BRAIN

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Michael Faraday

Energy Consideration
in Motional emf

l
B 2l 2v
F
R
R
Power required to move the wire
B 2l 2v 2
P
R
It is dissipated as Joule
heat.

mo

f
em
al
n
tio

nge in flux produ

Cha
ces

Eddy Current

The currents induced in

surface of bulk pieces of conductors
when the magnetic flux linked with the
conductor changes are known as Eddy
currents. Slotting the conductor reduces the
eddy current.
Applications : Electromagnetic
damping, Induction furnace, Electric
power meter, Magnetic braking
in trains.

It is produced by change in magnetic

field in a region. This is nonconservative in nature.

is g

The direction of the induced

current is such that it opposes the
change that has induced it.

If a current is induced by an
increasing(decreasing) flux, it will
weaken (strengthen) the original flux.
It is a consequence of the law of
conservation of energy.

ce

se

cu
rre
of

mf

nt

by
ved
hie
c
ea

dI
Emf induced in the coil/conductor, L
dt
Coefficient of self induction
N

L B
I
dI / dt
1
2
Self inductance of a coil L 0 N R
2
0 r N 2 A
2
Self inductance of a long solenoid L 0r n Al
l
N 2 2
2
1
Mutual inductance, M

(dI1/dt ) (dI 2 /dt )

I1
Mutual inductance of two closely wound circular coils, M N1N 2

Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids

NN A
M 0 r r12n1n2l 0 r 1 2 1
l
M
Coefficient of coupling, k
L1L2

Combination of
Inductors

For perfect coupling, k = 1 so,

em

Electric Generator
Mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy by
virtue of electromagnetic induction.
Induced emf,
= NAB sint 0sint

nd
u

ge

co
il i

the

ch
an

in

of
Ra
te

Inductance

This is also known as integral

form of Faradays law.

d B
dB
A
0
dt
dt

Lenz's Law

al

n
ca

by Lenz's l
aw
iven

B B A BA cos
Faradays Laws : It states that whenever magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil.
d
Induced emf, N B
dt
dB / dt

Induced current, I N
R
R

Induced charge flow , Q I t N B

R
Ro
The polarity of induced emf is such that it
tat
ion
B
tends to produce a current which opposes
pr
of
od
co
uc
il i
the change in magnetic flux that
es
n
mo
has produced it.
tio
n

f ie
ld
)

net
ic

(mag

Magnetic flux

UB
B2

V
2 0

M L1L2

Induced
Electric Field

E dl

MAGNETIC
FLUX AND
FARADAYS LAW

Magnetic
Energy
Energy stored in an inductor
1
U B LI 2
2
Energy stored in the solenoid,
1 2
UB
B Al
20
Magnetic energy density,

field

d
behin

uB

induced electric

produces emf

A wire moving in B

Emf in the wire = Bvl

Bvl
Induced current, I
R
R
I
Force exerted on the wire,

Motional emf
On a straight conducting
wire, = Bvl
On a rotating conducting wire
about one end
Bl 2

2

Here, B, v( rv)and l are
perpendicular to
each other.

A magnetic field can produce an electric field that can

drive a current. This link between a magnetic field and
the electric field is now known as Faraday's law of
induction. The observations by Michael Faraday and other
scientists which led to this law were at first just basic
science. Today, however, applications of this basic science
is everywhere.

Current,
NBA
I
sin t I 0 sin t
R

Inductors in series, LS L1 L2 2 M

Inductors in parallel, LP

L1L2 M 2
L1 L2 2 M

If coils are far away, then M = 0

LL
So, LS L1 L2 and LP 1 2
L1 L2

L R Circuit
Current growth in LR
circuit I I 0 (1 e t / L )

www.meccademia.com
Growth
/decay of

Current decay in LR circuit

I I 0 (e t / L )
L
Here, L Time constant
R

I0
R