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Engineering 1
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WHtXcJI
THAILAND
Nonfhahn
References
Doomenbal.
J. C., and Helbig, K., 1983, High-resolutionreflectionseismics on a tidal flat in the Dutch Delta-acquisition, processing,and
interpretation First Break. Mav. 9-20.
Hunter: J. A., Pullan, S. E:, B&s, R. A., Gagne, R. M., and Good,
R. S., 1984, Shallow seismic reflection mapping of the overburdenbedrock interface with the engineering sei<mo&aph-some simple
techniques:Geophysics,49, I 381-l 385.
OF
High-Resolution Common-Offset
Seismic Reflection Profiling in the
Chaophraya Basin, Bangkok, Thailand
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Engineering 1
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100 HZ qeophones
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,,,w
:,,r
:,I.,
.5,,
j,,,i
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Eddy-Seis
Common-offset data throughoutthe area are generally of excellent quality although sectionsof poor and dominantly lowfrequency information were obtained as shown on Figure 3.
These effects, which severelydisturblimited sectionsof the data,
are believed due to near-surfacegas accumulationstrappedin the
impermeable clay and resulting from decomposingvegetable
matter. Similar features are often observed in shallow marine
seismicprofiling. During the field surveyan opportunitywas provided to test and comparethe responsethe new Eddy-SeisTMgeophones(Hall, 1985) with that of conventionalgeophones.
Figure 4 shows one such comparisonfor a single-shot expandedspread. These recordswere taken first with conventional
100 Hz vertical Mark Productsgeophoneswith l/trace and then
9itrace nested Eddy-Seis geophones. The greater number of
Eddy-Seis phoneswas necessarybecauseof low signallevels. A
5 m geophone interval and 30 m offset distancewere used to
obtain both recordswith filters on the seismographset to 300 Hz
band-pass.Shooting proceduresand geophoneplacementswere
similar as practicable. The record obtained with the Eddy-Seis
geophoneson Figure 4 is significantlyricher in high frequencies
and shows more clearly defined reflection, particularly in the
early portion of the recordto to 200 ms interval time
Results
Figure 2 shows a sample600 m sectionof common-offsetreflection data from Bangkhansome 40 km north of Bangkoktogether with a simplified borehole log from the closestdrill hole
to the line. Significant reflections can be seen to coincide with
the major sand/gravel aquifers from which the groundwateris
being pumped. The upper sandaquifer on this sectionnear 40 m
depth is not prominent. This is a clayey/sandrather than a true
sand and apparently has a lower and more variable acoustic
impedancecontrastwith the surroundingclay.
Undulations in the reflectionson this section (Figure 4) may
indicatedifferential settlementor near-surfacevelocity variations
within the upper part of the geologic section. Velocity analysis
of the reflection data showed a rapid increasefrom an average
1 540 m/s to an interval time of 40 ms, i.e., to the uppersandto
1 720 m/s below this time A major geologic changeis inferred
between
BllF
at this depth. The loss of continuity in reflectors
and B14F is due to a channelcutting the aquifer sequenceto a
depth of 130 m.
Conclusions
The common-offsettechniquefor high-resolutionshallow seismic reflection with the latesttechnologygeophonesis proving to
be a cost-effective and appropriatemethodfor delineationof the
shallow stratigraphicsection and aquifers in the centralplain of
Thailand. This new techniquewill providea wealth of subsurface
detail hitherto unavailableand an interpretivechallengeto geophysicists.In addition, the techniquewill supplythe basic information required by engineersto solve one of the greatestchallengesof the next century:that of savingthe sinkingcities of the
world which include not only Bangkok but Houston, New Orleans, Shanghai,London, Venice, and many others.
Acknowledgments
Geological Survey of Canada, US Geological Survey, IDRC
Canada, Dr. JohnRingis.
%YO
Corp., USA
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Engineering 1
References
Cagrk K. M., Pullan, S. h.. andHunter, J. A.. lYX5, A shallowbersrn~
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Subsurface Contamination
Mapping from EMI Soundings
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25
20
615
625
635
645
655
Station number
FIG. 1. Geohydrolo ical cross-section showing the water table elevation calcu7ated from inverse modeling. Disagreement for smaller station numbers was due to a recent dewatering of that end of the transect.