31014173986

INSTITUTE
OF
ISLAMIC
STUDIES

516^5

McGILL
UNIVERSITY

McGILL UNIVERSITY
M ontreal
Institute of Islam^e Stud: es
Tehran Branch

JCollected Papers
on

Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism

Edited by
M. MOHAGHEGH

&

H. LANDOLT

Tehran 197 1

Printed by Tehran University Press, Tehran, Irn.

W ERE W ISDOM IN THE PLEIADES EVEN THEN

MN OF PERSIA W OULD OBTAIN IT

IV

WISDOM OF PERSIA
SER1ES

O F T E X T S A N D S T U D IE S P U B L IS H E D
by
T h e Institute o f Islam ic Studies
M c G ill U niversity, T eh ran Branch

General Editors

M E H D I M O H A G H E G H P h. D .
Professor

at T eh ern

U niversity,

Ir n

R esearch A ssociate at M c G ill U n iversity

T O S H I H I K O I Z U T S U L itt. D .
Professor at M c G ill U niversity,

C anada

G uest Professor at K e io U n iversity, J a p a n

WISDOM OF PERSIA
Publications o f the Institute o f Islam ic Studies, M c G ill U niversity,
T eh ran Branch
G eneral Editors: M . M o h ag h egh and T . Izutsu
I. H. M . H . Sabzavvri ( 1797 -

1878 ).

S h a rh -i G h u ra r a l-F a r id or S h a rh -i M an z m ah
P art O n e : M etaphysics
A ra b ic

text

and

com m entaries

edited,

w ith

introductions

in

English and Persian, and an A ra b ic-E n g lish glossary, b y

M . M ohaghegh and T . Izutsu
I I . M . M . sh tiyn i (ob.

13 7 2 / 1 9 5 2 )

T a 'lq a h bar S h a rh -i M an z m ah
A ra b ic text

e d ite d , with introductions in English,

G erm n

and

Persian, by
T . Izutsu, A . F alatu ri and M . M oh agh egh
(U n der Print)
I II. N .A . Isfaryini ( 639 / 1242 -

717 / 1317 )

K sh if u l-A srr
Persian text edited,

w ith a French translation and introductions in

French and Persian, b y

H . L andolt
(U n der Print)
I V . C o llected Papers on Islam ic Philosophy and M ysticism
edited b y
M . M o h ag h egh and II. L a n d o lt

VI

WISDOM OF PERSIA

V . M r D m d (ob.

1040 / 1631 )

A l-Q a b a s t
A rab ic text edited, with introductions

in

English,

G erm n and

Persian, by
T . Izutsu, H . Landolt, S. A . M usaw i, M . M oh agh egh
(In preparation)

Contents
Page
IX -X II

1 - Forew ord, G .J. A dam s

2-

Address at the O p en in g o f the M cG ill Institute o f Islam ic

Studies, T eh ran Branch, S.B. Frost

3-

1-12

M ystique et H um our chez Sohraw ardi, Shaykh al-Ishrq,

13-38

H . G orbin

4-

11 he Basic Structure o f M etap h ysical T h in kin g in

T . Izutsu

5-

Islam and the M ak in g o f E urope, W .M . W att

6 - Sim nn on W ah d a t al-W ujd, H . L an d o lt

Islam ,

39-72
73-90
91-112

FOREWORD
O n the occasion o f the

16 th

held in N ew D elh i in J an u ary,

In tern ational Congress

1964 ,

a sm all

of

Orientalists

group o f Irn i

A m erican scholars m et in an inform l w a y over lunch

and

in the

N orth

A soka H otel

to consider the wisdom o f opening a new centei fr Persian studies at

Institute o f Islam ic Studies

o f M c G ill

U niversity.

initiators o f this proposal w tre Professors

On

the

Seyyed Iossein

the

Irn i side the

N asr

and H afiz

ta rm a n -F a rm a ia n , both o f the U niversity o f T e h ra n s F acu lty o f Letters, and

both m n who w ere w ell acquainted w ith the strengths and weaknesses o f
N orth A m erican students o f their country and its illustrious cullure. M cG ill
U n iversity was represented b y Professor W ilfred C an tw ell Sm ith, founder o f
the Institute o f Islam ic Studies, and the present writer. A lth ou gh it appeared
to all concerned

that M cG ill

U niversity

m ight

be

good choice as an

agency fr expanding the scope o f N orth A m erican activity in Persian studies,

there w ere form idable problem s o f a practical natr,
that had first

to

be

solved.

The

proposal

to realization in the spring o f

1965

when

was

their

Shahanshah A ryam eh r and Empress o f Irn,

p rin cipally financial,

brought
Im perial

m uch

nearer

M ajesties,

the

paid a State visit to C an ad a.

T h e ir itinerary included an afternoon at the Institute o f Islam ic Studies w here

the chance was seized to lay before His Im perial M ajesty

the

proposal o f

strengthening Persian studies at M cG ill. As the direct result o f His Im perial

FOREW ORD

M ajestys interest in the m atter, an arrangem ent was

concluded

w ith

the

M inistry o f Education o f the Im perial G overnm ent (later the M i n i s t r y o f S ci

ence and H igher Education) that brought an Irn i Professor to serve on the
stafF o f the Institute o f Islam ic Studies
between the M inistry and M cG ill

on

the

U n iversity.

basis

o f shared

expenses

T h e Professor w ho carae to

C anada, from the F aculty o f Letters o f T eh ran U niversity,

was D r.

M eh di

M ohaghegh, who rem ained with his fam ily fr a full three years, teaching a
variety o f subjects having

to do w ith the

intcllectu al history o f

tradition o f the Shicah, and Persian culture.

A t the end

Irn ,

tne

o f his three year

term D r. M ohaghegh returned to his duties in T eh ran and was rep laced by
D r. M ehdi H a iri o f the F acu lty o f T h eology, U niversity o f T eh ran , who at
the tim e o f this writing is still carrying on teaching duties in M ontreal.
'lh e effort to foster Persian studies evoked

strong

and

favorable

response from the students and staff o f the Institute o f Islam ic Studies.
the course o f Dr. M o h ag h egh s stay several jo in t research projects

in

In
the

history o f Irni philosophy were begun, and there was prom ise o f m uch m ore
to come. In order to preserve the m om entum o f this work and in order als
to strengthen the Communications between Irni scholars and those in G anada, it was decided to open a small branch o f the Institute o f Islam ic Studies
in Tehran. W ith the consent o f His Im perial M ajesty and the co-op eration
o f his governm ent such a branch was established and
Jan u ary o f

1969 .

form ally

opened

T h e realization o f the small bran ch in T eh ran w as

possible through the co-operation and active

assistance

of

in

m ade

num ber

of

agencies and individuals whose help is gratefully acknow ledged. W ith out the
active support o f Professors D r. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and D r.
Salih, C hancellor

o f T ehran

University,

the project

could

Jahanshah
never

have

XI

FOREWORD

coine to fruition. O f equal nnportance w as the financial assistance generously

extended b y the O ld D om inion Foundation o f N ew Y o rk and the

N ation al

Iranian O il O om pany. T h e ability o f the branch to m eet its financial comm itm ents is als due in part to the help

of

the

S z m n -i-A w q f o f

Im perial G overnm ent, o f the N ational M onum ents Association,

Pahlavi Foundation, all o f w hom have purchased its

and

the

o f the

publications in

con-

siderable numbers.
T h e principal activity

of

the T eh ran Branch,

Studies, has been the study o f philosophy in Irn

Institute

in

of

Islam ic

the period since

M ongol invasions. T h e personnel o f the branch have

been

occupied

the
w ith

the p ublication and translation o f im portant texts and w ith the preparation
of m onographic m aterials that treat the history of this

relatively

neglected

ra in hum n thought. T h ro u gh these efforts and in co-op eration w ith other

agencies like the French Institute o f Iran ology the intention is to m ake

the

Irn i contribution to philosophy

the

in

recent centuries better known

w orld outside Irn. T h e work o f the Branch is, thus, a

truly

to

international

undertaking w hich strives to enrich all o f hum n culture b y m aking a

par-

b cu larly rich segm ent o f it better appreciated.

T h e present volum e contains a series o f incidental papers w hich have

been delivered on occasions sponsored by the T eh ran Branch. T h eir authors
constitute

a distinguished

collection

o f in ternationally

known

scholars.

A lth o u g h nt all o f the papers printed here have to do w ith Irn or w ith a
philosophical subject m atter, their

appearance does

illustrate

one

o f the

p rim ary functions o f the T eh ran B ranch w hich exists precisely to build bridges
o f com m unication am ong scholars

of

different

countries

and

languages.

XII

FOREWORD

H opefully, in the future the Branch m ay continue

to

be

center

w here

scholarly work o f this kind in the Islamics field m ay be fostered. I f that is to

be the case, the Branch will need the sym pathy

and

assistance

o f all w ho

share its interests.

Charles J. A dam s,
Professor and D irector,
Institute o f Islam ic Studies.
J an u ary

1, 1971 .

ADDRESS AT THE OPENING OF

THE Mc GILL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES
TEHRAN BRANCH

By
Stanley B . Frost

V ic e - Principal, M cG ill U niversity

Y o u r E xcellency, M r. V ice-C h an cellor, Professor A dam s, distinguished

guests,

ladies and gentlem en.

I have the honour to represent at this tim e the R o y a l Society fr the

A dvancem ent o f Learning, w hich is more fam iliarly know n as M c G ill U n i
versity, and in p articu lar I represent the F acu lty o f G raduate Studies and
R esearch, in w hich jurisdiction the Institute o f Islam ic Studies has its honoured piac. I bring the greetings o f the U niversity, and express on its bch a lf the most lively satisfaction that after m uch

planning

and

contriving

this d ay has arrived and we have gathered here to celebrate the opening
o f M c G ill H ouse in Tehern.
In M on treal w e have extrem ely hap p y memories o f the visit o f his Im
perial M ajesty the Shahanshah to the U niversity and the Institute two years
ago, and we have

als enjoyed our close relationships w ith those w ho en-

hanced our C an ad ian Centennial Exhibition with the Iranian pavilion which
attracted so m uch attention b y its beau ty and its rich display o f Persian
culture. W e are very appreciative that the Pavilion is being continued on the
same site in the M onteal Exposition M a n a n d H is W o rld . Indeed the M ayor
o f M ontreal, M . D rapeau,

has asked

me

to convey

to His E xcellency,

the M inister o f E ducation, and this gathering the follow ing message:
L ouverture T h ran d une maison o les tudiants de l U niversit M c G ill pourront poursuivre leurs tudes sur lhistoire et la culture iraniennes illustre les liens troits entre l Iran et notre pays. L a participation
de l Iran lExposition universelle de 1967 et T E R R E D E S H O M M E S
n a fait quc resserrer lam iti de nos deux peuples et nous esprons que la
prsence de P lr a n M ontral pourra se manifester d une aussi brillant fa5on dans Pavenir.

STANLEY B. FROST

T h e links, therefore, between Irn and C an ad a are very close an d are

constantly being strengthened. T h e recent publication b y the T o ron to U n i
versity Press o f a volum e devoted to the m agnificent collection o f gems in
the Im perial Treasury, which have been surveyed an d catalogued b y our
colleagues in the R o yal O ntario M useum , is a further instance o f the close
relationship between our two countries. W e at M c G ill

U n iversity h ave the

particular benefit o f a professorship in Iranian philosophy, w hich is jo in tly

financed b y the G overnm ent o f his Im perial

M ajesty

and b y the U n iver

sity. W e greatly benefited from the colleagueship o f Professor an d M ad am

M ohaghegh during their appointm ent to the Institute, and we now have the
opportunity to continue our Iranian studies guided b y Professor H a iri, w ith
w hom

I recently had lunch and

a very inform ative

visit.

I brin g

his

greetings to all his friends here. W e als have each year a num ber o f students
from Irn, 12 b ein g currently enrolled in one or another o f our different
Faculties. It is, therefore, most appropriate that it should be a C an ad ian
university w hich is opening this

House in Teh ern , and even m ore ap p ro

priate that that U n iversity should be M cG ill.

M oreover, I believe that the intention o f this House o f S tu d y is particularlv apposite to the days in w hich we live. W e

fin d ourselves at this

time standing on a shrinking plnt in an expanding universe. T h e universe

is opening up before us w ith an ever greater immensity, w lule at the same
time our home plnt becomes even smaller, so that C an ada and Irn and
indeed all nations and all cultures are now near neighbours. In such a situation nne o f us can escape the ultim ate questions - cW h o am I ?, c W h a t
is the purpose o f life? , W h a t is m y personal role in that larger purpose? .
These are the classical questions o f philosophy, and to

have a H ouse o f

Study, devoted to exploring the riches o f Iranian philosophy, and to bringing

too-long-neglected treasures to the attention o f ihe W estern w orld, is at this
tim e

in the history o f the h u m n race a most sig n ific a n t a n d a most prom ising

develoT'm ent.

