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Problem Specification
Consider fluid flowing through a circular pipe of constant radius as illustrated above. The figure is not to scale. The pipe diameter D = 0.2 m and
length L = 8 m Consider the inlet velocity to be constant over the cross-section and equal to 1 m/s. The pressure at the pipe outlet is 1 atm. Take
density = 1 kg/ m 3 and coefficient of viscosity = 2 x 10 -3 kg/(m s). These parameters have been chosen to get a desired Reynolds number of
100 and don't correspond to any real fluid.
Solve this problem numerically using ANSYS FLUENT. Present the following results:
Velocity vectors
Velocity magnitude contours
Pressure contours
Velocity profile at the outlet
Skin friction coefficient along the wall
Provide comparisons of the results with the full-developed analytical solution. Verify your results.
Go to Step 1: Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
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Start-Up
Prior to opening ANSYS, create a folder called pipe in a convenient location. We'll use this as the working folder in which files created during the
session will be stored. For this simulation Fluent will be run within the ANSYS Workbench Interface. Start ANSYS workbench:
Start> All Programs> Ansys 13.0> Workbench
The following figure shows the workbench window.
Geometry
For users of ANSYS 15.0, please check this link for procedures for turning on the Auto Constraint feature before creating sketches in
DesignModeler.
Since we selected Fluid Flow (FLUENT), each cell of the system corresponds to a step in the process of performing CFD analysis using
FLUENT. Rename the project to Laminar Pipe.
We will work through each step from top down to obtain the solution to our problem.
Analysis Type
In the Project Schematic of the Workbench window, right click on Geometry and select Properties , as shown below.
The properties menu will then appear to the right of the Workbench window. Under Advance Geometry Options , change the Analysis Type to
2D as shown in the image below.
Creating a Sketch
Start by creating a sketch on the XYPlane. Under Tree Outline, select XYPlane, then click on Sketching right before Details View. This will
bring up the Sketching Toolboxes.
Click Here for Select Sketching Toolboxes Demo
Click on the +Z axis on the bottom right corner of the Graphics window to have a normal look of the XY Plane.
Click Here for Select Normal View Demo
In the Sketching toolboxes, select Rectangle. In the Graphics window, create a rough Rectangle by clicking once on the origin and then by
clicking once somewhere in the positive XY plane. (Make sure that you see a letter P at the origin before you click. The P implies that the cursor is
directly over a point of intersection.) At this point you should have something comparable to the image below.
Dimensions
At this point the rectangle will be properly dimensioned.
Under Sketching Toolboxes, select Dimensions tab, use the default dimensioning tools. Dimension the geometry as shown in the following
image.
This will create a new surface SurfaceSK1. Under Details View, select Sketch1 as the Base Objects by selecting one of the lines of the sketch
and by clicking apply. Then select the thickness to be 0.1m and click Generate to generate the surface.
Saving
At this point, you can close the Design Modeler and go back to Workbench Project Page .
Save the project by clicking on the "Save As.." button,
, which is located on the top of the Workbench Project Page . Save the project as "LaminarPipeFlow" in your working directory. When you save
in ANSYS a file and a folder will be created. For instance if you save as "LaminarPipeFlow", a "LaminarPipeFlow" file and a folder called
"LaminarPipeFlow_files" will appear. In order to reopen the ANSYS files in the future you will need both the ".wbpj" file and the folder. If you do
not have BOTH, you will not be able to access your project.
Go to Step 3: Mesh
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Mesh
In this section the geometry will be meshed with 500 elements. That is, the pipe will be divided into 100 elements in the axial direction and 5
elements in the radial direction.
Launch Mesher
In order to begin the meshing process, go to the Workbench Project Page, then (Double Click) Mesh.
Default Mesh
In this section the default mesh will be generated. This can be carried out two ways. The first way is to (Right Click) Mesh > Generate Mesh, as
shown in the image below.
The second way in which the default mesh can be generated is to (Click) Mesh > Generate Mesh as can be seen below.
Either method should give you the same results. The default mesh that you generate should look comparable to the image below.
Note that in Workbench there is generally at least two ways to implement actions as has been shown above. For, simplicity's sake the "menu"
method of implementing actions will be solely used for the rest of the tutorial.
Now, the Mapped Face Meshing still must be applied to the pipe geometry. In order to do so, first click on the pipe body which should then
highlight green. Next, (Click) Apply in the Details of Mapped Face Meshing table, as shown below.
Now, generate the mesh by using either method from the "Default Mesh" section above. You should obtain a mesh comparable to the following
image.
Edge Sizing
The desired mesh has specific number of divisions along the radial and the axial direction. In order to obtain the specified number of divisions Ed
ge Sizing must be used. The divisions along the axial direction will be specified first. Now, an Edge Sizing needs to be inserted. First, (Click)
Mesh Control > Sizing as shown below.
Now, the geometry and the number of divisions need to be specified. First (Click) Edge Selection Filter,
. Then hold down the "Control" button and then click the bottom and top edge of the rectangle. Both sides should highlight green. Next, hit Apply
under the Details of Sizing table as shown below.
Follow the same procedure as for the edge sizing in the radial direction, except select the left and right side instead of the top and bottom and set
the Number of Division to 5. Then, generate the mesh by using either method from the "Default Mesh" section above. You should obtain the
following mesh.
