Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IS-1997-06-004JSC
January 1997
Salyut 6: 1977-1982
Mir Space Station, 1989, with Base Block, center; Kvant module, right; and Kvant-2 module, top
to carry
Soviet soldier-cosmonauts to the Almaz military space
stations.
Spektr was launched on a Russian Proton rocket from the
Baikonur launch center in central Asia on May 20, 1995.
The module was berthed at the radial port opposite
Kvant 2 after Kristall was moved out of the way. Spektr
carries four solar arrays and scientific equipment,
including more than 1600 pounds of U.S. equipment.
The focus of scientific study for this module is Earth
observation, specifically natural resources and
atmosphere. The equipment onboard is supplied by both
Russia and the United States.
Priroda was the last science module to be added to the
Mir, launched from Baikonur on April 23, 1996, it
docked to the space station as scheduled on April 26. Its
primary purpose is to add Earth remote sensing
capability to Mir. It also contains the hardware and
supplies for several joint U.S.-Russian science
experiments.
The Docking Module was delivered and installed by
shuttle mission STS-74 in November 1995, making it
possible for the space shuttle to more easily dock with
Mir. On STS-71 in June 1995, the shuttle docked with
the Kristall module on Mir. However, to make that
docking possible, the Kristall configuration had to be
changed to give the shuttle enough clearance to dock.
Russian cosmonauts performed a spacewalk to movethe
Kristall module from a radial axis to a longitudinal axis,
relative to Mir. After the shuttle departed, Kristall was
moved back to its original location.
Modules for Mirs radial berthing ports first dock at the
front port. Each module carries a manipulator arm which
locks into a socket on Mir. The arm pivots the module into
place at the proper radial port
Mir Key Facts
An important goal of the Mir program has been to
maintain a permanent human space presence. Except or
two brief periods (July 1986-February 1987; AprilSeptember 1989), Russian cosmonauts have lived aboard
Mir continuously for the past 9 years, demonstrating
proven experience in space station operations.
Dr. Valeri Polyakov arrived on Mir on Soyuz-TM 18 in
January 1994 and returned to Earth on Soyuz-TM 20 on
March 21, 1995. He lived in orbit for more than 438
days, a new world record.
Through 1994, 16 long-duration crews lived and worked
on Mir. In all, 19 piloted craft have docked with the
station.
Cosmonaut-researchers from Afghanistan, Austria,
Britain, Bulgaria, the European Space Agency, France,
Germany, Japan, Kazakhstan, and Syria have visited
Mir. European and French cosmonauts lived on Mir for
as long as a month. U.S. astronauts typically spend four
months on the station, although U.S. astronaut Shannon
Lucid has had the longest tour onboard, six months in
1996.
More than 40 Progress and Progress-M freighters have
delivered more than 100 tons of supplies and fuel to Mir.
The improved Progress-M occasionally carries a capsule
for returning to Earth a small quantity of experiment
results and industrial products from the station.
Occasionally cargo comes back to Earth with
cosmonauts in Soyuz-TM capsules. Beginning with STS71, the shuttle has returned to Earth more industrial
products and experiment samples than is possible using
the Progress-M capsules or Soyuz-TM. In addition, the
shuttle can be used to return components from Mirs
exterior, such as solar arrays, for studying the effects of
long exposure to space conditionsa capability not
available with Progress-M and Soyuz-TM. Important
lessons from Mir operations and Shuttle-Mir operations
and research are being incorporated into the International
Space Station design and planning.