O u r h o p e is th a t these treasures m a y fertilise a n d irradiate

W estern philosophy, and themselves be quickened and brought to increased

vitality b y this intim acy of contact and that in this House there m ay be a

ADDRESS..

new opp ortunity fr East-W est dialogue at the deepest levels o f hum n perccption.
I w ant if I m a y to use the tim e available to me to develop that thought
a little further. T h e most significant event in 1968 was undoubtedly the A p o l
l moonshot. T h a t heroic voyage marks as decisive a m om ent in the history
o f the hum n race as did the rise o f Cyrus the G reat in 550 B .C . or the
voyage o f

Colum bus in 1492. In each case, m ankind and the culture o f

m ankind, that com plex thing we call civilization, broke out o f old frontiers
and poured beyond them int new worlds. In the tim e o f Cyrus, civilization
broke out o f the Fertile Crescent and the eastern M editerran ean to reach
int India and the lands o f the East. In the tim e o f Colum bus, civilization
broke out o f the O ld W o rld o f E uro-A sia int the N ew W o rld o f the W est.
In our day, m n and his culture has fr the first tim e left his hom e plnt
and reached out fr the stars. T hose f s t uncertain steps int space w ill
soon becom e, we can be quite sure, a steady m arch. W e m ay con fid en tly
expect, alw ays excepting a

nuclear

holocaust,

that

our children and our

grandcbddren w i1! inherit the gala^ies.

B t the culture w hich has m ade this great step forw ard possible is the
technological one. It is the culture o f in.dustrialisation, and o f m athem atics,
an d o f science. Its dom m ant feature is the com puter and the significant thing
about the com puter is that it does nt talk English or A ra b ic or Russian or
Chinese. Its lan guage can be translated int a n y or all o f these , and w e
use F ortran or A lg o or som c other a rtificial go-betw een, bt the rel lan gu age
o f the com puter is inalhem atics and m athem atics belongs to no one hum n
culture b t to all. T h e Babylonians gave us arithm etic an d the Greeks gave
geom etry, and the A rabs gave us algebra b t m athem atics belongs distinc tively to nne o f these cu ltu res: it belongs to the hum n m ind - indeed it b e
longs to the stuff o f the universe and that is another w a y o f saying th at
it belongs to G od. Sim ilarly th ere is no H in du physics, no M uslim chemistry, no distm ctivelv C hrisian biology. T h e culture o f the technological age
does n t belong to the W est an y m ore than it belongs to the East. A t M c
G ill w e h a ve In din m athem aticians, Chinese m edical scientists, E uropean

STANLEY B. FROST

meteorologists, A ra b biochemists, N o rth

A m erican

physicists,

bt th ey all

speak the one language o f science and they all talk in the com m on

terms

o f technology.
Bt w hen w e turn to the humanities and

to

the social Sciences the

situation is read ily seen to be something very different. W h en w e seek to

answer w hat P au l T illich called the questions o f ultim ate con cern

W ho

am I ? , W h at is the purpose o f life?, W h at is m y personal role in the

generl scheme o f things ? the very questions w h ich our technological successes thrust w ith ever-increasing insistence upon us, w e
fr our answers

to the great religions o f m ankind,

an d

have to go b ack
to the philoso-

phies to w hich they have given rise, and it is here that a diversity o f cultures confronts us w ith kaleidoscopic com plexity. M uslim philosophy has a
relationship to

G reek philosophy bt has very different insights. T h e prac-

tical wisdom o f C hina differs greatly from the speculative wisdom o f In d ia;
the characteristic. interests o f Christianity, w hether

C ath o lic or Protestant,

are quite different from those o f Buddhism , w hether M a h a ya n a or H in ayan a.

T h e kind o f answer a m n finds fr the questions o f u ltim ate concern depends upon the tradition in w hich he was reared.
T h ere was a time, nt so long ago, w hen each o f the great fam ilies o f
m ankind was convinced that it, and it alone, h ad ach ieved (or w h at was
even m ore dangerous, had been vouchsafed from on h ig h ) the full and fin a l
understanding o f truth. T h e Indin stood firm in his Indianness and the Chinese stood firm his Chineseness; the Jew believed him self to be the Chosen
N a tio n ; the M uslim resisted all encroachm ents upon the profession o f Isla m ;
and the Ghristian, with the very best o f intentions, b t w ith w h at we can
now see was

often m isguided

zeal, poured forth missionaries all

over the

face o f the globe. W ith in the last decades there has, how ever, begun to be
felt a very far-reaching

change in these attitudes, an d this I believe will

prove to be one o f the most, if nt the most, significant fact o f our times.
A great m any factors have contributed to that change: our new knowledge
o f the global history o f m ankind, from the first e m e ig e n c e o f homo sapuns

ADDRESS.

to the rediscovery o f lost empires like those o f the M ycenaeans and the H ittites; our

new

realization o f the u n ity o f that global history since the

first appearances o f civilization less than ten thousand years ago; our deepening understanding o f the grand process o f evolution, and the w ay in
w hich it bmds all life together in one great organic w h o le ; the current interm ingling o f cultures consequent on the new m obility o f the hum n race;
our new awareness o f the universe beyond the solar system. Bt m ore im portant than an y o f these is, I suggest,

a new

insight int the natr o f

religon itself, w hich is ra p id ly being shared b y m n o f m an y faiths and o f

very different traditions. I m ay perhaps express that insight in the most simple and crude w a y b y saying that it is the relisadon that in m atters o f
religion I as a G hnstian do n t have to be w rong in order fr you as a
M uslim to be righ t; that religious truth is nt exclusive in the same w a y
as is m athem atical truth. Zoroaster says: c As the H o ly O n e
I bee, O A h u ra M a z d a 5;

the

I recognized

H ebrew prophet says, T hus has the L ord

said, I am Y a h w eh , there is no other; beside me there is no go d ; St.P aul

says T h ere
the

m n

is one

Ghrist

G od

and

Jesus , an d

one

the

M ediator

M uslim

between

says T h ere

G od
is

an d m n,

no G od bt

A lla h and M oham m ed is his prophet , an d w e fin d it even now difficult

to grasp that these statem cnts m ay a ll be true, religiously true. T h e ligh t
o f religion m ay shine, does shine, through them all, w ith different degrees
o f lum inosity fr different m n. In order to rciv illum ination from your
lam p, I do nt have to blow out m y ow n ; bt I do h ave to believe that
your lam p is lighted and I do have to be rea d y to sit w here yo u sit, to
catch its beam s; and I do have to be rea d y to learn h u m b ly and receptively to think as you think, and to understand as you understand. B t if
I w ill do this, then I can

bring your

ligh t to strengthen m y light

as I

seek to read the rid d le o f hu m n existence. I must stand firm in m y Christianity, and you must stand firm in your Islam , and together we m ay share
an increased perception.
In a book w hich is to be published next m onth I have expressed this
conviction in this w ay. Speaking o f Christianity as a m yth, I say : I use

the

STANLEY B. FROST

controversial term m yth

in this context very m uch in the w a y an

economist or a physicist uses the term m odel . A n economist collects his data
and assembles it int a coherent pattern, a construct o f inter-acting forces ,
w hich he can set out descriptively in language, or visu a lly in graphs and
diagrams, or m athem atically in form ul. I f the m odel does nt cope adequately w ith the realuies o f the on-going situation, he has to ad a p t and
m odify it until it performs m ore satisfactorily. S im ilarly a physicist has his
data relating to molecules, atoms, and particles. H e can visualise or depict
them in m odels, or he can State their activity 111 m athem atical torm ulae.
W hen he is dealing w ith radiation he know ingly uses two unrelated i f nt
m u tu ally inconsistent models, that

o f energy as transm itted particles and

that o f energy as w ave m otion through space. Sim ilarly I thm k w e h ave to
recognise that C hristiam ty is o f the natr o f a m odel o f ultim ate truth,
an d that it is , fr this generation at least, a c m yth , that is, an interpretation o f reality. O u r task is to explore that m yth, and discover w hether it
is sufficiently universal to absorb m ans new know ledge an d n ew insights and
suli satisfyingly interpret to him himself. W e have to ask w hether this m yth
can still cogently explain fr him his pst and still ch allengingly point

him

to his future. I now add that w h at I have there said o f Christiawity I b e

lieve we have to say o f all religions, and o f course, I am b y no means alone
in saying these things.
logy

A D utch professor o f the H istory and Fhenom eno-

o f Religions, C . J. Bleecker, has recently w ritten: T h e logic o f the

rruth w hich G od has revealed to m ankind is sweeping us irresistibly towards

a con d ition in w hich all true belicvers w ill be able to understand and appreciate each others values, w ithout having to relinquish the particular faith
so dear to them . M y former colleague w ho founded this Institute, Profes
sor W ilfred G antw ell Smith, has expressed it differently. Speakin g o f the great
religious symbols o f m ankind, he asks w hat w e m ean by identifying an y thing in any religion as a sym bol and he answers his own question thus :
First, it is sacred; and second, it is therefore translucent. T hose fr w hom
it is sacred, w hen they look at it do nt, like the rest o f us, sec it, bt
see through it to something beyond -- something

nt precise, nt obiective,

ADDRESS.

nt finite. It is nt som ething that they see, perhaps, so m uch as som ething
about w hich they feel and feel deeply. Its form serves as a h igh ly charged
crystallizing o f w hatever emotions or insights or sense

o f u ltim acy it can

be m ade to carry fr those w ho treat it as absolute. T o understand it -ju st as to understand the syllable O M fr H indus, or the Q u ran fr M uslims, or a n y m yth one must ask oneself how m uch transcendence it can be
m ade to carry fr those who have chosen its p articu lar shape to represent
the p attern o f their religiousness . This it seems to m e is the great hope
and prom ise o f the closing decades o f the tw entieth century o f the Christian ra. In the w orld o f Science and technology w e are m n o f one culture
seeking to understand and to exploit our environm ent; bt in our endea vour to understand ourselves an d the m ystery o f this hfe in w h ich w e live
and m ove and h ave our being, w e are m n o f m an y traditions who are only
now beginning to appreciate and to explore and to ben efit from the rich
diversity o f insight w e possess. In this connection I h ave to say how very
m uch m y colleague in the D epartm ent o f Philosophy, Professor R aym o n d
K lib an sk y, regretted

his in ab ility to accept the invitation to be present on

this occasion. As president o f the Institut International de Philosophie he has

taken an especial interest in the proposal to establish this House in w hich
the study o f philosophy w ill go forw ard on. a

com parative basis, an d he

has asked m e to express his warm est good wishes fr this venture, and his
earnest hope that he m ay at som future date be able to visit both this
H ouse an d L a Socit Iranienne de Philosophie et des Sciences H um am es o f
w hich you M . le R ecteu r h ave the honour to be President.
Philosophy is the daughter o f religion, b t if the m other is worthless
the d au ghter is nt to be trustcd. D espite, how ever, the neglect int w hich
philosophy has fallen in the W est, and despite the apparent decline in sign ifican ce o f all the great religions o f the w orld, I am quite unconvinced
that these great ventures o f the hum n sp in t have p layed their part and
m ay now be dismissed. I do nt bebeve that the Christian religion w 11 be
east aside b y our children and our gran dchildi en as they go forth int the
universe; I do nt believe that Islam w ill cease to speak deeply and saiis-

STANLEY B. FROST

fyingly to those who w ill

live in worlds as yet unknow n an d unexplored ;

I do nt believe that Buddhism has spoken its last w ord to m an kin d in a

technological age; I do nt believe that H induism has m ade its last darin g
speculation in a universe robbed o f its surprises b y science; bt I do believe
that the great religions w ill com e to talk creatively and fruitfully one w ith
another, and that each o f us, following his own truth,

m ade m ore lum i -

nous b y the illum ination cast upon it b y other m ens faith, m a y com e to
a closer understanding o f that T ru th w hich most o f us call G od.
T h e question, however, in evitably presents itself and cannot be evad ed:
w ill an y or all o f these religions and their

philosophies

lead us to the

U ltim ate T ru th ? O r are they all false and foolish fancies, w h ich can only
m islead and delude? In the story o f m ans physical developm ent, biologists
are beginning to recognise an end-directedness w hich, w hile they can nt
call it teleology, they h ave to

describe

as teleonom y: that is, an order

w hich implies a telos , a goal. In historiography, w e are returning to the idea

o f a purpose and a m eaning in the progressive history nt o f an y parti cular em pire or race bt o f m ankind as a whole. In the physical universe,
Science has dem onstrated that
see. T h e great sweep o f

law and order are w ritten p lain ly fr all to

evolution in w hich w e are all caught up is , w e

are being forced to recognise, directed to som end,

som purpose, som

goal, the exact natr of w hich is as yet undisclosed to us. B t I cannot

believe that all the insights, the speculations, the inspirations, o f the m n
o f religior and the mn o f philosophy through five thousand years o f hum n
questioning are w ithout a similar significanc.e. I am convinced that in them
als there w ill be found an unfoldm g purpose and that like the pieces o f
a jig-saw puzzle they w ill becom e m eaningful w hen w e pt them together.
It is the p articular form of religions faith w hich is appropriate to, and indeed is called fr, b y our times to believe that m an s spiritual quest w ill be
crowned w ith success as fully and indeed perhaps

even m ore

significantly

than m ans scientific quest. In religion and in philosophy we have to jou rn ey

hopefully, believing that we shall
has w ritten :

indeed arrive. As the U rd u poet A ym en

ADDRESS.

c T h a t H e be beyond madness and w isdom let it nt be th u s!

m en, let there be no further veil beyond the veil !
W e have to penetrate the veil

o f m yth an d sym bol believing in the

R eality that lies behind, and believing that the last veil w ill be w ith draw n
at least sufficiently fr us to know that we have found T ru th .
M n m ay conquer disease, and

transplant hearts,

and

explore ocean

depths and colonise the galaxy, bt if he cannot fin d an answer to the question c W ho am I ? then he is a lost ch ild cryin g in the dark. T h e an swer I believe can only be

found

in the

great religious traditions and in

the philo.sophies w hich spring from them . It is therefore a splendid thing that
one m ore m eeting piac o f East and W est has been established here in M c
G ill House in

'1 eheran, a

house w here the m n from the East and the m n

frorn the W est m ay both be at home, and therefore m ay talk freely one
to another. I w arm ly congratulate all who h ave conceived, supported and
realised this idea, and I declare the House to be open to all w ho share its
quest.

