1.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Diesel engines are said to produce higher torque than gasoline engines. What
does that mean? Why do petrol engines have higher horsepower, lower torque
and accelerate faster than diesel engines?

DISCUSSION:
Why does petrol engine accelerate faster.
Before going into the topic ,Diesel engine's reciprocating parts are much heavier
than petrol , this is because the engine is built robust as the compression ratio and peak
pressures are high for diesel.
More mass = more inertia, so a diesel engine will need to spend more energy to
reciprocate its piston.
So this is reason why petrol engine can accelerate faster.Also petrol engines have
mostly squared engine ie stroke = bore in dimension. So the stroke length is less and can
rev at higher RPMS.
Another reason lies in nature of fuel
Petrol is well refined than a diesel, The flame speed of petrol is much faster than diesel.
Since flame speed is high all of its energy is released in sudden.
Why diesel engine gives out more Torque
Common reason is the compression ratio and pressure at end of compression being
higher.
Another thing is that diesel fuel has higher Lower calorific value. Also the diesel fuel is
more denser than petrol.
Hence for a litre of fuel , you have more energy in diesel.
Another reason is that diesel burns steadily than petrol ( it burns faster within fraction of
seconds)
So why does petrol engine develop more horsepower.
Now its easy to figure out from the very first example i gave you Petrol engine can
revolve faster and can have higher peak RPM. Also the torque curve is almost linear.

More Speed with optimum torque gives more power. Mostly petrol engines achieve peak
power at higher RPMS.
REFERENCE:
Cars and Automobiles: Why do petrol engines have higher horsepower, lower torque and
accelerate faster than diesel engines? (n.d.). Retrieved November 04, 2016, from
https://www.quora.com/Cars-and-Automobiles-Why-do-petrol-engines-have-higherhorsepower-lower-torque-and-accelerate-faster-than-diesel-engines

2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
One automobile engine requires 5W20 motor oil while another engine requires
5W30 oil. What do these designations mean and why might they differ for two
engines?
DISCUSSION:
Choosing the correct motor oil for your car might seem daunting but the best way
to start is by checking out the starburst symbol that indicates the oil has been tested and
meets the standards of the American Petroleum Institute (API). In addition, there's a 2character service designation on the container. API's latest service standard is "SL." SL
refers to a group of laboratory and engine tests, including the latest series for control of
high-temperature deposits. Your third task is to pick the viscosity (thickness) that's
suitable for the temperatures your vehicle normally operates in (check your owners
manual), and you're done. Well, not quite. There's a whole lot more to the story than that.

REFERENCE:
Weissler, P., & Dahl, T. (2016). How To Pick The Right Motor Oil For Your Car.
Retrieved November 04, 2016, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/howto/a53/1266801/

3. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Grace, a ten-year-old camper, is suddenly awakened by a metallic click coming
from a railroad track passing close to her camping area; in the distance, she
soon hears the deep growling of a diesel locomotive pulling an approaching
train. How would you interpret these different sounds to her?

DISCUSSION:
Valve work can be a tricky aspect of engine rebuilding for several reasons. For
one, it requires absolute precision. Close enough is not good enough. If tolerances are not
exact and the valvetrain geometry is not right on you are going to have problems.
Guaranteed.
Valve work also requires attention to detail. The kind of details we are talking about here
are worn parts that appear to be okay but are not and need to be reconditioned or
replaced. The best advice here is, "If in doubt, toss it out." Not being too particular about
the condition of the valve stems, guides, keepers, retainers, springs, rocker arms and
pushrods can lead to trouble. Not checking details like installed valve stem height,
installed spring height, stem-to-guide clearance, seat width and contact, rocker arm
alignment, and so on will get you every time.
What is more, valve work often requires a certain amount of detective work. To fix a
valve problem, you first have to figure out what caused it in the first place.
Replacing a broken valve, for example, won't fix the problem if he underlying cause is
misalignment between the valve guide and seat. Unless the misalignment is corrected, the
new valve will fail too as flexing causes it to fatigue and break.
Replacing a burned valve won't fix a compression problem if the underlying cause is a
hot spot in the cylinder head. If the hot spot is not eliminated, the new valve will run hot
and burn too.
Replacing a worn guide by installing a new one, a liner or a valve with an oversize stem
won't fix an oil consumption problem if guide wear is the result of excessive side
scrubbing of the valve stem due to rocker arm misalignment. Unless the stem height is
corrected, the guide repair won't last.
That is why analyzing what caused a problem before you try to fix it is so important.
Broken or burned valves as well as worn or loose guides, cracked or loose seats and
similar valvetrain damage is often the end result of a chain reaction of events. One
problem leads to another and eventually a valve failure. So replacing parts without
understanding what made them fail is no fix at all.
To avoid valve related problems down the road, do the following:
1. Analyze the amount of wear as well as wear patterns in the head and valvetrain
components when the head is disassembled. A careful inspection should reveal any
abnormal conditions or wear patterns that would indicate additional problems.

