

C52
2C p p = p
5
a

T04 T5
=
T T
04

26

or,

N T04 T5 = T04 T5

or,

T
T04 T5 = N T04 1 5
T04

1
= N T04 1
1
p
04

p
5

C2
1
5
or, T05 T5 = N T04 1
=
= jet velocity

1
p 2C p
04

p
5

27

when

p5 = p a (up to critical value)

pressure thrust is zero

p5 = p c C5 = Sonic velocity = rRT5

at M = 1
p04 p04
=
= critical pressure ratio
p5
pc

Nozzle is choked
Isent. process

T04
Corresponding
= critical temp. ratio
TC

identical

Irr. Ad. process

28

At M = 1

T04
C5 2
1 2
= 1+
= 1+
M5
2C pT5
2
T5
T04 + 1

=
2
TC
TC = ??
Now,

T04 TC
=

T T
04

or, T04

(T04 TC )
TC =

29

o r,

TC = T 0 4

o r,

TC
TC
1
=1
1

N
T04
T04

o r,

pc

p
04

o r,

p c = p 04

or,

p 04
=
pc

= 1

(T 0 4

TC

1
2
1

N
+ 1

1 1
1

1
N

1 1 1
1

+
1
N

/ 1

= critical pressure
ratio

The Pressure Ratio at which discharge is maximum, and this occurs at M = 1.

30

Chocked:

C5 = rRT5

Unchocked:

C5 = 2Cp (T04 T5 )
3
T

Ideal turbojet cycle

a
S
31

32

33

Summary
o Engine Installations
o Inlets-Types
o Efficiency-in terms of pressure, temperature
o Combustor Pressure Loss
o Nozzles-Types
o Efficiency of Nozzle

34

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Hill, P.G., and Peterson, C.R., (1992), Mechanics and

Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Addison Wesley.
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H, Rogers, G.F.C, and. Cohen, H,
(2001), Gas Turbine Theory, Pearson Education.
Oates, G.C., (1988), Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and
Rocket Propulsion, AIAA, New York.
Mattingly, J.D., (1996), Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion,
McGraw Hill.
Cumpsty, N.A., (2000), Jet Propulsion, Cambridge University
Press.
Bathie, W.W., (1996), Fundamentals of Gas Turbines, John
Wiley.
Treager, I.E., (1997), Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Technology,
Tata McGraw Hill.
Sutton, G.P. and Biblarz, O., (2001), Rocket Propulsion
Elements, John Wiley & Sons.
Zucrow, M.J., (1958), Aircraft and Missile Propulsion, Vol. II,
John Wiley.
35

Web Resources
1.
2.
3.
4.
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7.
8.
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10.
11.
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23.

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http://www.aero.hq.nasa.gov/edu/index.html
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