MYSTIQUE E T HUMOUR
CHEZ SOHRAWARD, SHAYKH AL - ISHRQ,

Confrence donne V Institut franco-iranien de Thran le 19

Novembre 1969

P r
Henry

Corbin

D irecteu r d Etudes 1 Ecole Pratique des H autes Etudes (Sorbonne) ,

V e Section,et D irecteur du D p artem en t d Iranologie de 1 Institut frangais de
R ech erche en Irn

'

L e texte quon lira ci-dessous est celui d une confrence prononce a Vlnstitut fra n gais de Tehern, le 19 novembre 1969, sous la prsidence de M .A n d r M ichel, conseiller culturel prs VAmbassade de Franc.
J e me rjouis tout particulirement
livraison du prsent B ulletin,
reuse Vesprit de collaboration

d en voir le

texte p ubli dans la premiere

cr cette publication souligne de la fagon la p lus heuclos,

des Vorigine,

entre la dlgation Thran de

ITnstitut d tudes islamiques de V Universit M c G ill et notre Dpartement dTranologie

de Vlnstitut franco-irnin de vingt-cinq Cet esprit de collaboration f i t closion spontanment, non ps simplement en raison de liens d amiti personnelle, mais en raison
du f a i t que depuis bientt vingt-cinq ans notre Dpartement dTranologie s'est consacr
spcialement a Vtude de la philosuphie irano-islamique, entendue au sens le plus large
du mot. C est un champ eVludes o les chercheurs ont

t jusq u ici peu nombreux,et

o nous avons a poursuivre des tches d une actualit d autant plus urgente. Le f a i t que
nos collgues et amis de V Universit M c GUI se sont a leur tour,

avec la collabora

tion de nos collgues iraniens, engags dans la mrne voie, nous confirme, pr leur
renfort, que cette voie tait la bonne. La publication des oeuvres de Sohrawardi constitua les prmices de nos recherches,et il semble qu elle ait marqu un point de dpart,
un appel aux recherches en philosophie iranienne. Puisse la publication ici-mme du
prsent texte, mettre galement sous le patronage du Shaykh al-Ishrq les prmices de
la collaboration que nous nous proposons de dvelopper.
Une simple remarque encore: le prsent texte est publi ici sans poiter de rjrences bibliographiques. On trouvera les plus importantes dans le recueil des OEuvres
persanes de Sohrawardi annonc ici des le dbut.

II arrive tout chercheur de com m ettre un jo u r o u l autre q u elq u e im prudence. G est ainsi q u e j en ai commis une rcem m ent, au cours d une
conversation q u i ne sem blait p ou rtan t recler aucun pril. II m arriva, p arce
q u il tait question de m ystique, d e m e ttre l un ct de l autre deux mots
qui, prem iere vue, sem blent pourtant assez trangers l u n l autre. C e
fut suffisant pour que leur association im prvue, un peu paradoxai, baucha, puis prcisa, puis fin it pr im poser ce que l on appelle un sujet de
confrence.
V ous avez bien voulu venir ici pour entendre parler

de m ystique... et

d hum our. Pour ju stifier ce que ces deux mots peuvent avoir a fair l un avec
lautre, il faudrait com m encer p r m ettre parfaitem ent au clair ce que signifien t l un et l autre. C e serait dj la une entreprise redoutable exigeant la
mise en oeuvre de grands moyens historiques, philosophiques, techniques. Je
prfre n envisager q u une simple causerie au cours de laquelle vous verrez
vous-mmes pourquoi ces deux mots - m ystique et hum our -- s taient ti'ou vs unis lun lautre au cours de la conversation laquelle je viens de
fair allusion.
V ous dire quel en tait le thme,

c est d em ble vous

annoncer que

notre causerie de ce soir, en sn dbut tout au moins, sera le prolongem ent

d une confrence donne ici mrne lan dernier la mrne poque. Nous
nous tions entretenus de la vie et d un aspect de loeuvre de Shihboddin
Y a h y Sohraw ardi, au V I e/ X I I e sicle, celui que toute la tradition iranienne
salue com m e le Shaykh al-Ishrq, le m aitre de cettc thosophie de la L um ire qui se donne elle-mme le nm de sagesse orientale, au sens mtaphysique non ps gographique du m o t oriental, parce q u elle est i l l u m inative, et illum inative parce q u elle est orientale. C est de Sohraw ardi
q u il tait question dans l im prudente conversation que je viens de dnoncer;

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

17

ce fut donc lui, en prem ier et dernier lieu, le responsable de m on im prudence,

et je devrais lu i en vouloir. E t pourtant je ne puis lui en vouloir, cr sn
oeuvre reprsente pour le philosophe oiientaliste que je suis, un am our de
jeunesse, et p arce que finalem ent c est lui qui m a guid com m e p r la m ain
ju sq u en ce pays d Iran, il y aura bientt vingt-cinq ans. E n c h a n g e jai consacr un certain nom bre d annes de m a vie la restitution et linter prtation de ses oeuvres; il y a donc entre lui et m oi un lien irrmissible,
et j'esp re que ce lien aura t un point de d p an

pour le renouveau des

etudes sohrawardiennes.
II reste que c est lui que nous allons dem ander raison du raoprochem ent des deux mots :m ystique et hum our. Sans doute y aurait-il d autres
m ystiques qui nous pourrions le dem ander. M ais c est ce grand philoso phe et m ystique irnin que nous allons nous adresser principalem ent et cela
pour trois grandes raisons.
1) L a prem iere est lim portance de sn oeuvre qui a dom in lhorizon
de la philosophie et de la spiritualit en Irn, pendant plusieurs sicles,et
qu i sem ble prom ise de nos jours une renaissance. Je vous dirai dans un
instant trs brivem ent pourquoi.

2) L a seconde aison est que, tout pro-

chainem ent, grce au x soins diligents de notre m inent am i, le professeur

X asr, D oyen de la F acu lt des Lettres de l U niversit de Th ran , un troisim e volum e de

ses oeuves va paraitre com m e volum e 17 de la Biblio-

thque Iranienne publie p r notre D partem ent d Iranologie de

1 Institut

fran^ais de recherche en I r n . C e volum e considrable rassem ble en un corpus toutes les oeuvres crites en persan pr Soh raw ard i, un m a g n ifiq u e et clair
persan du X I I e sicle. L a parution d un tel volum e n est ps seulem ent une
date pour la bibliographie iranienne, mais pour les tudes philosophiques
com m e telles, cr tous les philosophes sauront gr au professeur N asr du
la b eu r q u il a consacr cette

dition,et j e

puis annoncer que mrne le

lectcuir qu i ne lit ps le persan, supposer q u il y en ait,pourra tirer p rofit

de ce vaste ouvrage, puisque nous y donnons un am ple rsum en frangais de
ch acu n des quatorze traits q u il contient. C e volum e vient donc sn heu-

i8

HENRY CORBIN

re, voire lgrem ent en reta id sur sn heure, et c est la troisime raison que
j ai vous donner.

3) Ge volum e de

ses oeuvres

en persan aurait d

paraitre, en effet, i l y a dj deux ans, sil n y et eu les dlais d impression,

toujours imprvisibles. Cr, c est il y a deux ans, exactem ent au calendrier
islainique lunaire,le 5 R ajab 1387, correspondant au 10 octobre 1967 et au
18 M ehr 1346, du calendrier solaire irnin, que nous aurions d clbrer le
hit centim e anniversaire

de

la m rt en m artyr du Sh aykh al-Ish rq ,

l ge de trente-six an s,en la citadelle d A lep ,le 5 R a ja b 587, correspondant au

29 ju illet 1191. Nous sommes donc tout juste en retard de deux an s.Q uan d
il sagit de hit sicles, l cart est m inim , surtout pour des philosophes et
des m ystiques habitus pr vocation n envisager les choses que sut sperie
aeternitatis.

II reste que la parution prochaine de

ce volum e nous perm et,

spcialem ent ce soir, de com m m orer ensemble ce huitim e centenaire,et je

crois que le sens de cet anniversaire se propagera en rsonances lointaines
dans le coeur de nos amis iraniens.
Ces quelques mots m obligent dj vous en dire, ou vous en rappeler davantage, concernant l oeuvre de Sohraw ardi, puisque ce sont quelques
pages de cette oeuvre qui nous

feront com prendre la conjonction ncessaire

et salutaire - un m om ent donn de la m ystique et de l humour.

Feut-tre certains d entre vous se rappellent-ils que, l an dernier, nous
avions essentiellement tudi dans l oeuvre de Sohraw ardi lindication du passage de lpope hroique lpope

m ystique. C e passage est sans doute

un fait capital de la culture spirituelle iranierm e; nous le vrifions dans un

grand nom bre de ces popes mystiques si caractristiques du gni irnin;
trop de noms seraient nom m er ici depuis A ttr, c A s s r

de T a b riz, Jrni

et tant d autres ju sq u N r c A l-Shh. J espre depuis longtem ps avoir un

lve qui je pourrais confier le sin d une recherche approfondie et comparative entre le c.ycle de lpope m ystique iranienne et le cycle de notre
propre pope m ystique en O cciden t m dival. Sans doute ce ne peut tre
la qu un travail de m aturit, mais il atteindrait vrannent en profondeur le
point de contact de nos deux cultures. Ici mrne nous avions tudi le pas
sage en question dans quelques pages

que vous retrouverez dans l dition

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

19

des oeuvres persanes de Sohrawardi.

II y avait, propos du G raal de

K ay

K h osraw , le m agm fique rcit

du G raal d un m ystique khosrawni. K a y K h osraw est pour Soh raw ard i une
figu re exem plaire des souverains extatiques de l ancien Iran , tel point q u il
est le hros ponym e des Khosrawniyn com m e ayant t, dans
islam ique, les prcurseurs

Irn pr-

des Ishrqiyun ( les adeptes de la thosophie de la

L um ire de notre shaykh). E t puis il y avait les pisodes du Shh- Nmeh

dnt un rcit initiatique de Sohraw ardi, celu i qui port com m e titre L archange em pourpr ( A al-e sorkh) nous suggre le sens m ystiq u e: l pisode
de la naissance de Z l, l enfant dnt la ehevelure port encore la trace du
m onde de la lum ire dnt il vient, et qui typ ifie l me jete dans le d sert de ce m onde: puis l pisode de la m rt d E sfandyr, le hros de la fi
zoroastrienne, li au m otif eschatologique de Sim orgh. C r peut-on voir Sim orgh sans m ourir? E t tout cela faisait regretter que Sohraw ardi n ait ps
eu le temps de traiter ainsi d un bout lautre le Shh-Nmeh de Ferdawsi,
et de nous apprendre le lire, laid e de cette herm m eutique sym bolique
q u i sappelle le tw l, de la mrne m anire que tous les spirituels lisent le
Q o rn l aide de

la mrne herm neutique.

M ais

l-m m e

nous voyons

surgir une claire

indication concernant le sens de sn oeuvre,et concernant

aussi la m anire

dnt il sy est pris pour la raliser.

L e sens de sn oeuvre, le Sh aykh al-Ishrq la elairem ent lorm ul plusieurs reprises: ressusciter la thosophie m ystique des sages de l ancien Irn,
concernant la Lum ire et les Tnbres,- une sagesse qui pour lui tait profondm ent diffrente de toutc philosophie dualiste, et pour la restauration de
laquelle il dclarait, explicitem ent et consciem m ent, n avoir eu aucun pr dcesseur. M ll Sad r Shrzi, sn plus grand interpi t, le salue encore au
X V Ie

sicle com m e le rsurrecteur des doctrines des sages de lancienne

Perse. Q u elq u e trois sicles donc avant le grand philosophe byzan tin Gmiste Plthon, Sohraw ardi labore une doctrine o se conjoignent les traditions d Herm s, de Platn et de Zoroastre, le prophte de l ancien Irn. O n
peut dirc q u il a opr cn quelque sort le rapatriem ent en Irn de ces

20

HENRY CORB N

sages que la rencontre de la sagesse grecque

et de la sagesse iranienne a

fait dsigner ailleurs com m e les M ages hellniss.

M ais com m ent a-t-il

russi ce rapatriem ent? Justem ent rin terp rtation m ystique des pisodes du
Shh-Nmeh auxquels j ai fait allusion, nous le m ontre: l aide de cette com-

prhension spirituelle que connote pr excellence le term e de ta w il com m e

herm neutique des symboles, donc avec les ressources que lui offrait l Islam
spirituel, la spiritualit de l Islam m ystique. L e tw il , c est reconduire une
chose sn origine, sn archtype: c est dceler sous l apparence extrieure de la

lettre, ou

de tout phnom ne, le sens sotrique, c est--dire le

sens cach, la vrit intrieure. G est pr la vrit intrieure que com m uniquent entre elles les hautes connaissances de toutes les sagesses. II y a, certes,
chez Sohrawardi, quelque chose com m e le sentim ent d un oecum nism e spi
rituel, pour em ployer un m ot frt usit de nosjours, mais d un oecum ni
sme dnt le fondem ent reste sotrique, c est--dire cach, c est--dire intrieur. S il dit se raliser - mais il est dj ralis secrtem ent - c est pr
les hauts sommets, ou pr les profondeurs, non ps au niveau des vidences exotriques communes, toujours vulnrables, cr tant accessibles tous
et supportant des intrts im m diats, elles sont accessibles aussi toutes les
passions com m e toutes les trahisons.
D o, chez notre Shaykh al-Ishrq,une conception si rigoureuse de la
philosophie que, si elle ne dbouche ps sur une exprience m ystique, c est-dire sur une ralisation spirituelle personnelle, toute recherche philosophique
est vaine et strile. Inversem ent, toute tentative d atteindre l exprience
m ystique en l absence d une srieuse form ation

philosophique, risque de

sgarer dans le dsert des illusions et de la folie. D o, le point de dpart non

moins rigoureux de toute recherche philosophique, form ul com m e tant la
connaissance de si. G ela ne veut ps dire la connaissance, pour chacun de
nous, de ses petits dfauts et de ses grandes vertus.