2. Inspect each and every component in the valvetrain and head so all worn or damaged
parts can be identified and replaced or reconditioned.
3. Keep a close watch over production quality so the parts that are being reconditioned
are done so correctly.
4. Pay attention to specs, critical dimensions and rocker arm geometry to assure proper
reassembly.

REFERENCE:
By understanding the causes of valve failure and making sure you have not overlooked
anything when replacing and reconditioning valves, seats, guides and the rest of the
valvetrain components. (n.d.). Engine Valve Failures: Causes & Cures. Retrieved
November 04, 2016, from http://www.aa1car.com/library/ar1192.htm
4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
In making a quick stop at a friends home, is it better to let your cars
engine idle or turn it off and restart when you leave?

DISCUSSION:
Idling is when a driver leaves the engine running and the vehicle parked.
Everyday in the U.S. millions of cars and trucks idle needlessly, sometimes for hours and
an idling car can release as much pollution as a moving car
You may not be able to avoid keeping your engine running when youre stopped at a
traffic signal or stuck in slow-moving traffic. But other times idling is unnecessary.
REFERENCE:
H. (n.d.). Attention drivers! Turn off your idling engines. Retrieved November 04, 2016,
from https://www.edf.org/climate/reports/idling

5. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
In making a quick stop at a friends home, is it better to let your cars
engine idle or turn it off and restart when you leave?
DISCUSSION:
I've often wondered about this question while waiting in the nursery school carpool
pickup line (where I can wait quite a while ). First lets talk about what idling is. In
high school, idling meant you were hanging out in the hallways when you should have
been in class, an infraction I was accused of many a time. In terms of your car, idling
means putting the car in park and leaving it running when you could otherwise be turning
it off in a drive-thru, for instance, or waiting at the train station to pick up your friend.
So, now that we know what idling is better to idle or to turn off your car? The answer
is the same one the assistant principal had for you all those years ago better not to idle.
The rule of thumb used by Californias Consumer Energy Center is this: If youre going
to be idling more than 10 seconds, turn off your car. Thats because when youre idling,
youre still releasing harmful emissions into the air just like when youre driving, except
when youre idling, youre getting zero miles per gallon. And contrary to popular belief,
it doesnt take more gas to shut down and restart your car than it does to leave it idling for
a few minutes. It will save you money to shut off your car rather than idle up to 19
percent, according to Edmunds.com.
Interestingly, one of the ways hybrid cars save energy is by automatically shutting off at
red lights or when otherwise stopped. In fact, since this start-stop technology was
invented, some car companies, including BMW, are talking about adopting the same
technology in all of their cars, which could greatly reduce the amount of air pollution that
is caused by idling cars.
While were at it, lets dispel some other idling myths: Do you like to warm up your car
for a few minutes in the winter before you drive it? My husband, whos from Chicago,
introduced me to the world of remote starters. See, in Chicago, wheres its often in the
teens and single digits when its time to head out for work, everyone has remote starters
to warm up their cars before they get in them. And Im not going to lie its so much
nicer getting into a warm and toasty car rather than a stone-cold one. But warming up
your car for five or 10 minutes is totally unnecessary to actually drive it. All youre doing
is wasting gas and wasting time. As long as youre not accelerating too fast (such as
turning onto a highway as you turn out of your driveway), starting your car, waiting a few
seconds, and driving it immediately, but gently, is the way to go literally.

REFERENCE:
Kirschner, C. (n.d.). Is it better to idle or turn your car off? Retrieved November 04,
2016, from http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/transportation/questions/is-it-better-to-idleor-turn-your-car-off
6. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
For a specified compression ratio, and assuming a cold air-standard analysis
for simplicity, which cycle has the greater thermal efficiency: an Otto cycle
or a Diesel cycle?

DISCUSSION:
For same compression ratio and heat supplied, the pressure-volume and temperatureentropy diagrams of otto and diesel cycles are shown below:

REFERENCE:
C. (n.d.). Figure 11: The Diesel cycle. Since diesel engine is - ENGINEERIN ENG3005.
Retrieved
November
04,
2016,
from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2g12v3/Figure-11-The-Diesel-cycle-Since-dieselengine-is-not-affected-by-the-premature/
7. PROBLEM DESCRITION:
How is combustion initiated in a conventional gasoline-fueled internal
combustion engine?

DISCUSSION:
This is the job of something called spark plug. The spark plug sparks inside the
piston at a prescribed time just before the power stroke( a few Milli seconds before the
TDC position of the piston), initiating the chain reaction of Combustion.
There is something called an ignition coil, which generates a high voltage current
and routes it to the spark plug. The spark plug has a sort of air gap in the pathway of the
high voltage current. The High voltage will jump the air gap and hence generates the
spark.
Obviously, the timing of the spark, how long the spark exists (dwell), the
positioning of the spark plug is extremely important to optimise the power output and it
takes a lot of research to determine these values.
REFERENCE:
Encs.concordia.ca. (n.d.). Retrieved November 04, 2016, from
http://ca.acwebc.com/www/encs.concordia.ca

8. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
How is combustion initiated in a conventional diesel-fueled internal
combustion engine?

