Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Tiruchirappalli-620 015
Mass Transfer
Laboratory Manual
Page 1
List of Experiments
1) Determination of diffusion coefficient. Studies on
determination of Diffusion coefficient for Acetone in air and
Mass transfer coefficient for Naphthalene in Air
2) Verification of Rayleighs equation
3) Determination of optimum number of stages for Leaching
4) Determination of thermal and vaporization efficiency in
steam distillation
5) Verification of Freudlich Adsorption Isotherm
6) Studies on Air Drying and determination of drying
characteristics
7) Studies on Vacuum Drying and determination of
drying characteristics
8) Determination of Mass transfer coefficient using Wetted Wall
column
9) Determination of mass transfer coefficient in Surface
Evaporation
Page 2
Page 3
Procedure:
Liquid in Air Diffusion:
Acetone is taken in a long column and air is passed over the liquid. The
change in the liquid level with respect to time is noted. From this, diffusion rate is
estimated and the diffusivity is determined.
Formulae:
Winkle Manns Method:
vs
can be calculated.
Solid in Air Diffusion:
In this method naphthalene is taken in a long cylinder and air is passed through
the cylinder. The change in weight with respect to time is noted. From this diffusion
rate is estimated, and diffusivity is determined.
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Formulae:
Where,
vs
From plot,
Where
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Aim:
To verify Rayleigh equation and to determine the relative volatility.
Theory:
Simple distillation is a mass transfer operation for the separation of a
component from a mixture, wherein a new phase is created by supplying heat to the
liquid phase. The new phase is created by continuous heat supply. The more volatile
component is predominantly present in the vapour phase. Its usually applied in
removing gum from agents from oil extracts.
F
xf dx
y x
ln W
xw
Procedure:
150 ml of 50 mol% isopropanol and water solution is taken in a round
bottomed flask. The flask is progressively heated and the vapours formed are
collected and condensed in a conical flask. About 70 ml of distillate is collected. The
composition of residue is determined by measuring its density and using a calibration
chart drawn density vs mol. fraction of more volatile component.
y
x
1
yx
Feed:
Specific gravity of isopropanol
Weight of feed
Weight of bottle
Weight of water
Page 6
Moles of isopropanol
Moles of water
Weight of residue
Weight of distillate
dx
y x = ln F/W
Theoretically determined =
xw
FxF
ln
Obtain
WxW
F1 x
ln
W1
xW
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Aim:
To separate a solute constituent from a solid mixture by single stage and
multistage extraction with a solvent and to find out the percentage performance of
extraction.
Theory:
Leaching is preferential separation of one or more constituents of a solid
mixture by contact with a liquid solvent. Leaching differs slightly from the washing of
filtered solids and leaching equipment strongly resembles the washing section of
various filters. In leaching, the amount of soluble material removed, is often greater
than in ordinary filtration, washing and the properties of the solids may change
considerably during leaching operation.
Procedure:
The experiment is, leaching of NaOH from NaOH+Sand mixture, using water
as solvent, which is kept constant at 100ml. The experiment is carried out in different
stages.
10 g of sand and 2 grams of NaOH is taken in 5 beakers. Water (100ml) is
added to each of the beakers in different sages such as one, two, three four and five
stages. The total stirring time is constant. The composited extract from each stage is
titrated against Oxalic acid, to determine the percentage extraction of NaOH.
Tabulation:
S.No.
No. of stages
Normality
of NaOH
Extraction
efficiency
Formula:
% Extraction =
Page 8
Water
Temperature
C
Vapour Pressure
mmHg
Temperature
C
Calculation:
Initial volume of aniline
Formula:
Page 9
MW, D
100
MW of Water
Page 10
Aim:
To study the adsorption of oxalic acid on charcoal and to verify the
Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
Theory:
The adsorption operation explains the ability of certain solids to
preferentially concentrate specific substances from solution. In these operations,
there is an equal distribution of the original constituent between adsorption phase
at the surface and the bulk of the liquid, thus permitting separation to be made.
According to the Freundlich equation,
Y = m Xn
where,
Y = mass of solute / mass of
solvent X = mass of solute / mass
of adsorbent
Procedure :
Prepare 0.5 N Oxalic acid and 0.2 N NaOH. Take 2g of charcoal in 5
different reagent bottles. Add 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ml of oxalic acid and make it
to 100 ml using water. Shake it well for 30 min and then filter it. Filtrate is
titrated against NaOH to get the amount of oxalic acid remaining in the flask.
Tabulation:
S.No. Volume of Titre value
(COOH)2 ml
ml
Y
Kg solute
Kg solvent
- lnX
- lnY
Kg solute
Kg adsorbent
Formula:
Initial Normality of oxalic acid, N(COOH) = 0.5 and NNaOH = 0.2
N(COOH)final
(V N)NaOH
V(COOH)
Initial amount of oxalic acid present (20 ml) = (0.5 63.5 20)/
1000 gms Amount of oxalic acid present in the filtrate (100 ml)
= {N(COOH)
63.5100}/1000 gms Amount adsorbed
= Initial Final
X = Amount adsorbed /2
2
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Page 12
Aim:
To estimate the drying characteristics of a given specimen and to
determine the mass transfer coefficient.
Theory:
Air is used as a drying medium in this experiment. Air is allowed to pass
over the wetted specimen. As a result, air gets humidified and the wet substance
gets dried. The drying rate characteristics are estimated during the constant rate
period. The rate of drying during the period is given by,
NC = Ky
(ys y)
Where,
y, ys are saturated humidity at the surface and
surrounding air Ky is the mass transfer coefficient
Procedure:
The specimen is wetted by soaking in water. It is weighed and kept in an
air chamber. Air is passed over it at an interval of 10 minutes. The weight of the
substance is measured periodically till the weight remains constant.
Tabulation:
S.No
X W W0
W0
dX
dt
SS dX
.
A dt
Formula:
Nc Ss dx
A dt
H
ps MA
pt ps M B
y'
pi s MH20
760 - pi s Mair
X W W0
W0
Page 13
NC
1 dW
, A-Area of transfer
A dt
NC
Ky PS Pi S
From plot, W vs t, dw/dt determined. Then drying rate vs moisture content is drawn to
determine the critical moisture content, Nc and Ky
Page 14
Each process determines the rate of drying process. However, regarding the heat
transfer mechanism, The heat must flow first to the outer surface and then inside
surface and then inside .
Drying rate [Ss/A][dX/dt] where A is the area of drying surface.
Procedure:
A sample of given material, is prepared with a known moisture content.
The mixture is prepared uniformly and spread on a tray. The thermometer is
placed to measure the surface temperature. The vacuum is broken after 10
minutes and the shelf is opened and the tray is weighed quickly. This is repeated
for various intervals and the graph is plotted.
Tabulation:
S.No
X W W0
W0
dX
dt
SS dX
.
A dt
Formula:
2
1) Area D
4
Page 15
TP pp Mair
4) Yin = (PPin/Pt PP) (18/28.84)
5) Yout = (PPexit/Pt PP) (18/28.84)
GWS
6) GS 1 Absolute Humidity
7) Area = DL
8) NA GS(yout yin)
DL
9) yln yi yin yi yout
ln
i
y
in
y
yi yout
Page 16
From the plot lnNA vs ln(Y)ln , slope m and intercept n can be determined and
established a relation
NA = m (Y)lnn
Page 17
Bath
temperature
(C)
Timefor
Vapour
evaporation pressure
(sec.)
(mm Hg)
NA
g/cm2s 10-3
ln(PS P)
- ln NA
Formula:
1) Partial pressure = Vapour pressure humidity
2) Area
D 2
4
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