C e n est ps cela q u

entend le philosophe. C e que veut dire la connaissance de si, c est prcndre conscience de ce q u im plique le fait d un

sujet qui se connait si -

mrne, qui a conscience de soi-meme. A utrem cnt dit, c cst sveiller si-

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

mrne, tout ce q u im plique une petite p lnase com m e c.elle-ci: je me connais m oi-m m e, j 'a i conscience de m oi-m m e. C e j e qui s exprim e ainsi est
mis en prsence de m oi-m m e, d un Soi-m m e quj est autre que ce j e pv
int la prem iere personne, puisque celui-ci le prend com m e objet de sa
connaissance. Si dilfrent mrne, que ce S i lu i apparat d une substantialit
m fm im ent plus stable et peim anente que celle de ce j e qui le dcouvre et
qui se rfre lui,- dcouverte qui, au term e de sn closion, peut abou tir la vision intrieure de ce Si, qu i alors apparat com m e le m aitre 111trieur, le guide personnel. L a dcouverte est si bouleversante, les effets s en
propagent si profondem ent dans toutes les dimensions de la vie, que ce qu i
la rcapH ule au m ieux, c'est la clbre sentence: G elui qui se connait soimme, connait sn D ieu .

C est une sentence sur laquelle ont t

crits

bien des livres en Islam , cr elle y form ule la plus haute exprience intrieu
re de

1hom m e

spirituel . Justem ent, un certain nom bre d oeuvres de Soh

raw ard i ont pour objet de dcrire cette rencontre intrieure et les condi tions qu i la preparent.
Nous constatons ainsi que cette spiritualit est oriente vers une certam e
conception de l hom m e,
dsignation

de l H om m e

dnt lidai,

le cas-lm ite, est form ul dans la

Parfait ( al-Insn a l-K m ; dj les Iiermtistes

disaient anthrpos teleios). L ' H om m e Parfait, c est celui q u en term inologie

m ystique on dsigne encore com m e le P le ( Ojotb), le ple m ystique, celui
que la masse des hommes en gnral gnore et ne peut q u ignorer, alors
que sans Pexistence de ce ple, mrne secrte, l espce hum aine ne pourrait
ps persvrer dans l tre et sabim eraic dans un cataclysm e fin al, cr c est
p r lui que com m uniquent encore le m onde suprieur invisible et le m onde
de notre ralit quotidienne. En term inologie sh ite, nous savons que ce term e
de ple, ou de ple des ples, dsigne l Im m cach. Aussi bien, chaque
fois que le term e est em ploy, it est difficile de ne ps dceler au moins
q u elq u e chose com m e un crypto-shPism e. E t c est p eu t-trele sens ultim du
procs qu e l e s c olmi d A lep intentrent n o tie Soh iaw ard i, lorsque, sans
sem barrasser des distinctions philosophiques subtiles que prm ppose la prophtologie, ils lui reprochrent de soutenir dans ses livres que D ieu pouvait,

HENRY CORBIN

n im porte quel m om ent de n im porte quel temps, crer un prophte. N otre

shaykh ne leur rpondit ps, m alheureusem ent, avec l hum our dnt tm oignent certaines pages de ses livres, m ais avec l im ptuosit de sa fougue ju vn ile.
Peut-tre se sentait-il protg pr l am iti d al-M alik al-Zh ir, gouverneur
d A lep et le propre fils de Salheddn (le Saladin des Croiss). M ais nous nous
demandons encore quel m otif Tavait entran dans ce funeste voyage A lep ,
o il ne retrouvait ni le clim at spirituel de l Iran, celui de sn pays n atal
de Sohraw ard,ni celui qui lavait accueilli chez les princes seljoukides d A n atolie. A trois reprises, les olam d A lep intervinrent auprs de Saladin pour
obtenir sa m rt. A trois reprises Saladin dut

m enacer de disgrce sn p ro

pre fils al-M alik al-Zhir, sil continuait de protger sn am i. E t c est ainsi
que le Shaykh al- Ishrq m ourut m artyr dans la citadelle d A lep , le 5 R a
ja b 587/29 ju illet 119 1. II tait tout juste, je le rap pelai tout l heure,g
de trente-six ans.
M algr sa jeunesse il nous a laiss une oeuvre considrable, une oeuvre
qui, tout au lon g des sicles, a nourri la vie philosophique et spirituelle de
ses disciples, les Ishrqyn, ceux que lon appelle aussi les platoniciens de
Perse. E t cette oeuvre nous apparat assez riche en intentions restes ina per^ues, pour stim uler de nos jours des questions qui soient en rupture avec
celles dnt nos contem porains n ont que trop lhabitude, nous aider dans un
dsarroi et u n dsordre intellectuels gnraliss, en nous pcim ettan t d accder
un continent de lm e qui, pour beaucoup aujou rd hi, est un continent
perdu.
Je ne ferai que vous dire en deux mots de quoi cette oeuvre se compose: dans l ensemble se distingue une ttralogie d oeuvres philosophiques
puissantes , dnt le sommet est constitu pr le grand L ivre de la Th osophie orientale, celui qui contient la Som m e de la pense de notre shaykh,
et dnt

il

nous

dit lui-m m e q u il eut lintuition

d un seul coup, lors

d une journe m erveilleuse, bien q u il lui fallt ensuite de longs mois pour
la rdiger. E t puis il y a un certain nom bre d oeuvres de m oindre tendue:
les unes philosophiques, mais au sens sohrawardien du m ot, c est--dire que

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR GHEZ SOHRAWARDI

23

leur philosophie aboutit im m anquablem ent un m em ento de la vie spirituelle; les autres proprem ent mystiques, dnt certaines sontrdiges en forme
de rcits d initiation personnelle, les autres en form e de paraboles ou d histoires sym boliques. Les unes sont en persan, d autres en arabe. C e sont les
traits rdige.s en persan que vous trouverez bientt runis dans le volum e
publi en com m m oration du huitim e centenaire de sa mrt.
Ici, nous touchons au centre de notre entretien, mais ce centre, nous
ne pouvions Fatteindre q u en p arcourant les quelques avenues que j ai tent
de vous dessiner grands traits.
J e viens d voquer la form e que revtent les traits m ystiques de So h
raw ardi, et je vous avais precdem m ent indiqu que c est dans certaines pages de ces traits que nous trouvons l attestation d un hum our

sui geneas

A lo is il m e fau d rait peut-tre com m encer pr rpondre aux deux questions

poses au d b u t: qu'est-ce que la m ystique? q u est-ce que l hum our? Q u e s
tions redoutables, auxquelles je ne suis mrne ps certain q u une rponse
satisfaisante puisse tre donne. Je ferai sim plem ent rem arquer tout d abord
que le term e de mystique est h la s! un des mots les plus profans, les plus
galvauds de nos jours, em ploy avec une lgret et une m consciencc d1 isoire, en des occasions ou en des dom aines dans lesquels il n a absolum ent
rien voir, si l on en connait vritablem ent le sens. E t je ne crois ps tre
le prem ier form uler cette protestation. Prcisons donc que nous l em ployons ici dans sn sens rigoureux, tel q u il ne peut tre usit que dans un contexte religieux ou m taphysique, et tel que le com porte sn tym ologie grecque. M ystikos , c est ce qu i est cach, invisible aux facults de perception sensible, insaisissable au niveau des vidences com m unes et pr les organes de
la perception com m une. M ystique est, quant au m ot et qu ant au x faits, essentiellem ent associ mystre, ce qui dans lantiquit s est appel religions a
m ystres et dnt les initis sappelaient des mystes ( mystres d Eleusis, de
M ith ra etc.). L e m ot grec mystikos

est donc

l quivalent de

btin, ghayb,

niakhfi , mahjb, penhdn etc.

Mros alors,qu est-ce que pntrer m ystiquem ent dans le m onde du m ystre?

24
C est une pntration qui ne saccom plit ni pr les facults de perception sensible
ni pr lentendem ent rationnel,et pourtant c est une pntration qu i a bel
et bien une porte notique, c est--dire cognitive ( et c est cela que correspond en persan lem ploi du m ot erfn). C est une pn tration qu i nous
arrache toutes les vidences sur lesquelles vit la conscience com m une; si
nous appelons celle-ci conscience de veille, pour

le m ystique au contraire,

cette prtendue conscience de veille n est q u un lourd som m eil, le sommeil

de l ignorance et de laveuglem ent spirituel.

C e qui ap p arait au com m un

des hommes com m e le monde du jo u r devient alors le m onde de la nuit, et

inversement. Les organes de pntrationq u on les dsigne com m e vision in
trieure, lum ire du coeur, im agination active, centres du

corps

subtil etc.

sont gnralem ent atrophis et paralyss chez 1hom m e ordinaire de nos jours,
qui ne s en fait mrne plus aucune ide.

Cette

pntration est vritable-

m ent une pntration dans la quatrieme dimension, celle que Sohraw ardi dsi
gne pr un terme persan q u il avait forg lui-m m e: N-koj-bdd , le pays
de non-o, mais ce terme nous ne pourrions ps le traduire pr
sans com m ettre le pire des con tre-sen s. C est bien un pays

utopie

(bad ), u n pays

rel, mais dnt il est impossible de fix er les coordonnes sur nos cartes gographiques, parce q u il y a un hiatus entre le m onde extrieur ou exotrique et le m onde intrieur ou sotrique, qu i est le M alakt, le m onde de
lAm e. C est un pays o, aux rapports de distance locale, se substituent les
rapports de distance entre tats intrieurem ent vcus. Pour atteindre ce
pur espace de lA m e, il faut, com m e disent nos m ystiques, sortir de la crypte
cosmique, m erger au-dehors. A ucu n e fuse, si perfectionne soit-elle,ne nous
en rapprochera donc jam ais. C r,q u i plus est,les mondes subtils, les tres de
lum ire auxquels sunit le plerin m ystique, taient la depuis toujours; seul
notre aveuglem ent spirituel nous em pchait de les voir. C om m e le dit Soh
raw ardi, sil arrive que la vue soitren due l aveugle-n et q u il voie pour
la prem iere fois le soleil, dem andera-t-il

au so le il: p ou rqu oi n tais-tu ps

la aup aravan t?
P r ces quelques mots, je crois suggrer pourquoi il est capital q u une

25

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

culture spirituelle dispose d une m taphysique et

d une thorie de la con-

naissance qu i fasse droit ces mondes, interm diaires entre lintelligible et le

sensible, et nous pouvons dire q u avec la philosophie de Ylshrq, la culture
iranienne a dispos d'une

telle m taphysique et

d une telle

thorie de la

connaissance. Nous en avons eu,certes, l quivalent en O cciden t, mais il y

a peut-tre un peu plus de trois sicles

que nous l avons plus ou moins

perdu,et c est I un aspect de la tragdie de notre philosophie.

G est contre

un aspcct correspondant de cette tragdie, que Sohraw ardi a vo u lu tablir

une sauvegarde,en im posant toute vocation m ystique une solide form ation
philosophique. C r si l hom m e ne peut ps se passer d un contact avec le
M alakid, il ne peut tenter sans pril,

dans certaines conditions culturelles,

de rejoindre un m onde dnt on lui a coup l accs. II im port de voir bien

en face, pour lu i fair

face,

ce pril auq uel

est expos le m ystique qui

s aventure vers N-koj-bd. C e pril est,en bref, celui que les psychiatres de
nos jo u rs dsignent com m e la schizophrnie sous ses m ultiples aspects,et qui
est l im possibilit pour le visionnaire de distinguer entre le m onde intrieur
de ses visions et le m onde de la ralit quotidienne. II ne se passe ps de
jo u rs,h la s! sans que les informations ne nous en fassent connaitre de lam entables exemples.
le privilge d une

Sans mrne aller ju sq u ce cas-limite, il peut arriver que

exprience supranorm ale dterm ine chez le sujet ce que

les psychologues de nos jours encore appellent in flation du moi, com plexe de
supriorit... A lors voici que lexprience qui et d fair de l hom.me un
renoneiateur et,par l-m m e, un guide pour les autres hommes, lveille aux
am bitions m ondaines ou polibques dnt ti devient le jo u et, b ref tout le contraire de ce qui fait un derviche. T e l est ce que l on peut appeler le pril
su b jectif encouru pr le m ystique dnt la prparation est insuffisante.