DISCUSSION:

When air is compressed, it heats up. The piston in a Diesel engine compresses the air
inside the cylinder, heating it up to the flash point of the diesel fuel which then ignites,
forcing the piston back down. glow plugs are commonly fitted which electrically heat up
the air in the combustion chamber to assist starting when very cold. With older Diesel
engines, there was sometimes a cold start fitting on the fuel pump which temporarily over
fuelled the engine, the rough equivalent of a petrol engine choke. Internal Combustion
Engines use the Otto Cycle. This can be described as suck, sqeeze, bang and
blow. It helps to picture Induction, Compression, Ignition (Diesal fuel is ignited)
and Exhaust. Picture below illustrates the steps from the injection of atomised Diesal
to the Exhaust stage.
REFERENCE:
How is combustion initiated in a conventional diesel-fueled internal combustion engine?
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/How-is-combustion-initiated-in-aconventional-diesel-fueled-internal-combustion-engine-1
9. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Figure below shows two cold air-standard cycles: 1-2-3-4 -1 is an Otto cycle
and 1-2-3-4-5-1 is an over-expanded variation of the Otto cycle. The overexpanded cycle
is of interest today because it provides a model for the engine
used
in
various
production
hybrid-electric
vehicles.
(a) Develop the following expression for the ratio of the thermal efficiency
of the over-expanded cycle to the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle.

(b) Plot the ratio obtained in part (a) versus r* ranging from 1 to 3 for
the
case
r
=
8,
k
=
1.3,
and
q/cvT1
=
8.1.
(c) Referring to your plot, draw conclusions about the performance of the
engines used in hybrid-electric vehicles modeled here by the over-expanded
cycle.

DISCUSSION:
(a) r=v1/v2 ; re= v4/v3 ; r*=re/r
Process 1-2 S=C; Isentropic Compression
T2=T1 (r^k-1); r=v1/v2
Process 2-3 V=C; Isometric Heat Addition
Qa=mCv(T3-T2); rp=T3/T2=P3/P2; V2=V3
Process 3-4 S=C; Isentropic Expansion
T3=T3(re^k-1)
Process 4-5; V=C; Isometric Heat Rejection
P5/P4=T5/T4; V5=V4
Process 5-1; P=C; Isobaric Heat Rejection
T5=T1 (r*)
Deriving The Thermal Efficiency Of the over expanded Otto Cycle (et)
Et = Qa - QrTotal/Qa = a - Qrtotal/Qa = mCv(T4 - T5) + mCp(T5 - T1)/mCv(T3 - T2)
Et = 1- mCv(T4 - T5) + mkCv(T5 - T1)/mCv(T3 - T2) = 1 ?(T4 - T5) + k(T5 - T1)/(T3 T2) = 1 ? (T4 - T5) + k(T5 - T1)/Q/cv
Et = 1 ? (T3/re^k 1 - T1r*) + k(T1r* - T1)/Q/cv
Et = 1-cvT1/Q[Q/cvT1/re^k 1 + r^k - 1/re^k 1 - r*) + k(r* - 1)

Et = 1 - [1/re^k 1 + cvT1/Q(r^k - 1/re^k - 1) - cvT1/Q(r*) + cvT1/Q(k)(r* - 1)

Et = 1 - 1/(r*r){1 + cv1T1/Q[(r^k - 1) - (r*)(re^k - 1) + k(r*re^k - 1) - k(re^k - 1)]}
Et = 1 - 1/(r*R)^k - 1{1 + cvT1/Q(r^k - 1)[1 + (R*)^k(k - 1) - k(r*)^k - 1
Therefore. Rearranging the equation
Et = 1 - 1/(r*r)^k - 1{1 + cvT1/Q(r^k - 1)[1 - k(r*)^k 1 + (k-1)(r*)^k]}
The thermal efficiency of a standard Otto Cycle (et)
Et otto = 1 - 1/r^k - 1
The ratio of et to et Otto
Et/et otto = 1 - 1/(r*r)^k - 1{1 + cvT1/Q(r^k - 1)[1 - k(r*)^k 1 + (k-1)(r*)^k]}/1 - 1/r^k
-1
REFERENCE:

10. PROBLEM DESCRITION:

Listed below are the following factors that affect the performance of
an engine (SI and CI). Explain each:
a. Effect of compression ratio
b. Effect of air/fuel ratio
c. Effect of supercharging
d. Effect of fuel properties

DISCUSSION:

REFERENCE: