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Thickness of drop panels, if required. These drop panels serve as thickened section
surrounding columns to provide additional shear strength at the ends of the columns.
Lack of beams that can otherwise interfere with light and air flow
Provides robustness
Absent of sharp corners which increases fire resistance and safety protection
Construction
Flat slabs provide a more aesthetic appearance due to unobstructed ceilings and lack of
beams which show beam underside
Beam slabs require more labor for shuttering and complicated reinforcement positioning
In Beam Slabs, the penetrations through downstand beams may affect the strength of the
beams. The size and location of slab openings will also be limited due to limited openings
for services and floor to floor openings.
Disadvantages
Less flexibility for openings. Trimming beams are needed around openings for support of
slab.
Flat slabs are larger in thickness so the structure will be heavier. This will incur a higher
cost for the amount of concrete and steel reinforcement needed for the foundation.
Not a lot of stiffness provided for wind resistance If there are no core walls
In your Detail Designed Calculations, you will need to put more emphasize on calculations
and check on punching shear and deflection, if flat slabs are used.
Beam Slabs
Load Path: Here
Information to provide in scheme design:
Provides robustness
Accommodates design for irregular grid lines and different shapes of buildings
Construction
Beam slabs are more common, making them more cost and time efficient
Beams slabs can accommodate slab openings and future alteration in design
Beam slabs can be designed for irregular grid lines and different shapes of buildings
The structures in flat slabs are heavier than those of beam slabs, so beam slabs are less
expensive due to less cost in materials used for foundation
In Flat Slabs, not a lot of stiffness provided for wind resistance if there are no core walls
Beam slabs uses a more common formwork that that of ribbed/waffle slabs, which saves
time and cost
Disadvantages
Less flexibility with size and location of slab openings due to limitations on penetrations
More labor needed for complicated reinforcement positioning for downstand beams
Penetrations through beams will affect beam strength and clash and placement issues
with reinforcement in beams
Wall Slabs
Load Path: Here
Information to provide in scheme design:
Thickness of slab
Uses partition walls as structural elements not columns, which makes structure more
economical due to less materials used
Higher headroom are then produced from this wall type since space for beams are not
needed
Flat soffit of slabs reduces concrete spalling so not a lot of need for maintenance
No concern for the reduction of beam strengths since beams are not needed
Provides robustness
Construction
Wall slabs use standardized formworks, the simplest method of reinforcement placement,
and shuttering to reduce construction time and effort
More contractor experience in building wall slabs so not a lot of technical issues will
occur
Wall slabs accommodate more slab openings for installation of services and for floor to
floor openings
Wall slabs offer minimum thicknesses that are suitable for large ceiling voids for service
installation and routing
Wall slabs provide more lateral wind resistance due to its rigid walls
Flat slabs need heavy reinforcement, which can increase material cost and congest
reinforcement placement.
Wall slabs provide higher headroom since space for beams are not needed.
Wall slabs provide more lateral wind resistance due to its rigid walls
Wall slabs use standardized formworks to reduce construction time and to increase
simplicity of construction processes
In Beam Slabs, beam strengths will reduce due to penetrations through downstand beams
for service installations and there will be clashes in reinforcement placements
Because of the beams in the Beam Slab structure, construction will be more complicated
and time consuming because more reinforcement arrangement design and labor force
would be needed.
Disadvantages
Wall slabs are not flexible for large span concentrated loads
The fixed layout for structural walls do not give a lot of flexibility for architectural design
and planning purposes
Ribbed Slabs
Load Path: Here
Information to provide in scheme design:
Depth of ribs, which are small downstand beams, and distance from center to center
Aesthetically pleasing due to regular patterns induced by ribbed slab and ceiling shape on
the underside
Accommodates for floor penetrations, service installations, and high headrooms in one
direction
Decreases the overall self weight of slabs, but at the same time, has strength and stiffness
to limit deflection
Provides robustness
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for heavy and concentrated loads due to small shear capacity of ribs
More finishes work required for large surface area of the structure
Service penetrations through ribbed beams decreases beam strength and will lead to
reinforcement congestion
Waffle Slabs
Load Path: Here
Waffle Slabs consist of coffers, or shaped voids, in soffits of slabs.
Information to provide in scheme design:
Thickness of topping
Accommodates space for services installation and distribution through slab openings
Provides robustness
General aesthetics
Disadvantages
Service penetrations through rib beams will decrease their inherent strength and stiffness
and can lead to reinforcement congestion within the beams
Long construction time needed to construct void formers and reinforcement placement
No stiffness or lateral system to resist lateral wind loads when there are no core walls in
the design