II en est un autre, que nous pouvons appeler le pril objectif. L e prem ier
pril surm ont, si le m ystique veut d ciire sn exprience, dcrire ce q u il a
v u et entendu, les mondes et les vnem ents dnt il a t le tm oin, comm ent le fera-t-il sans violer le secret? sans exposer ce secret Pincom pr-

HENRY CORBIN

hension, la m oquerie, la drision des ignorants? sans,pr consquent, livrer le trsor qui lui a t confi, aux mains de qu elqu un qui en est indigne, n en tant ps l hritier? Bref, com m ent le pourra-t-il, sans violer ce
qui, dans la tradition sotrique occidentale,s est appel la discipline de Varcane ? E t nous savons, com m ent et pourquoi, sous le nm

de taqiyeh, cette

discipline est prescrite pai les Im m s du sh^isme; nous savons com bin So h
raw ard i en a eu le souci, tel point

q u il avait invent pour sn grand

L ivre de la Thosophie orientale une criture secrte. U n de ses rcits

mystiques, l Epitre sur l tat d enfance, nous m ontre le plerin-novice parlant tourdim ent de secrets mystiques un inconnu qui fin it pr le rudoyer et le traiter de fo u ; plus grave encore, cette indiscrtion a pour consquenee q u il perd la prsence de sn shaykh, c est--dire de sn guide intrieur; il ne peut plus le retrouver.
Eh bien! c est le m om ent de nous poser la question, en quoi lhum our
a-t-il affaire la m ystique? T o u t d abord, je crois que du consentem ent gnral il n y a aucune dfinition possible de lhum our, et lon a depuis longtemps renonc en tenter une dfinition qui en sit vraim ent une, mrne
nos amis britanniques qui, pourtant, sont particulirem ent au fait de la ques
tion. Je ne vais donc ps m y essayer vainem ent mon tour. M ais,sil n est
ps de dfinition satisfaisante de la chose, peut-lre est-il possible de constater certains

de ses effets. Je

suggrerai donc que

lhum our im plique la

capacit de prendre un certain recul, une certaine distance, vis--vis de soimme et des choses; et grce ce recul,il im plique la capacit de sem bler
ne point prendre tout fait au srieux ce q u en fait,intrieurernent, au fond de
soi-m m ejon prend, et l on ne peut que prendie, terriblem ent au srieux,
mais alors sans en trahir le secret. Faute de cette prisc de distance lgard de la chose,on risque d en devenir le c a p f et la proie. G r ce elle,
en revanche, si lon est capable de prendre cette distance, voici que la crispation du visage, le geste pathbque, l'a tt tude dfensive, voire agressive,vont
fair p iac un sourire, peine esquiss peut-tre.
Cette brve indication sur laquelle je ne veux ps m appesantir, peut

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

27

suffire dj, je l espre, nous fair entrevoir que le rapport entre mystique
et hum our consiste en ce que lhum our est peut-tre la sauvegarde du mystique,en ce sens q u il le prserve du double pril que je dcrivais,il y a un
instant, com m e pril subjectif et com m e pril objectif. Et c est au tmoign age de Sohraw ard i lui-m m e que nous pouvons en appeler.
Plus exactem ent, pour le prem ier cas,ce sera le double tm oignage d A vicen n e ( Ib n Sin) et de Sohraw ardi, puisque l exem ple que je vais vous
proposer, sera em prunt au R cit de l O iseau compos en arabe pr le
philosophe A vicen n e et que Sohraw ardi traduisit en persan. Com m e rcit
m ystique,ce R cit de l O iseau est un petit chef-doeuvre d A vicen ne; vous
pouvez en trouver une traduction frangaise dans un livre sur A vicenne, qui
a dj une quinzaine d annes,et o j ai essay d en m ontrer la p iac dans
le cycle des rcits avicenniens, de le situer dans le contexte de ce q u aurait
t la philosophie orientale d A vicenne, si le m anuscrit de celle-ci n avait
t dtruit pendant le sac d Ispahan et si A vicenne avait eu le temps de le
rcrire. M ieu x

encore, il convient de situer ce

s est dvelopp

autour de ce sym bole de

rcit dans le cycle

qui

l O iseau depuis G h azl ju sq u

la grande pope m ystique de A ttr. Les origines en sont lointaines.

La

prem iere rfrence qui nous vient l esprit est le Phedre de Platn,o lm e
est im agine la ressem blance d une E nergie dnt la natr serait d tre
un attelage ail que m n sur sn char un au rige galem ent pourvu d ailes.
E t c est encore la m agn ifiqu e im age de la procession cleste des mes la
suite des

D eu x et de

la chute de certaines d entre elles. II est de la

natr de laile, ecrit P lat n ,d tre

pesant, en l levant du
choses qu i ont

apte m ener

vers le haut ce qui est

ct o h abite la race des D ieux,et entre toutes les

rapport au corps, c est l aile qui a le plus largem ent part

au divin. V o il pour le sym bole de l oiseau dnt il y a d autres m agnifiques exem ples, pr exem ple dans certains psaumes m anichens.
Prenons m aintenant le rcit d A vicen ne traduit pr Sohraw ardi. L exorde cn est pathtique. N y aura-t-il personne parm i mes frres, dem ande
Pautetu*, pour me prter un peu 1oreiUe, afit? que j e lu i confie une p art

28

HENRY CORBIN

de m a tristesse?...Frres de la V rit! D pouillez-vous de votre peau, com m e

se dsquam e le serpent... A im ez la mrt, afin de rester des vivants. Soyez
toujours en vo l; ne vous choisissez aucun nid dterm in, cr c est au nid
que l on capture les oiseaux... II y a ainsi deux m agnifiques pages sur ce
tn. Puis le narrateur

raconte sn histoire:

com m ent un groupe de chas-

seurs tendirent leurs filets et le firen t ca p tif avec toute une troupe d oiseaux
dnt il faisait parti; com m ent dans sa captivit il oublia tout: sn origine,
sn appartenance un autre m onde,et finalem ent perdit mrne conscience
des liens qui l entravaient et de l troitesse

de sa cage.

Puis, voici q u il

aper^oit un jo u r d autres oiseaux qui avaient russi a se dlivrer; com m ent

il fin it

alors pr les rejoindre;

com m ent

ensem ble ils prirent leur envol,

franchirent les hauts sommets, parcoururent les hautes valles de la m ontagne

de Q f, c est--dire de la m ontagne psychocosm ique, au prix d efforts pui sants; com m ent ils retrouvrent leurs frres aux alentours de la C it du Roi,
et com m ent l-m m e ils furent reus pr celui-ci dnt la beaut les frappa
de stupeur; com m ent ensuite s accom plit leur retour, cette fois en com pagnie du messager du roi,porteur d un ordre pour ceu x q u i avaien t nou le
lien et qui peuvent seuls le dnouer. - Je ne puis insister sur aucun dtail,
mais uniquem ent sur le soudain changem ent de tn qui intervient la fin
du rcit.
L e lecteur tait em port pr la contem plation de celu i q u i est tout
entier V isage que tu contemples, tout entier une M ain qui donne, et voici
que soudain le narrateur, se substituant d avance aux sceptiques q u ia ccu e illeront sn rcit avec une douce ironie,se m et crire c e slig n e s: Plus d un
parm i mes frres vont me dire: T u dois avoir l esprit un peu drang;il
faut mrne que tu sois devenu com pltem ent fou. V o yo n s! tu ne t esjam ais
en vol; c est tout simplem ent ta raison qui s est envole. A u cu n chasseurn a
jam ais

fait

de

ti sn gibier; c est bel et

bien tn bon sens que lon a

chass. E t puis, com m ent un hom m e senvolerait-il? E t com m ent un oiseau

se m ettrait-il p a rle r? -N o n , vraim ent,il faudrait te m ettre au rgim e; bire

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

29

de la tisane, p ren dre des bains chauds, fair une inhalation d huile de nnuphar, surveiller tn alim entation; ps de surm enage,et surtout ps d eveille noctur'ne prolonge. Nous tavons toujours connu com m e un hom m e de
bon sens. A te voir ainsi dtraqu, quel souci nous nous faisons. Nous en
sommes nous-m mes com pltem ent m alades...
Je crois que

ces

lignes dans

lesquelles se donne libre cours lhum our

du m decin A vicen n e, ont une vertu exem plaire; le m ystique a pari, il a

tent de dire sn aventure. M ais il sait d avance com m ent les gens raisonnables vo n t laccu eillir; ils raccu eillero n t com m e beaucoup d historiens de
la philosopliie ont accueilli les noplatoniciens, Proclus, Jam bliqu e et leurs
mules. Q u e va-t-il se passer ? S il essaye de fair front, en opposant argum ent argum ent, il v a d e v e n ir infinim ent vu ln rable; il ne convaincra aucun
des sceptiques, m ais peut-tre se convaincra-t-il lui-m m e,de plus en plus,de
l excellence de sn cas. Et le voil perdu, frustr, bon peut-tre pour fair
un schizophrne. Q u en revanche il sit capable de prendre ce recul,de form uler lui-m m e d avance,en toute clart de conscience, ce que les sceptiques
et les agnostiques vont lui opposer; alors,ce qui chez ces derniers et t une
critique ngative, agressive, devient chez lui un triom phe de 1 hum our,grce
au q u el il glisse entre les mains des sceptiques. L hum our est sa double sau ve g aid e , cr en mrne temps q u il le prm unit contre toute ivresse et toute
inflation du moi, il efface les effets de ce qui et pu tre une violation de
la discipline de

larcane.

Seul com prendra celui q u i en a la capacit et

qui est digne de com prendre; les autres n y verront rien. M ais il aura tout
de mrne, envers et contre tout, transmis sn message. C est donc simultanm ent que le m ystique trouve sa sauvegarde contre le pril subjectif et le
pril o b jectif qui le m enacent. E t cette sauvegarde, il la trouve en parlant
le lan gage des symboles. Et il arrive que ce langage sit,com m e chez A v i cenne, com m e chez Sohraw ardi, inspir pr un hum our suprieur.
M ais alors q u est-ce au juste q u un sym bole? Pour le dire de fagon rigoureuse, le m ieux est de nous reporter a la signification du m ot grec symbolon. L e verbe symballem, en grec, veut dire agglom rer,

join d re

ensemble.

3O

HENRY CORBIN

D eux hommes, pr exem ple,se trouvent tre pr hasard des htes de tren contre. A va n t

de se sparer, ils brisent en deux un anneau ou un tesson

d argile; chacun en prend une m oiti; c.hacune des deuxpices sera alors le
syrnbolon de l autre. C r les annes et les annes pourront alors passer, avec

tous les changem ents q u elles am nent, mais il suffira que celui qui se trouve en possession d un syrnbolon le conjoigne avec l'autre, pour se fair reconnatre de celui qui est en possession de cet autre com m e ayant t lhte de
jadis ou, sn dfaut, sn reprsentant ou sn am i. D ans le cas de nos mtaphysiciens mystiques, chaque syrnbolon appartient sn univers respectif:
le m onde invisible du M alakt d une part, le m onde visible de la p ercep
tion sensible d autre part. Tous deux ensemble, le syrnbolon de lun et le symbolon de lautre form ent une unit

suprieure, une unit intgrale. C r le

fait q u ici un syrnbolon se conjoigne avec l autre, annonce que le m onde visib
le symbolise avec le m onde invisible,si nous parlons la langue que savait en
core parler Leibniz. L-m m e est la source de la clbre sentence de G o e
the, dans la fin l du second Faust: T o u t lphm re n est q u un symbole
( disons mrne: rien de moins q u un sym bole). Nous saisissons im m diate m ent la diffrence entre le symbole et ce qui sappelle couram m ent de nos
jours allgorie.

L allgorie en reste au mrne niveau d vidence et de p er

ception. Le sym bole garantit la correspondance de deux univers qui sont

des niveaux ontologiques diffrents: il est le m oyen,et le seul m oyen,de pntration dans l invisible, dans le m onde du mystre, dans l sotrique.
L oisqu e je disais tout lheure lim portance pour une culture de disposer d une philosophie qui garantisse la fonction des sym boles,la valid it ontologique, objective, du monde interm diaire entre lintelligiblc et le sen
sible, c est cela que je faisais allusion. L ide de cette rgion interm diaire
prsuppose la triple articulation du rel au m onde de l Intelligible, ( j b a rt), m onde de l me ( malakt),

monde m atriel, triade laquelle corres-

pond la triade anthropologiqu e: esprit,me corps. D u jo u r o lanthropologie

philosophiquc en est rduitc une dyade, q u e lonclise am c et corps, ou que
Fon dise esprit et corps, c en est fini de la fonction notique, cogm tive, des

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

sym boles. O r, cette triade, abolie en O ccid en t depuis le

3 1

I X e sicle, n y a

subsist que dans les coles philosophiques ou thosophiques que lon qualifie,
a tort sans doute, de m arginales. L e cartsianism e ne connait plus que la
pense et l tendue.

II n y a plus que les perceptions sensibles et les con-

cepts abstraits de rentendem ent. C est alors l immense m onde de l Im agination, en propre le m onde de l A m e,qu i est vou la dchance; il est identifi avec Vimaginaire , avec l iirel.
II est trs frappant de voir avec quel sin Sohraw ardi et les Ishrqyn
ont veill une m taphysique de FIm agination. Parce q u ils en reconnaissent le rle am bigu,ils la m aintiennent solidem ent axe entre l intelligible et
le sensible. A u service de l intelligible, c est--dire de l ln telligen ce ( le K os
en g iec), sa fonction est de prsenter Ylde voile sous la fotm e de l Im age,
c est--dire du sym bole.
sont tous

des

Les personnages et les vnements d une parabole

symboles, et c est pourquoi une parabole est aussi la seule

histoire q u i sit vraie. E n revan ch e, lorsque l Im agination se laisse entirem ent captiver p r les perceptions sensibles, voletan t de l une l autre, elle
est littralem ent dsaxe et se perd dans Firrel. Dans le prem ier cas,
F Im agin atio n active est l organe de pntration dans un m onde rel, q u il
nous fa u t dsigner de sn nm propre, savoir

Yim aginal ; dans le second

cas, F Im agin ation ne secrte plus que de Yimaginaire.

