Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
are :
(1) The height of the image ,hi= the height of the
object,ho
(2) The distance of image ,v = the distance of
object,u
(3) Virtual image (appears to be behind the mirror)
(4) Laterally inverted (left and right are
interchanged)
(5) Upright
LESSON 1
Understanding reflection of light
Common terminology of reflection of light on a plane
mirror
Normal
Incident ray
Reflected ray
Angle of
incidence
Angle of
reflection
Example2
A boy is at a distance 5 m from a plane mirror. The mirror
is moved away from the boy by 2 m. What is the distance
between the boy and his image.
Solution
Example 3
The diagram shows two plane mirrors set an angle 100o to
each other. A ray strikes one of the mirrors as shown at
angle of incidence of 45o . Redraw and complete the
diagram showing the path of the ray and calculate the
angle of reflection at which it leaves the second mirrors.
AO
ON
OB
i
r
:
:
:
:
:
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Laws of reflection
The first law
Concave mirror
Pole of mirror , P
Convex mirror
:
Centre of curvature , C :
170
Principal focus , F
Focal point :
A point through
which all rays traveling
parallel to the principal axis
converge to or appear to
diverge from after reflection
by the mirror.
Radius of curvature, r :
Focal length , f
Distance between
the pole, P and the
centre of curvature, C.
Ray 2
The distance
between the principal
focus ,F and the pole of the
curved mirror, P.
r = 2f
For convex mirror :
The more curved the mirror , the shorter its focal length, f.
Ray 3
For concave mirror :
:
For convex mirror :
171
..................................................................................
u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C)
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
E
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
B
u = f ( Object, O is at F )
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
F u = ( Object ,O very far from the lens)
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
C
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
The distance object,
u
Characteristics of image :
172
Characteristics of image
Conclusion
u < f
u =f
f <u < 2f
u = 2f
u > 2f
u=
Image formed by a Convex Mirror
A
Plane mirror
(1) A mirror periscope can be built by mounting two
plane mirrors in a cardboard tube.
(2) A rear view mirror and a side mirror of a car in
order to enable the driver see objects at the back
and side of the car.
(3) Plane mirror acts as an anti-parallax error mirror
in electrical instruments such as the voltmeter
and the ammeter.
Concave mirror
(1) A shaving mirror or a make-up mirror used
a wide-aperture concave mirror with a large
radius of curvature.
(2) A torchlight or a headlight of motor vehicles
used concave parabolic mirror to produce a
beam of parallel light rays.
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
Application :
...................................................................................
Convex mirror
(1) Convex mirror are mounted at a sharp corner of
a road so that the drivers are able to see
oncoming cars on the blind side of the corner.
(2) Convex mirror hung on the corner of ceilings in
supermarkets serve to provide a wide field of
view activities happening in the shopping area.
Characteristics of image :
..................................................................................
Application :
................................................................................
The object
distance, u
u < f
f <u < 2f
Characteristics of image
173
TUTORIAL 1
1
At P and virtual
At Q and real
At R and virtual
A
B
C
D
2
Angle of
incidence
40o
40o
50o
50o
Angle of
reflection
40o
50o
40o
50o
10o
40o
B
D
20o
800
01:40
07:10
B
D
04:50
10:20
174
A
B
C
D
13
11
12 cm
24 cm
B
D
16 cm
32 cm
A
C
A
C
2m
6m
B
D
4m
8m
14
12
3m
7m
B
D
B
D
U and Y
Y and Z
U and V
W and Y
A
C
4m
10 m
15
175
300
100
B
D
150
50
22
16
17
diminished
same size of object
A
B
C
(a)
magnified
23
19
18
20
8 cm
20 cm
B
D
15 cm
30 cm
(c)
176
24
Diagram 25.1
Diagram 24.1
Diagram 24.2 shows the top view of the girl in the
wash room.
(a)
(b)
Diagram 24.2
State the characteristics of the image of the girl
formed in the mirror.
..
(b) What is the distance between the girl and the image
of the WASH ROOM sign?
(e)
Diagram 25.2
An object is placed at a distance ,u from a concave
mirror, M. The table shows the characteristics of
image , when the distance u is varied.
Object
distance
, u /cm
10
20
30
40
Diagram 24.3
In diagram 24.3, draw a ray diagram to show how the
observer can see the image.
25
Image
Characteristics
177
(d)
(e)
.......................................................................
Diagram 28.1 shows the image of a patients teeth
seen in a mirror used by a dentist.
Scale : 1 cm : 10 cm
(ii)
Diagram 28.1
Name the type of the mirror used by the dentist.
..
(b) State the light phenomenon that causes the
image of the teeth.
..
(c) State two characteristics of the image formed.
(a)
..
(iii) What is the characteristics of the image
when the concave mirror M is replaced
by a convex mirror of focal length same
as the mirror M.
27
Mirror
Diagram 27.1
Diagram 28.2
(a) Name the type of mirror shown in Diagram 27.1.
29
...
(b) Name one characteristic of the image formed by
the mirror.
.......................................................................
(c) Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image is
formed.
