QUESTIONS

How do different parent involvement practices (i.e. parent-child and parent-school)

affect student attitudes, behaviors, and achievement? Second, for those practices
that primarily affect student attitudes and behaviors, how do these effects indirectly
improve academic achievement and performance? If parent involvement practices
differentially affect student attitudes, behaviors and achievement and student
attitudes and behaviors are related to improved achievement, then previous
research may have substantially under-estimated parent involvements influence on
adolescents lives. Furthermore, if we can better understand how parent-child and
parent-school involvement affects adolescents, we will be better situated to design
parent involvement interventions that maximize the benefits for youth and
adolescents.

First, what is the structure and nature of parent involvement? Second, how might
parent involvement affect student attitudes, behaviors, and achievement? Third,
why might these effects be differentially distributed across form of parent
involvement and type of outcome being studied?

HYPOTHESIS
1: Parent-child discussion should directly influence student attitudes (i.e.
educational expectations), and to a lesser degree behaviors (i.e. absenteeism,
homework, truancy), thereby indirectly affecting academic achievement.
2: Parent-child monitoring should directly influence student behaviors (i.e.
absenteeism, homework, truancy), and to a lesser degree attitudes (i.e. educational
expectations), thereby indirectly affecting academic achievement.
3: Educational support strategies should directly affect achievement, but should
affect student attitudes and behaviors only modestly.
4: Parent Teacher Organization involvement should directly affect student attitudes
and behavior, thereby indirectly affecting academic achievement. PTO involvement
should also directly affect academic achievement
Boredom in the Classroom: Addressing Student Motivation, Self-Regulation, and
Engagement in Learning (2015) - EBOOK
Gayle L. Macklem
http://bookzz.org/book/2486768/9aedec
Factors in Student Motivation (2008) - ARTICLE

Steven C. Howey
https://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Motivation.aspx
Encouraging Positive Student Engagement and Motivation: Tips for Teachers (2015)
ARTICLE
Tammy L. Stephens
http://www.pearsoned.com/education-blog/encouraging-positive-studentengagement-and-motivation-tips-for-teachers/
Taking Action on Adolescent Literacy (2007) - EBOOK
Judith L. Irvin, Julie Meltzer and Melinda S. Dukes
http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/107034/chapters/student-motivation,engagement,-and-achievement.aspx
Whole brain teaching in the Philippines: Teaching strategy for addressing motivation
and academic performance (2015) - JOURNAL
Torio, Von Anthony G.
http://www.consortiacademia.org/index.php/ijrse/article/view/1289/565
Why Does Parents' Involvement Enhance Children's Achievement? The Role of
Parent-Oriented Motivation (2012) - JOURNAL
Cheung, Cecilia Sin-Sze; Pomerantz, Eva M
http://eric.ed.gov/?q=student%20academic%20motivation%20teacher%20and
%20parents%20role&id=EJ993895
Parent Involvement, Academic Achievement and the Role of Student Attitudes and
Behaviors as Mediators (2014) ARTICLE
Ralph B. McNeal Jr
http://eric.ed.gov/?q=student%20academic%20motivation%20teacher%20and
%20parents%20role&id=EJ1053945
Effects of Student Perceptions of Teachers' Motivational Behavior on Reading,
English, and Mathematics Achievement: The Mediating Role of Domain Specific SelfEfficacy and Intrinsic Motivation (2016) JOURNAL
You, Sukkyung; Dang, Myley; Lim, Sun Ah
http://eric.ed.gov/?q=teachers+role+and+academic+motivation&id=EJ1092072

Using New Research to Improve Student Motivation (2015) ARTICLE

Sarah McKay
https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/blog/using-new-research-to-improve-studentmotivation/
Teacher and Peer Support for Young Adolescents Motivation, Engagement, and
School Belonging (2015) JOURNAL
Sarah M. Kiefer, Kathleen M. Alley, Cheryl R. Ellerbrock
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1074877.pdf
Relationship between parenting styles and academic performance of adolescents:
mediating role of self-efficacy (2015) JOURNAL
Hamid Masud, Muhammad Shakil Ahmad, Farzand Ali Jan, Ahmad Jamil
http://booksc.org/book/48704324