Dans le prem ier cas

F Im agin ation est, pour Sohraw ardi, Farbre cleste m ergeant au sommet Sinai, auquel les sages cueillent les hautes connaissances qui sont le pain
des Anges. D ans le second cas, elle est Farbre m audit dnt pari le Q orn.
II est beaucoup question de nos jours de civilisation de l im age; je erois
que sur ce chapitre, nos philosophes, Ishrqyn et autres, ont beaucoup

nous apprendre. Certes, c est un chapitre trs com plexe, propos duquel je
crains de paraitre obscur force de concision. M ais le temps ne me perm et
de retenir que Fessentiel. Nous sommes ici la source du gni sohrawardien, la source d une inspiration qui lui perm et de passer d un registre
l autre, com m e au grand orgue, je veux dire de nous prsenter en symboles et paraboles de rcits initiatiques, ce

q u il expose pr ailleurs, dans

ses grands livres, sous forme thorique et systmatique.

32

HENRY CORBIN

D e leur ensem ble je ne retiendrai que trois exemples, pris dans un trait de Sohraw ardi qu i a non point la form e d 'u n rcit continu, m ais celle
d une rhapsodie, enchainant la suite l un de l autre plusieurs rcits sym boliques. Nous y voyons apparatre le peuple des tortues, le peuple des fes,le
peuple des chauves-souris. Bien entendu, il ne sagit ps de zoologie, m ais
d autant de symboles de ceux qui,parm i les hum ains, sont les ignorants spirituels, les aveugles de lme. Ils sont reconnaissables sous leur form e sym bolique, parce que leur forme intrieure cache, pr consquent leur form e
vraie, symbolise avec celle - la. Et toute la diffrence
la mise en scne de leur vie quotidienne qui

est la, pr rappport

ne fait connaitre que leur

forme apparente. Se m ontrant sous leurs formes sym boliques, ils nous apparaissent tels q u ils sont en ralit dans le m onde imaginal, tels que leur ignorance ou leur ecit les fixe dans une relation toute ngative avec. le M a la
kt, avec le m onde de lAm e. G est leur vrit,ou plutt leur fausset in t

rieure qui clate, projete sur l arrire-fond des vidences qui les dpassent,
et cest I que se donne libre cours l hum our d'un grand m ystique com m e
Sohrawardi.
I 11 prem ier exem ple: ce qui est en cause,c est N-koj-bd, le pays du

N o n -o , hors des dimensions de lespace sensible. O n peut crire ce

propos un savant trait de m taphysique sur lhypcrespace. M ais il peut arriver aussi que la doctrine so itvcu e au point de ne plus tre une thorie,
mais de devenir un vnement rel de l me.
prises avec le peuple des tortues.

O n a alors le m ystique aux

L e peuple des tortues obscrvait un jo u r

du rivage les volutions d un oiseau m ulticolore la surface de la mer

tantt il plongeait, tantt il reparaissait. L un edes tortues de d em a n d er: Cet

oiseau est-il de natr aquatique ou de natr arienne? U n e autre tortue
de rpliquer: Sil ntait ps aq u atiq u e,q u aurait-il fair avec leau? M ais
une troisime de d ire : S il tait aquatique,il ne pourrait ps vivre hors de
leau. II v avait au m ilieu des tortues un sage ju g e q u elles interrogrent.
II leur d i t : O bservez-le bien. S il peut vivre hors de l c a u ,c est que l eau
ne lui est ps nccssairc. A preuve le poisson qui, lui, ne peut ps vivre hors

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHZ SOHRAWARDI

de l eau. L-dessus, un

grand souffle de vnt s lve;

couleurs prend sn envol et disparait dans les nues.

33

loiseau au x belles

Les tortues vont-elles

com prendre? N on ps, elles com m encent pr dem ander au sage de sexpliquer. C elu i-ci leur rpond

allusivem ent, en leur citant quelques sentences

de grands spirituels, culm inant dans la dclaration du m ystique al-H allj

propos du Prophte: I1 a clign l'oeil hors du o m , c est--dire sa vision in
trieure l a enlev au x dimensions et orientations de l espace sensible. Les
tortues entrent alors en fureur: Com m ent, dem andent-elles,

un tre qui

est localis dans l espace, sortirait-il du lieu? Com m ent se soustrairait-il aux
directions et coordonnes spatiales? ( rappelons-nous la fin l du R cit de
lO iseau). L e Sage de leur rpondre: M ais c est prcism ent pour cela que
je vous ai racont

tout

ce que je viens de vous dire. Alors les tortues,

indignes, lui jetten t des pierres

et de la terre:

V a-t-en ! Nous te des-

tituons, nous ne te reconnaissons plus com m e juge.

U n second exem ple. Cette fois,ce qui est en cause, c est le rapport du
jm ' et de la nuit.

C e qu i ap parat com m e le jo u r aux aveugles de lme,

n est que tnbres pour celui qui a la vue spirituelle; et m versem ent, ce qui
est p ou r lui le plein jo u r,n est que nuit dangereuse et m enagante pour ceux
q u i n ont ps la vue spirituelle. C est ainsi qu'une huppe ( la huppe, loiseau du sage Salom on) fit halt, au cours de l un de ses voyages, chez le
peuple des fes. O r, tout le m onde le s a it: la huppe a une vue pergante,
tandis que les fes sont com pltem ent myopes. L a huppe passe la nuit
bavarder avec les fes; au lever du jo u r, elle veut se rem ettre en route .
M ais les fes sy opposent avec violence: M a lh eu reu se! q u est-ce que cette
m novation? D epuis quand se m et-on en route pendant q u il fait jo u r? L a
hu ppe protestc que c est prcisment pendant q u il fait jo u r,q u il convient
de se m ettre en m arche. Les fes de r p liq u cr: M ais tu es

com pltem ent

folle! C om m ent verrait-on quelque chose pendant q u xl fait jo u r,le jo u r tant

obseur, alors que le soleil passe pr la rgion des tnbres? - M ais c est tout
le contraire

rplique la huppe. L a discussion senvenim e, les fes pressent

la huppe de scxpliquer,et nous entendons alors celle-ci form uler la profession de fi d un grand m ystique: Q uicon que voit pendant le jo u r,n e peut

34

HENRY CORBIN

que tmoigner de ce q u il voit. M e voici, moi, je vois! Je suis dans le m onde

de la prsence, dans le monde de la vision directe. L e voile a t lv .
Les surfaces qm rayonnent, je les per^ois com m e autan t de rvlations, sans
tre entam pr le doute. Alors les fes, ulcres du com portem ent de cet
oiseau qui prtend y voir clair en plein jour,se ruent,de l ongle et du bee,
sur les yeux de la huppe,linterpellant pr drision : E h ! celle qui-voitclair-pendant-le-jour. L a huppe com prend enfin que c est sans issue: ce qui
est pour elle le plcm jo u r des mondes spintuels

suprasensibles,

n est que

tnbres qu- dsorientent ceux qui ne voient rien d autre que ce que voient
leurs yeux de chair. E lle com prend que les fes vont la tuer, puisquelles
sattaquent ses yeux, c est--dire sa vision intrieure,et qu 'u n m ystique
ne pourrait survivre en ce monde, sil vnit tre priv de sa puissance de
vision

intrieure. Elle com prend q u il faut en revenir

la discipline de

larcane, conformment au sage p r c e p te : N e pari au x gens q u en fonction

de ce q u 'il sont capables de com prendre. Alors, pour se dlivrer de ses ennemies, elle leur dit: Bjen entendu,

je suis com m e vous.

Com m e tout le

m onde, je ne peux rien voir tant q u il fait jo u r. Com m ent y verrais-je clair
en plein jo u r ? Alors les fes, tranquillises, cessent de la tourm enter. Ju sq u
linstant o elle russit partir,la huppe contrefit la ccit, quoique cela lm
fit souffrir m ille tourments dans lme.

C r il est dur de ne pouvoir dire

d autres les merveilles que l on voit. M ais, nous rappelle l auteur,il est une
li divine qui ne souffre ps d excep tion : D ivu lgu er le secret divin devant
des indignes est un erime d impit ( k ofr). Et c est cela mrne qu i fonde
la ncessic de l sotrisme.
U n troisime exem ple enfin, dnt le m otif accentue le rcit que nous
venons de lire. L a p a ra b o le de notre shaykh met cette fo ise n scne un peuple
de chauves-souris et un innocent

cam lon. Com m ent tait ne la querelle

entre eux,on nous le laisse penser. Toujours est-il que la haine des ch au
ves-souris contre le cam lon devint telle , q u elles projetrent une expdition la faveur des tnbres de la nuit, afin de fair prisonnier le cam
lon et de tirer vengcance de lui, en le tuant d une m anire ou d'une autre. A insi irent-elles, et elles russirent entrainer leur pauvre ennem i dans

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR CHEZ SOHRAWARDI

35

leur m aison de m alheur. Elles le gardrent prisonnier toute la n u it; au matin elles se concertrent. Com m ent chtier ce cam lon ? Q u el genre de
m rt lui infliger? D ans leur ju gem ent de chauves-souns il ne peut ps y
avoir de peine plus terrible que de devoir supporter la vue du soleil. En
consquence, elles dcident que tel sera le chtim ent q u elles infligeront au
cam lon: le forcer contem pler la lum ire du soleil. M ais ce que leur j u
gem ent de chauve-souris ne pouvait ps mrne pressentir, c est que tel tait
justeinent le genre de m rt que le pauvrc cam lon dsirait de D ieu. Et
voici que l auteur coupe

la dlibration des

chauves-souris pr deux des

distiques les plus clbres du m ystique al-H<illj: T u ez-m oi donc, mes

amis. En me tuant vous me ferez vivre, cr pour moi c est vivre que de
tnourir et

m ou iir

que de

vivre. Lorsque le soleil parut, les chauves-

souris jetren t le cam lon hors de leur m aison de m alheur, afin q u il fiit
chti pr le rayonnem ent du soleil. C e q u elles ne pouvaient ps savoir ,
c est que ce qui leur apparaissait elles com m e une

torture, tait en fait

pour le cam lon sa rsurrection.

T rois paraboles mystiques la fois trs semblables, vous le voyez,et trs
diffrentes. Elles m ettent en oeuvre les ressources propres de lhum our sohravvardien, un hum our qui finalem ent est le m asque d une profonde tristesse,
tristesse de l hom m e qu i a compris, devant sn im puissance surmonter
lincapacit

de

com prendre chez la plupart des hommes, parce que cette

incapacit est le secret du

destin, et

que

ce secret-l aucune crature

hum aine ne peut le dnouer. J avais pris la prcaution de vous rappeler q u il

n y a aucune dfinition possible de lhum our. A vouloir analyser de trop
prs l hum our sohrawardien, nous risquerions coup sr d en perdre la prsence.
C e que nous pouvons faire,en revanche, pour tim r, c est de suivre notre
shaykh sur la voie des symboles. 11 a su en crer de m erveilleux, parce q u
il avait la visiorr intrieure des figures avec lesquelles ils sym bolisaient.

II

fant peut-tre q u un honim atteigne au somrnet de la m aturit spirituelle c elle-ci n est nullem ent lie i age de l tat-civil- pour tre capable de crer

36

HENRY CORBIN

ses propres symboles. C e sommet, c est cette connaissance de si qui, nous

lavons rappel,est au principe et au term e de la spiritualit du Sh aykh alIshrq. C r latteinte cette connaissance de si clt en une exprience
visionnaire dnt la m m oration revient tout au long de ses rcits. E t cette
exprience visionnaire est configuratrice

du plus beau sym bole de

ce Si

a la qaete duquel s en va le philosophe,ce Si qui est sn M o i transcendant,

sn M oi cleste avec lequel sym bolise le M oi terrestre. C e sym bole,c est la
Figure de lum ire,dune beaut resplendissante,

sur la vision de

laquelle

souvrent ou sachvent plusieurs des rcits mystiques de Sohraw ardi, savoir

la Figure de lA nge qui chez les philosophes avicenniens est la D ixim e des
Intelligences hirarchiques, lA n ge de l huinanit et qui chez les thologiens
est appel lEsprit-Saint. Chose rem arquable, cette mrne Figure a polris
galem ent en O ccident, la

vision intrieure de ceux que l on appelle les

fidles d amour, principalem ent les com pagnons de D ante, qui avaien t lu
A vicenne et qui avaient lu A verros; c est cette F igure de lA n ge de la
connaissance q u ils donnaient le nm de Madonna Intelligenza.
Chez Sohrawardi, cette Figure de l A n ge rencontr au cours des rcits
d initiation est toujours

dsigne com m e celle d un shaykh.

O r , l un des

com m entateurs de ces rcits mystiques ( M o sa n n ifa k ) se d e m a n d e: pourquoi

un shaykh?

C ela n a rien

voir avec l ge ni la vieillesse, puisque, pres-

que toujours, sont souligns les traits juvniles de l apparition. Et le comm entateur d expliquer que shaykh veut dire morshed, guide spirituel, et que
les Ishrqyn ( les philosophes et les spirituels de lcole du Shaykh al-Ishrq) n ont point d autre morshed que cet A n ge de la connaissance.

C est ki

mrne, dit-il,ce qui les diffrencie des soufis, lesquels posent la ncessit d un
shaykh ou d un m aitre hum ain ; chez les Ishrqyn, celui-ci ne saurait tre,
en tout cas,quun interm diaire m om entanm ent ncessaire. C r leur shaykh,
leur morshed ou guide spirituel c est l A n ge lui-m m e, lA n ge de leur vision
et de leur nostalgie. Nous pouvons donc dire que cette exprience de l Ange,
chez les Ishrqyn, est frt proche de l exprience qui, dans l cole d eN ajm oddin K o b ra,, est celle du guide intrieur personnel,

du m ailre invisible,

MYSTIQUE ET HUMOUR GHEZ SOHRAWARDI

celui que Pon appelle

37

shaykh al-ghayb, ostd- e ghaybi. E t cest pourquoi aussi

cette F igure de lum ire qui dom ine lhorizon intrieur du m ystique, est pr
excellence le symbolon, la Figure avec laquelle sym bolise sn tre personnel le
plus intim ; il est le Si atteint dans la connaissance de si, pr le su jetq u i
n en est que la contre-partie terrestre. L-m m e nous touchons une exprience intrieure si fondam entale, que nous pourrions l illustrer pr un grand
nom bre de textes; toute la gnose valentinienne pourrait tre cite l appui.
D u mrne cou p ,cest en quelque sort lactualit de Sohraw ardi qui
se laisse entrevoir. Je m excuse d em ployer ce m ot actualit en pareil cas,
cr il est vraim en t trop lo u id d associations fcheuses. Disons plutt prsence,
urgence... C e d isa n tje pense un homm e, dram atm ge et rom ancier, m rt
rcem m ent, qui prem ire vue peut paraitre aussi distant que possible de
notre Sohraw ardi, mais dnt certaine page m inspire le rapprochem ent sur
leq ael je voudrais conclure notre entretien. Je pense ici A udiberti, dnt
le nm dit certainem ent

quelque chose la plupart d entre vous,et dnt

l oeuvre trs diverse a des adm irateurs non moins divers. M ais, q u il f t un
m ystique,et quelque peu un visionnaire,c est ce dnt conviendra, dans une
mesure ou une autre,tout lecteur d un livre tel que celui qm port com m e
titre: Les tom beaux ferm ent mal. Pourtant,

c est un autre pisode ,

contenu dans un autre livre, que je pense,le livre qui sintitule D im anche
m attend.

L pisode auquel je

pense a

glises de Paris, un m onum ent dnt

pour scne une glise d entre les

il est permis de ne ps adm irer sans

rserve l architecture, savoir l glise Saint-Sulpice, mais qui contient deux

trsors: ses grandes orgues et dans la prem ire chapelle latrale, droite
en

entrant, limmense peinture

d E ugne D elacroix, reprsentant le com -

b at de Jaco b a v e c T A n g e . C est cela mrne qui sans doute, dans m on in conscient, m a suggr le rapprochem ent, quoique l exprience de lA n g e so it
chez Sohraw ard i un com bat pour l A n ge plutt q u un com bat avec lA n ge .
M ais, sans avoir lu Sohraw ardi, A u d ib erti avait coutum e, chaque fois qu il
passait dans le

voisinage, d entrer dans l glise pour m diter quelques in -

stants devant le tableau de D elacroix,u n e m ditation qui chez lui tournait

38

HEORY CORBIN

facilem ent une exprience

de visualisation . V o ici com m ent il ach ve le

rcit d une de ses visites:

Jacob et lA nge aprs stre, ironiques, penchs sur m on dsarroi, reprennent leur pose... L e froid me gagne, l glise se vide. Dehors la pluie lustre la piac. Entre les auts arrtes ( arrtes mais non condam nes ) m arche une grande jeu n e fiile botte, coiffe d une toque,au m anteau gris sans
manches, rem places pr des espces d ailes d toffe, les yeux bleus trs obliques, les cheveux blonds. Je la regarde m erveill. M ais j y pense... V ou s me
croirez si vous voulez, je me prcipitai dans l glise.
L A n ge, tait toujours la...
Eh bien! nous avons encore ici un exem ple de lhum our sui generis qui
est le propre d un m ystique quelque peu visionnaire. C om m ent lui tait-il
possible de nous dire ce q u il avait vu, non ps seulem ent cru voir, sinon en
nous avouant q u il tait rentr dans lglise pour s assurer si l A n ge de D elacroix tait toujours la.
Ici, toute rflexion philosophique fait halt, cr elle dtruirait ce qui
fait prcism ent le prix de cet hum our.
II ne nous reste q u une chose fair en nous sparant, c est de nous
rappeler ce vers de R im b a u d :
J ai vu parfois ce que l hom m e a cru voir.

THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF

METAPHYSICAL THINKINC IN ISLAM

P ub lic lecture given at the F ifth East - W est Philosophers

3 Conference that

was held

H aw aii, June -J u ly i g g
By
Toshihiko Izutsu

Professor at M c G ill U niversity,

Institute o f Islamic Studies M ontreal

G uest Professor at K eio U n iv e rsity , T okyo

W h a t I am going to say m ight seem to have no direct connection w ith

the m ain them e o f this conferenre. 1 In reality, how ever, the problem s I am
going to deal w ith are nt irrelevant to the problem

o f alien ation even

w ithin the confines o f Islam ic philosophy, p articu larly

w ith regard to the

existential and m etaphysical aspects o f alienation. Bt instead o f trying to

connect m y

problem s

directly to the topic o f alienation, I shall rather

explain the basic structure itself o f Islam ic m etaphysics.

I w ant to bring to your attention one o f the most unportant types o f
the philosophical activity o f the O rientl m ind as exem plified by the thought
o f som o f the outstanding philosophers o f
approach has

Irn. I believe

this kind o f

som significance in the particular context o f East-W est en-

counter in view o f the fact that the East-W est philosoptiers5 Conference, as I
understand it, aims at creating and prom otm g a better m utual understandin g between East and W est at

the level o f philosophical thinking. It is m y

conviction that the realization o f a true international friendship or brotherhood am ong the nations o f the East and W est, based on a deep philoso
phical

understanding o f the ideas and thought s o f each other,

things

that

are most u rgen ti y

needed

in

is one o f the

the present-day situation

o f the

world.
U n lik e W estern philosophy, how ever, w hich, broadly speaking, presents
a fairly conspicuous u m fo rm iiy o f historical developm ent from its pre-Socratic
origin

dow n to its contem porary foim s, there is in the East no such

his

torical uniform ity. W e can only speak o f Eastern philosophies in the plural.
Such being the case, it is , I think, v e iy

iinportant that the various

philosophies o f the East be studied in a system atic w a y w ith a view to arriving

at a com prehensive structnral fram ework, a kind o f m etaphilosophy o f the

TOSHIHIKO TZUTSU

42

Eastern philosophies, b y means o f w hich the m ajor O rientl philosophies m ay

be brought up to a certain level o f structural uniform ity.
In other words, before we begin to think o f the possibility o f a fruitful
philosophical understanding between East and W est, w e shall have to actualize a better philosophical understanding w ithin the confines o f the O rie n
tl philosophical traditions themselves.
It is w ith such an idea in m ind that I approach the problem

o f the

basic structure o f m etaphysical thinking in Islam.

Islam has produced in the course o f its long h istoiy a num ber o f outstanding thinkers and a variety o f philosophical schools. H ere I shall pick up
only one o f them, w hich is know n as the scool o f the u n ity o f existence
and w hich is undoubtedly one o f the most im portant. T h is concept, unity
o f existence, goes back to a great A rab m ystic-philosopher o f S p ain o f the
eleventh and tw elfth centunes, Ibn c A rab i ( 1165-1240). It exercised a tremendous influence upon th em ajo rity o f M uslim thinkers, p articu lary in Irn,
in the periods extending from the thirteenth century dow n to the
centuries, when

the

tradition o f Islam ic

i6 th -i7 th

m etaphysical thinking foun d its

culm inating and all-synthesizing point in the thought o f Sadr al-D in Shirzi,
com m only known as M ll Sadr (1571-1640).
Thus the scope o f m y talk today is a very lim ited one, both histoncally and geographically. Bt the problem I am going to discuss are those
that belong to the most fundam ental dimension o f m etaphysical thinking m
generl. M oreover, I w ould like to point out that the u n ity o f existence
school o f thought is nt, fr Islam, a thing o f the pst. O n

the contrary ,

the tradition is still vigorously alive in present-day Irn. In a n y case, I only

hope that m y presentation o f the problem s w ill shed som ligh t on the position occupied b y Irn in the philosophical w o ild o f the East.
As one o f the most salient features o f the Iran ian thought in the periods
w hich I have ju st m entioned w e m ay begin
ting search fr

b y pointin g out an unremit-

som ething eternal and absolute b eyon d the world o rela-

tive and transient things. F orm u laled in this w a y, it m ay sound a truism;

TH E BASIC STRU CTU RE OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

43

in fact it is a feature com m only shared by almost all religions.

The nnportant point, however, is that this problem was raised 111 Islam
in terms o f the reality o f existence. Existence ( wujd) is here the central
key-term .
In order to elucidate the rel significance of this idea in its historical
context I must explain b riefly w hat is usually know n in the W est as the
thesis o f the accid en tality o f existence attributed to A vicen n a, or Ib n Sin
(980-1037). This notorious thesis

was

attributed to A vicen n a first by Ibn

R ushd (112 6 -119 8 ), or A verros, a famous A ra b philosopher o f Spain o f the

twelfth century, and then in the W est by Thom as A quinas who follow ed A verroes in the understanding o f A v ice n n a s position. In the ligh t o f w hat we
now know o f A vice n n as thought, their understanding was a m isinterpretation. Bt the A vicen n ian position as m isinterpreted b y A verros and Thom as
p layed a very im portant role nt only in the East bt als in the history
o f W estern philosophy.
In fact, from the earliest phase o f the historical developm ent o f Islam ic
philosophy, the concept o f existence ( wujd), as a heritage from G reek
philosophy, was

the

greatest

m etaphysical

problem the M uslim thinkers

h a d to face. T h e problem was first raised explicitly by F r b i (872-950),

and it was presented in an extraordinary form by A vicen n a when he declared
that existence is an accident ( c arad) of quiddity
T h e most

( mhyah).

im portant question w hich we must ask here is : W h a t did

A vicen n a rea lly intend to convey b y the abnve-statem ent? I must first clarify this point.
W e constantly use in our d aily conversation

propositions whose subject

is

a noun an d whose predicate is an adjective: fr exam ple: T h e flow er

is

white, This table is brown etc. O n

transform

the same m odel we can easily

an existential proposition like: Ihe table is or T h e table

exists in t T h e table is existent. T h u s transform ed, existence is ju st

an adjective denoting a q u a lity o f the table. A n d the proposition T h e
table is existent stands quite on a pr w ith the proposition T h e table is

44

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

brown, fr in both cases the subject is a noun denoting a substance called

table, while the predicate is an adjective indicating gram m atically a property or accident o f the substance.
It is on this level, and on this level only, that A vicen n a speaks o f existence being an accident of essence. O therw ise expressed, it is at the
level o f logical or gram m atical analysis o f reality that it makes sense to
m aintain the accidentality of existence. H ow ever, neither A verros nor Thom as
A quinas understood the A vicennian thesis in that w ay. T h e y thought that
existence in the thought o f A vicen n a must be a property inhering in a
substance, nt only at the level o f logical or gram m atical analysis o f reality
bt in terms o f the very structure o f the objective, external reality. T h a t is
to say, existence according to A vicenna must be a predicam ental or categorical accident, understood in the sense o f
in som ething

else, i. e.

a rel

property

ens in alio, som ething

qualifying rel

existing

substances,

just

in the same w a y as other ordinary properties, like whiteness existing in a

flow er, coldness existing in ice, or brownness existing in a table.
It is clear that the A vicennian position, once understood in such a w ay,
w ill im m ediately lead to an absurd conclusion; nam ely, that the table would
have to exist before it becomes existent just as the table must exist before
it can be brow n, black, etc. This is, in fact, the gist o f the criticism o f the
A vicen n ian thesis b y Averros and Thom as.
A vicenna was well aw are o f the danger that his thesis m ight be misinterpreted in this w ay. H e em phasized that we should nt confuse existence
as an accident with ordinary accidents, like brown, white, etc. H e em pha
sized that existence is a very peculiar and unique kind o f accident,

fr the

objective reality which is referred to by a proposition like T h e table is

existent presents a com pletely different picture from w hat is n atu rally suggested by the propositional form o f the expiession.
H ow ever, A vicenna him self did nt clarify the structure o f the extra m enti, objective reality which is found beyond w hat is m eant b y the lo g
ical proposition. T h e problem was left to posterity.
In the periods subsequent to Avicenna, this problem assumed suprem e

TH E BASIC STRU CTU RE OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING

im portance, and a

IN ISLAM

4.5

n u m ber o f divergent opinions w ere pt forw ard.

I be philosophers belonging to the school o f thought w hich I am going

to talk about, chose to take a position w h ich m ight look at first sight very
d arin g or v e ry strange. T h e y asserted that, in the sphere o f external reality,
the p rop o sition : T h e table is existen t

as

understood

in the sense o f

substance-accident relationship turns out to be meanmgless. Fr in the realm

o f external reality there i s , to begin w ith, no self-subsistent substance called
table, nor is there a rel accident called existence to com e to inhere
in the substance.

The

w hole phenom enon

o f a table being q u alified by

existence turns int som ething like a shadow-pictuie, som ething w hich is
nt w h olly llusory bt w hich approaches the natr o f an illusion. In this
perspective, both the table and existence as its accident begin to look
like things seen in a dream .
These philosophers do nt m e a n to say sim ply th a t the w o rld o f reality
as w e p erceive it in our w aking experien ce is in its e lf unreal or a dream .
N or do th ey w an t to assert that the proposition: T h e table is existent
does

n t refer to

any kin d

o f external

reality.