Diagram 29.1
(a)
(b)
178
Diagram 29.2
(c)
Incident ray
:
A ray of light that is directed
onto to the boundry of the surface of the medium
Reflected ray
:
A ray that is refracted when passing
through the different medium.
Angle of
incidence
Angle of
refraction
2
When a ray of light travels from optically denser
medium to optically less dense medium , the ray is bent
away from the normal.
After entering the less dense medium the speed of light
increases.
3
When a ray of light crosses the boundry between two
different mediums at a right angle or the incident ray
parallel to normal, the ray is not bent
but the speed of light is different.
The angles of incidence and refraction are zero.
179
n = Real depth
Apparenth depth
n=H
h
Example 4
The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1 and the
speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 ms-1 . Determine the
refractive index of glass.
Example 1
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air to the
block X.
Solution
Example 5
The apparent depth of a fish is 0.50 m. Calculate the real
depth of the fish.
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33)
Solution
Example 2
Example 6
Complete the following ray diagrams:
(a)
Example 3
The diagram shows a light ray entering in a glass prism.
[ Refractive index of glass = 1.51 ]
Example 7
The figure shows an man observing the base of a
swimming pool . The base of the pool appear to be
shallower.
The real depth of the swimming pool is 2.0 m.
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ]
180
(a)
(b)
181
Diagram (a)
Diagram (b)
Q, R, P
R, P, Q
B
D
TUTORIAL 2
1
P, Q, R
Q, P, R
182
Sin S
Sin Q
Sin P
Sin R
Sin Q
Sin R
Sin R
7
Sin S
A 25 cm
C 37 cm
12
0.85
1.31
B
D
4
. What is the
3
1.24
1.41
B 34 cm
D 41 cm
B
D
1.45
1.62
13
10
1.38
1.51
B
D
11
5
8
13
8
Diagram 13.1
(a)
A
C
8
13
11
5
B
D
0.3 m
1.1 m
(i)
Diagram 13.2
(b)
.
183
Diagram 14.1
Diagram 14.2
(a)
Based on Diagram 14.1 and Diagram
14.2,
(i)
compare the bending of the
pencil
..
(ii)
compare the density of distilled
water and the sea water
..
(iii)
state the relationship between
the density of water with the bending
of the pencil
..
(b)
Based on Diagram 14.1, compare the size of
the observed pencil inside and outside the
distilled water
(c)
Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram
14.1 and Diagram 14.2
.
(d) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to
complete the sentence below.
Phenomenon in (d) happens because of
the change in (velocity, frequency) of the
light.
Diagram 15.1
Diagram 15.2
Diagram 14.3
15
184
Digaram 15.3
Diagram 15.4
Diagram 15.5
(a)
Diagram 15.6
(c)
(d)
(e)
185
n = sin i
sin r
=
n=
Example 1
(a)
(b)
Solution
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Example 2
Figure shows a light ray AO travelling from medium X to
the air.
[The refractive index of medium X = 2.0 ]
Draw the ray light after it passes through the point P when
186
(a) = 25o
Solution
Mirages
In the time when the weather is hot , the incidence ray from
the sun passes through a dense air layer to a less dense air
layer.
Finally , the ray of passes through the air layer close to the
road surface at an angle of incidence greater than the
critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs at this layer.
The observer sees the image of the sky on the surface of the
road as a pool of water.
Fibre optics
Prism periscope
The external wall of a fibre optic is less dense than the
internal wall.
When light rays travel from a denser internal wall to a less
dense external walls at an angle that exceeds the critical
angle, total internal reflection occurs.
The advantages of the fibre optics:
(i) Cheap
(ii) easily handled
(iii) More information can be transmitted
187
TUTORIAL 3
1
A ray of red light travelling in glass strikes the glassair boundary . Some light is reflected and some is
refracted. Which diagram shows the paths of the
rays?
Which of the following is correct?
A
B
C
D
188
A
B
11
12
13
OQ
OS
B
D
OR
OT
10
C
15
189
B
D
50o
70o
40o
60o
44.5o
48.8o
B
D
46.9o
49.2o
19
16
A
OE
B
OD
C
OC
D
OB
Which of the following not applies the principle of
total internal reflection?
A
C
17
Prism binocular
Optical fibre
B
D
Mirror periscope
Road mirage
Prism P
(a)
(b)
18
(c)
(d)
Prism Q
Diagram 19.1
Calculate the critical angle of the glass
(a)
(b)
(c)
Diagram 30
Why is the ray of light XO entering the prism
in a straight line?
...........................................................................
..........................................................................
Determine the critical angle of the glass prism.
20
(a)
Diagram 20.1
Name this natural phenomenon as
observed by the driver.
190
(a)
.
(iii) Complete Diagram 20.2 to show
the formation of the natural
phenomenon as shown in Diagram
20.1.
(i)
Diagram 20.2
21
22
Diagram 22
Optical fibres are made of fine strands of glass. Each single
glass fibre (inner core) is coated with a thin layer of another
type of glass (outer cladding).You are required to give
some suggestions in designing an optical fibre which can
carry more information.
Explain your suggestions base on the following aspects:
refractive index of the inner and outer glass
the properties of material used for optical fibre
the thickness of the glass
the packing of the optical fibre
Diagram 21
191
Optical centre , P
A point which all rays traveling through this
point pass through the lens in a straight line.
Principal axis , AB
A straight line which passes through the optical centre ,P at
a right angles to the plane of the lens.
Principal focus (Focal point ,F)
A point on the axis to which incident rays of light traveling
parallel to the principal axis , converge after refraction
through a convex lens.
Or
A point on the principal axis from which incident rays of
light traveling parallel to the principal axis appear to
diverge after refraction through a concave lens.
Focal length , f
The distance
between the principal focus ,F and the optical centre ,P.
Object distance , u
Distance of the object from the optical centre,P
Image distance , v
Distance of the image from the optical centre,P
LESSON 4
UNDERSTANDING LENSES AND Use of
Introduction
Power of a lens =
1
Focal length
Or
P = 1
@
f (m)
.
=
100
f( cm)
Types of lenses
(i) Convex lens @ Converging lens @ Positive lens
Example 1
A convex lens of focal length 40 cm. Determine the power
of the lens.
192
Solution
Example2
A lens with a power - 5D.
(a) Calculate the focal length of the lens.
(b) What is the type of the lens?
Characteristics of image :
Solution
(d) u = 2f
Characteristics of image :
(e) u > 2f
Characteristics of image :
(f) u
Characteristics of image :
(b) u = f
193
v = image distance
magnification
ho = object height
m = linear
hi = image height
Sign Conventions
Convex lens
Object
Always +
distance
Object is always placed
,u
to the left of the lens
Characteristics of image :
....................
Conclusion:
Image
distance,
v
Object
Characteristics of image
distance ,u
u<f
u=f
f <u< 2f
u = 2f
u > 2f
u=
Ray diagrams for Concave lens
(a) u < f
Focal
Always +
length, f
Power
Always +
of
length,
P
Linear magnification, m
ImI =1
ImI >1
ImI <1
Example 3
Characteristics of image :
Concave lens
Always +
Object is always
placed to the left of
the lens
+ if the image is
real ( image is
formed on the right
side of the lens.
- if the image is
virtual ( image is
formed on the left
side of the lens.
Always Always -
Size of image
Image and object are the
same size
Enlarged image
Diminished image
Conclusion:
Object distance ,u
Characteristics of image
u<f
f < u < 2f
To determine the characteristics of images formed by
convex and concave lens by using ray Lens equations
f = focal length
Solution
Example 4
An object of height 6 cm is placed at 20 cm from
a concave lens of power 2.5 D.
What is
(a) the image distance
(b) the image height
(c) the linear magnification
(d) the characteristics of the image
Solution
u = object distance
194
fo
fe
Microscope
Function : To see a tiny object
Structure : Objective lens ( short focal length)
Eyepiece : (short focal length)
fe >fo
Magnifying glass
Normal adjustment :
Ray diagram:
195
D
4
Image distance
Object distance
Focal length
Optical length
TUTORIAL 4
1
196
14
15
9
10
Focal length
-2.5 x 102 m
-2.5 x 10-2 m
-2.5 x 102 m
-2.5 x 10-2 m
16
17
18
B
D
20.0 cm
40.0 cm
19
15.0 cm
25.0 cm
parallel
converge
diverge
less than f
between f and 2f
same as 2f
more than 2f
13
Type of length
Concave lens
Concave lens
Convex lens
Convex lens
0.2 D
2.0 D
12
B
D
11
-0.2 D
-2.0 D
inverted
smaller than object
formed on the same side as the object
10
15
35
45
Characteristics of the
image
A
C
197
0.5
3.0
B
D
1.0
4.0
20
21
B
D
5
8
10
20
10
5
5
8
31
fP is shorter than fQ
The power of lens P is higher than lens Q
The image of lens P is real whereas the image
of lens Q is virtual
The image magnification is the ratio fQ to fP
30
26
Linear
magnification
5
5
4
4
0.2
Focal length/ cm
24
29
A
B
C
D
23
A
B
C
D
E
Object
distance/ cm
3
5
22
2
4
27
8.0 cm
22.5 cm
B
D
17.5 cm
45.0 cm
Diagram 31
198
(a)
(b)
(c)
Diagram 32.2
(a)
(b)
33
32
Diagram 33
(a)
(b)
(c)
Diagram 32.1
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Linear magnification.
199
Objective lens:
Eyepiece
:
(ii)
34
(ii)
k =
Calculate the value of the focal length, f,
of the lens.
f =
(d)
(e)
Diagram 34
(a)
(b)
(c)
35
f
formula
= 0.976
k
where k is the gradient of the graph.
(i)
200
Diagram 35.1
Diagram 36.1
Diagram 35.2
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Diagram 36.2
Based on the above information and observation:
(a) State one suitable inference.
[1 mark]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
(c) With the use of apparatus such as a convex
lens, an object illuminated by a light bulb and
other apparatus, describe an experimental
framework to investigate the hypothesis stated
in (b).
In your description, state clearly the following:
Diagram 35.3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
36
201