Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of a beam-column
Akihito Kasagi and Srinivasan Sridharan
Department of ClvE Engmeering, Washmgton Untverstty m St l_xml~, St Louts, MO
63130, USA
(Recetved January 1991, rewsed February 1991)
Most structural components collapse in a highly localized mode. Information about the abruptness of the collapse and the stiffness of
the collapsed structural component can be of vital )nterest from a
design point of view. A column resting on an elastic-plastic spring
foundation ts chosen as a representative model, and the analysis is
carried out by the finite element method. The objective here is to gain
an insight into the mechamcs of localized failure, to devise a strategy
by whtch to predict the onset of localized collapse, and to trace the
transition from the pre-collapse to post-collapse stages of behaviour.
It was found that localization of deformation takes place past the hmit
point of the nonlocalized response, and that it can be dynamic or
gradual under controlled end-shortening. Material softening tends to
accentuate the localization.
Keywords: localized collapse, buckling, beam-column, finite element, plasticity, tangent modulus, corotational formulation
L.
Theory
Foundahon
(1)
E = 2 9 0 0 0 ks=
V=03
%= 120 ks~
Case (i)
ir
from which
do
for
Er(a) = ~-e = E
I(rl >_ av
(2b)
In case (ii), the example considered is such that buckling
begins as an elastic process with plasticity intervening in
the post-buckling range. Initial imperfections in the
modes of elastic buckling are considered. The loading
throughout is assumed to be one of prescribed
monotonically increasing end-shortening.
Figure 1 also gives all relevant data of the beamcolumn. A preliminary elastic buckling analysis 8
indicates that the column would buckle at a load given
by the minimum value of
Per -
L2
'21
m2 + ~ 5
(3a)
EI(~/L)4
kips
K 1 = 3 0 in:~
K2
~=01
K1
W o = 0 5 ,n
Iil r'l
=
N, v,
(4a)
01
in which
gl
3"
L= 100 in
b=2m
t : 1m
cS=OIm
Figure
I=l
w0
(3b)
N,=z(1-~j)
2
N2=:(1
2
+~)
(4b)
Y
,12
0"~
_.'x . L ~
'3"t
a = Er(tr)e
---X
0
Ftgure 2
(7)
The ET(a) is given by equation 2(b) where n, the strainhardening exponent, ~s taken as l0 in the present study
An eight-point Simpson integration scheme is employed
m the evaluation of the tangent stiffness matrix.
A variety of example problems involving both
geometric and material nonlinearities was considered In
order to examine the capability of the element and its
convergence characteristics These are fully documented
by Kasagi 12, who showed that the element was very
satisfactory in all the problems considered.
Case (i)
Figure 3 shows the load end-shortening ( P - A) relationship of the model of the elastic member on the
elastlc-plasnc foundation The earlier stages of the load
end-shortening characteristic are easily predicted using
a linear imperfect beam-column analysis However, it
must be borne in mind that the elastic beam-column
1.0
A
"-"
0.8
r~
r~
(5)
""
where [A] is that part of [Kr] which is linearly dependent on the current displacements, [B] is the initial
stress matrix for the current level of stress, and X, the
elgenvalue, is the incremental value of the load
parameter at which bifurcation occurs. The eigenvalues
are computed at each step and when one of the eigenvalues approaches zero, the structure is in the vicinity of
a bifurcation. When a zero eigenvalue is found, the
bifurcated mode can be defined by using an assumed
Initial displacement vector given by
Eng Struct
<
,v
<
0.4
0..
C3
<
0- 0 2
(6)
0.6
I---
05
1.0
END-SHORTENING
Ftgure 3
15
A (in)
Case (ti)
Figure 6 shows the response for the case where the
material of the column is elast~c-plastlc. The deformation patterns at selected points designated and 1 and 2 m
Figure 6 are shown in Figure 7(a, b) which shows the
development of localization more clearly. A comparison
ofFtgures 5 and 7 shows that matenal nonlinearity plays
an important role in the process of localization. The load
shedding process is smooth and continuous m this case
as the bifurcation is a stable one.
There are some similarities between case (i) and case
(ii): plasticity of foundation occurs prior to reaching the
maximum load and the bifurcation occurs on the
unloading branch of the equilibrium path. In case (u),
however, no dynamic snap-through takes place. Under
controlled end compression, the bifurcated path is stable
and hence attainable in pracuce.
It ~s apparent that the localizaUon of deformaUon is
caused by the softening of the column material and the
foundation. It is interesting to ponder what actually takes
place m a structure such as the locally buckled column
alluded to before. As the corners (represented by the
1.0
0.8
0.6
Figure 4
B=furcat=on p a t t e r n f o r elastic b e a m - c o l u m n
0.4
i
a
~X
<
0
-~
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5
END-SHORTENING
Figure 5
(b), at p o i n t 2 in Figure 3
Figure 6
Load e n d - s h o r t e n i n g
c o l u m n (key as in Figure 3)
2.0
2.5
A (in)
c u r v e f o r elastic-plastic
beam-
I'
w
'
'
~X
I
w
I
r -
~X
1,
column) compresses, such severe geometric nonlinearities develop m the adjoining plates that they tend to
pull in the comers. This phenomenon is realistically
modelled by a foundation material which has negative
tangent stiffness beyond the limit point of its response
characteristic. Such a scenario raises additional questions as to the proper methodology for the modelling of
the foundation stiffness and is currently being studied.
Conclusions
The following conclusions may be drawn from the present study.
The column on an elastic-plastic foundation provides
a simple model to illustrate the intricacies assocmted
with the localization of deformation m the post collapse
range.
The locahzatlon takes place as a bifurcation from the
non-localized response past the limit point of the structure; this finding is in agreement with that of Tvergaard
and Needleman.
The locahzatlon occurs as a result of material softening in the column and the foundation (e.g., a stiffener
and the plate surrounding it in a stiffened structure) Introducing the material softening m the column accentuates the localization process.
The localization can be abrupt in the form of a
dynamic snap-through or can occur gradually under
quasi-static conditions for a displacement controlled set
up
A dynamic snap-through collapse is more likely to
occur in structures where plasticity is not the predom=nant factor This corroborates the earlier work of Graves
Smith and Srldharan who reported the crinkly dynamic
collapse of purely elastic box columns.
References
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