As it turns out, in the mesh above there are 540 elements, when there should be only 500. Mesh statistics can be found by clicking on Mesh in
the Tree and then by expanding Statistics under the Details of Mesh table. In order to get the desired 500 element mesh the Behavior needs to
be changed from Soft to Hard for both Edge Sizing's. In order to carry this out first Expand Mesh in the tree outline then click Edge Sizing and
then change Behavior to Hard under the Details of Edge Sizing table, as shown below.
Then set the Behavior to Hard for Edge Sizing 2. Next, generate the mesh using either method from the "Default Mesh" section above. You
should then obtain the following 500 element mesh.
Radial Sizing
. Then click on the left side of the rectangle and it should highlight green. Next, right click the left side of the rectangle and choose Create Named
Selection as shown below.
Now, create named selections for the remaining three sides and name them according to the diagram.
Physics Setup
Your current Workbench Project Page should look comparable to the following image. You should have checkmarks to the right of Geometry an
d Mesh.
Next, the mesh and geometry data need to be read into FLUENT. To read in the data (Right Click) Setup > Refresh in the Workbench Project
Page as shown in the image below. If the refresh option is not available, simply omit this step.
After you click Update, a question mark should appear to the right of the Setup cell. This indicates that the Setup process has not yet been
completed.
Launch Fluent
Double click on Setup in the Workbench Project Page which will bring up the FLUENT Launcher. When the FLUENT Launcher appears
change the options to "Double Precision", and then click OK as shown below.The Double Precision option is used to select the double-precision
solver. In the double-precision solver, each floating point number is represented using 64 bits in contrast to the single-precision solver which uses
32 bits. The extra bits increase not only the precision, but also the range of magnitudes that can be represented. The downside of using double
precision is that it requires more memory.
Then, you should obtain the following output in the Command pane.
The mesh that was created earlier has 500 elements(5 Radial x 100 Axial). Note that in FLUENT elements are called cells. The output states that
there are 500 cells, which is a good sign. Next, FLUENT will be asked to check the mesh for errors. In order to carry out the mesh checking
procedure (Click) Mesh > Check as shown in the image below.
You should see no errors in the Command Pane. Now, that the mesh has been verified, the mesh display options will be discussed. In order to
bring up the display options (Click) General > Mesh > Display as shown in the image below.
The previous step should cause the Mesh Display window to open, as shown below. Note that the Named Selections created in the meshing
steps now appear.
Now, make sure all 5 items under Surfaces are selected. The
In the Create/Edit Materials menu set the Density to 1kg/m^3 (constant) and set the Viscosity to 2e-3 kg/(ms) (constant) as shown in the image
below.
Save
In order to save your work (Click)File > Save Project as shown in the image below.
Numerical Solution
Second Order Scheme
A second-order discretization scheme will be used to approximate the solution. In order to implement the second order scheme click on Solution
Methods then click on Momentum and select Second Order Upwind as shown in the image below.
Monitor Drag
The following video shows you how to monitor the drag coefficient during iterations in addition to the default residuals. The equation for the drag
coefficient is given in this pdf file.
Execute Calculation
Prior, to running the calculation the maximum number of iterations must be set. To specify the maximum number of iterations click on Run
Calculation then set the Number of Iterations to 100, as shown in the image below.
Numerical Results
The results steps shown below are for the CFD-Post postprocessor that is included in ANSYS Workbench. For instructions to view the results in
the traditional FLUENT post-processor, click here.
Velocity Vectors
The following video shows how to visualize velocity vectors.
Summary of the above video:
1.
2.
3.
4.
"Default Transform" in the left-hand menu, uncheck "Instancing Info from Domain", check "Apply Reflection" and select to mirror about
the ZX Plane.
3.
3. To plot the pressure along the pipe wall, duplicate Centerline under User Locations and Plots
a. For Point 1, enter 0 0.1 0
b. For Point 2, enter 8 0.1 0
4. Create a Chart by clicking the Chart icon in the toolbar
a. Name this Axial Pressure Variation
b. In the Details menu, click on the Data Series tab
c. In the Locatin dropdown menu, select Centerline
d. Click on the X Axis tab
e. For the Variable dropdown menu, select X
f. Click on the Y Axis tab
g. For the Variable dropdown menu, leave as pressure
h. Go back to Data Series tab
i. Add another line by clicking on the New Icon
j. For Location dropdown menu, select Pipe Wall
You can increase the number of Samples for "Centerline" and "Pipe Wall" locations to get smoother curves.
To plot the skin friction coefficient in CFD Post, follow the steps in the video below.
Summary of the above video:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Next, double click on the Mesh cell of the Laminar Pipe Flow (mesh 2) project. A new ANSYS Mesher window will open. Under Outline ,
expand Mesh and click on Edge Sizing , as shown below.
Under Details of "Edge Sizing", enter 10 for Number of Divisions , as shown below.
The mesh should now have 1000 elements (10 x 100). A quick glance of the mesh statistics reveals that there are indeed 1000 elements.
It looks like my solution hasn't converged, so I need to run more iterations by selecting Run Calculation . You may want to increase the number
of iterations to, say, 1000. Ensure that you have a converged solution and save the project.
If you double-click on Results for mesh 2 in the project page, you'll see that all results have been updated for the new mesh. Also, you can drag S
olution for the original mesh on to Results for mesh 2 in the project page. CFD-Post will automatically add the results from the original mesh to
the plots for mesh 2. For instance, you will get the velocity profiles for both meshes in the same plot and you can export that to Excel and
compare with the full-developed analytical solution.
For instructions to compare results in the traditional FLUENT post-processor, click here and scroll down.
Go to Exercises
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