T h ere certainly is

corresponding piece o f reality. T h e only point they w an t to m ake is that

the structure o f external reality w hich con'esponds to this proposition is totally different from w h at is norm ally suggested by the form o f the proposi
tion. Fr in this dom ain existence is the sole reality. T ab le is bt
an inner m odification o f this reality, one o f its self-determ inations. Thus in
the realm o f external reality, the subject and the predicate must exchange
their places. T h e table w hich is the logical or gram m atical subject o f
the proposition: T h e table is existent, is in this dom ain nt a subject;
rather, it is a predicate. T h e rel subject is existence, while table is
bt an accident determ ining the subject int a particular thing.
all the so-called essences, like being-a-table, being-a-flow er,

In fact

etc. are in

external rea lity nothing bt accidents that m odify and delim it the one
sm gle rea lity called existence int innum erable things.
Such a vision o f reality, how ever, is nt accessible to hum n consciousness

as long as it remains at the level o f ordinary everyday experience.

46

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

In order to have access to it, according to the philosophers oi this schoolj

the m ind must experience a totl transform ation o f itself. T h e consciousness
must transcend the dimension o f ordinary cognition where the w orld o f being
is experienced as consisting o f solid, self-subsistent things, each h avin g as its
ontological core w hat

is called

essence. There must arise in the m ind a

totally different kind o f awaxeness in w hich the world is revealed in an entirely different light. It is at this point that Iranian philosophy turns conspicuously toward mysticism. So m uch so that a philosophei like Mll Sadr
comes to declare that any philosophy w hich is nt based upon the mystical vision o f reality is bt a vain intellectual

pastim e. In m ore concrete

terms, the basic idea here is that an integrl m etaphysical world-view is possible only on the basis o f a unique fim o f subject-object relationship.
It is to be rem arked in this connection that, in this variety o f Islamic
philosophy as well as in other m ajor philosophies o f the East, m etaphysics
or ontology is inseparably connected w ith the subjective state o f m n, so
that the selfsame R eality is said to be perc.eived differently in accordance
with the different degrees o f consciousness.
T h e problem o f the unique form o f subject-object relationship is discussed in Islam as the problem of ittihd al- lim wa-al-maHm, i.e. the unification o f the knower and the known. W hatever m ay happen to be the obje ct o f knowlege, the highest degiee o f know ledge is alw ays ach ieved when
the knower, the humn

subject, becomes com pletely u n ified an d identified

with the object so m uch so that there remains no differentiation betw een the
two. Fr

differentiation or distinction means distance, an d distance in cog-

nitive relationship means ignorance.

As long as there rem ains betw een the

subject and object the slightest degree o f distinction, that is to say, as long
as there are subject and object as two entities distinguishable from one another, perfect cognition is nt realized. T o this we must add another observation concerning the object o f cognition, n am ely that the highest object of
cognition, fi the philosophers o f this school, is existence.2 A n d accord
ing to M ll Sadr who is one o f the most prom inent figures o f this school

THE BASIC ST R U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

47

the rel know ledge o f existence is obtainable nt b y rational reasoning

bt only through a very peculiar kind o f intuition. T his latter m ode o f cognition, in the view o f M ll Sadr, consists precisely in know ing existence through the unification o f the know er and the k n o w n , i.e. know
ing existence nt from the outside as an

object o f know ledge, bt

rom the inside, b y m an s becoming or rather being existence itself, that

is, by m an s self-realization.
It is evident that such unification o f

the knower and the known

cannot be realized at the level o f everyd ay hum n experience where the sub
je c t stands eternally opposed to the object. T h e subject in such a state grasps
existence only a sa n object. It objectifies existence as it objectifies a llo th e r
things, w hile existence in its reality as actus essendi definitely and persistently refuses to be an object . A n objectified existence is bt a distortion o f the reality o f existence.
H a yd a r m o li ,3 one o f the greatest Iranian m etaphysicians o fth e iqth
century Says: W hen m n attem pts to approachexistence through his weak
intellect ( c aql da Hf ) and feeble thinking {ajkr rakikah), his natural blind ness and p erp lexity go on bt increasing.
T h e ccm m on people who have no access to the transcendental experi
ence o f R e a lity are com pared to a blind m n who cannot w alk safely without the help o f a stick in his hand. T h e stick giving guidance to the blind
m n here sym bolizes the rational facu lty o f the m ind. T h e strange thing about this is that the stick upon w hich the blind m n relies happens to be
the very cause o f his blindness. O n ly when Moses threw dow n his stick were
the veils o f the phenom enal forms rem oved from his sight. O n ly then

did

he witness, beyond the veils, beyond the phenom enal forms, the splendid
b eau ty o f absolute R eality.
M ah m d Shabastari, an outstanding Iranian m ystic philosopher o the
I3 th -i4 th centuries, Says in his celebrated Gulshan-e R z ( \ r114A

T h ro w a w a y reason ; be alw ays with R eality,

Fr the eye o f the bat has no pow er to gaz at the sn.

48

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

Reason trying to see the absolute R eality, says L h iji in the G om m entary,

is ju st like the eye trying to gaz at the sn. Evn from a far, the

overw helm ing effulgence o f the sn blinds the eye o f reason. A n d as the
eye o f reason goes up to higher stages of R eality, grad u ally approaching rhe
m etaphysical region o f the Absolute, the darkness becomes ever deeper until
everything in the end turns black. As m n comes close to the vicin ity o f
the sacred region o f R eality, L h iji remarks, the brilliant light issuing forth
from it appears black to his eyes. Brightness at its ultim ate extrem ity b e
comes com pletely identical with utter darkness. T h a t is to say- to use a less
m etaphorical term inology - existence in its absolute p urity is to the eyes
o f an ordinany m n as invisible as sheer nothing. Thus it comes about that
the m ajority o f mn are nt even aw are o f the light in its true reality.
L ike the mn sitting in the cave in the celebrated Platonic m yth, they rem ain satisfied with looking at the shadows east b y the sn. T h e y see the
faint reflections o f the light on the sereen o f the so-called external world
and are convinced that these reflections are the sole reality.
H ayd ar m oli,

5 divides

<cexistence in this connection int ( i) pure, abso

lute existence as pure light and (2) shadow y and dark existenc,e: ligh t
( mer) and shadow ( z i l l ). Seen through the eye of a rel m etaphysician,
shadow als is existence. Bt it is nt the pure reality o f existence .
T h e ontological status o f the shadowy figures, i.e. the objectified forms
o f existence which, at the level o f norm l everyday experience, appear
to the humn consciousness as solid,

self-subsistent things is, accordin g to

M ll Sadr, 6 like that o f a mirage falsely presenting the im age o f w ater,

while in reality it has nothing to do w ith water. H ow ever, the phenom enal things, although they are of a shadowy natr in themselves, are nt
w holly devoid o f reality either. O n the contrary, they are rel if th ey are
c onsidered in relation to their m etaphysical source. In fact even in the empirical world, nothing is w holly unreal. Even a m irage is nt altogether unreal in the sense that its perception is induccd b y the actual existence o f
a wide streteh o f dcsert land. Bt in a m etaphysical perspeotive, the desert

TH E BASIC ST R U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

iand which is the em pirical basis o f a m irage

49

must itself be regarded as

som ething o f the natr o f a m irage, if it is com pared with the ultim ate
grounid o f reality.
This Islam ic approach to the problem o f the reality and unreality o f
the phenom enal w o ild w ill righ tly rem ind us o f the position taken b y V ed an ta philosophy as represented b y the celebrated dictum o f Shan kara w hich
runs: T h e w orld is a continuous series o f cognitions o f Brahm an (Brah rna-pratjayasantair ja ga l .

or the

absolute

Fr Shankara too, the phenom enal w orld is Brahm an

R e a lity itself as

sciousness in accordance

it appears

to the ordinarv hum n con

w ith the natural structuie o f the latter. In this res-

pect, the woi'ld is nt a pure dlusion, because under each o f the phenom
enal forms there is hidden the B iah m an

itself, ju st as a rope m istakenlv

perceived as a snake in darkness is nt altogether unreal because the p er

ception o f the snake is here induced b y the actual existence o f the rope .
I'he phenom enal world becomes unreal or false

( jagan rthy 1 only when

it is taken as an ultim ate, self-subsitent eality. It is nt at all false and

illusory aua Brahm an as perceived b y our non-absolute consciousness.
Likew ise m Islam ic philosophy, the phenom enal w orld is rel in so far
as it is the absolute truth or R ea lity as perceived b y the relative hum n
m ind in accordance with its natural structure. Bt it is false and unreal if
taken as som eting ultim ate and self-subsistent. A true m etaphysician w orthy
o f the nam e is one who is capable o f witnessing in every single thing in
the w crld the underlying

R e a lity o f w hich the phenom enal form is bt a

self-m anifestation and self-determ ination. Bt the problem now is: How' can
such a vision o f R e a lity be

obtainable as a m atter o f actual experience ?

T o this crucial question the Islam ic philosophy o f existence answers b y

saying that it is obtainable only through an inner witnesssing ( shuhd ,
tacting ( dhawq), presence ( hudr), or illum ination

( ishrq

W hatever these technical terms exactly m ean, and to w hatever degree

they m ay differ from one another, it w ill be evident in any case that such
an experience o f R eality is nt

actualizable as long as there remains the

50

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

subjct o f cognition as a subject, that is to say, as long as there rem ains

in m n the ego-consciousness= T h e em pirical ego is the most serious hindrance in the w a y o f the experience o f seeing by self-realization. F r the
subsistence o f the inchvidual ego places o f necessity an epistem ological dis
tance between mn and the reality o f existence, be it his ow n existence.

T h e reality o f existence is im m ediately grasped only when the em

pirical selfhood is annihilated, when the ego-consciousness is com pletely dissolved int the Consciousness o f R eality, or rather, Consciousness w hich is
R eality. H ence the supreme im portance attached in this type o philosophy
to the experience called fa n \ m eaning literally annihilation, that is , the
totl nullification o f the ego-consciousness.
T h e phenom enal world is the w orld o f M u ltip licity. A lth ou gh M ultiplicity is ultim ately nothing other than the self-revealing aspect o f the absolute
R e a lity itself, he who knows R e a lity only in the form o f M u ltip licity knows
R e ality only through its variously articulated forms, and fails to perceive the
underlying U n ity o f R eality.
The

im m ediate

experience

of

R ea lity

through

self-realization ,

consists precisely in the im m ediate cognition o f absolute R e a lity before it is

articulated int different things. In order to see R e a lity in its absolute indeterm ination, the ego als must go beyond its own essential determ ination
Thus it is certain that there is a hum n aspect to the experience o f
f a n f f inasm uch as it involves a conscious effort on the part o f m n

to pur-

ify him self from all the activities o f the ego. A b d al-R ah m n Jrni, a famous Iranian poet-philosopher o f the fifteenth century, says, keep yourself
aw ay

from your

others.

own ego,

and

set

your

m ind free from the vision o f

T h e wordothers here means everything other than absolute R e a l

ity. Such efforts m ade b y m n fr the attainm ent o f f m a

called tawhd,

m eaning

literally m aking m an y

are technically

things one or unifi-

cation, that is, an absolute concentration o f the m ind in deep m editation.

It consists, as Jrni explains,

in m ans m aking his m ind cleansed (takhlis)

o f its relations w ith anything other than absolute R eality, whether as objects

TH E BASIC STRU CTU RE OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

o f desire and

5 1

w ill or as objects o f know ledge and cognition. So m uch so

that in the end even the consciousness o f his own fa n must disappear from
his consciousness. In this sense the experience o f annihilation ( ja n )involves
the annihilation

o f annihilation ( fa n ' -ye fc u ia ) , that is,

the totl disap-

p eaian ce o f the consciousness o f m an s own disappearance. 10 Fr even the

consciousness o f fa n

'1 is

a consciousness, o f som ething other than absolute

R eality. It is significant that such an absolute fa n w liere there is nt even

a trace o the /rca-consciousness, w hich, be it rem arked in passing, evidently finds its exact counterpart in the M ah ayan a Buddhist conception o shnyat or nothingness, is nt regarded

as m erely a subjective state realized in

m n bt is at one and the same time the realization or actualizadon o f

absolute R e ality in its absoluteness.
This point cannot be too m uch em phasized, fr if we fail to grasp it
correctly, the very structure o f Islam ic m etaphysics v'ould nt be rightly u n
derstood. Fan' is certainly a
experiences

it.

Bt it

ls

hum n experience.

It is m n v :ho actu ally

nt solely a hum n experience. Fr when he does

experience it, he is no longer himself. In this sense m n is nt the subject

o f experience. T h e subject is rather the m etaphysical R e a lity itself. In other
words, the hum n experience o f fa n a ' is itself the self-actualization o f R eality.
It is, in Islam ic term inology, the preponderance o f the self-revealing aspect
o f R e a lity over its own self-concealing aspect, the preponderance o f the zhir, the m anifest, over the btin,

the concealed. T h e experience o f fa n is

in this iespect nothing bt an effusion ( fa y ) o f the m etaphysical ligh t o f

absolute R eality.
T h e force o f the self-revealing aspect o f R ea lity is constantly m aking it
self felt in the things and events o f the phenom enal world. O therw ise there
w ould be no phenom enal v orld around us. Bt there, in the

phenom enal

w orld, R e a lity reveals itself only through relatve, and spatio-tem poral forms.
In the absolute

consciousness o f a m ystic-m etaphysician, on the contrary, it

reveals itself in its origial absoluteness beyond all relative determ inations.This
is w hat is technically
unveiling.

known as k a sh f or mukshajah , i.e. the experience o f

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU
Fan as a hum n experience is m an s

experiencing the totl annihila-

tion o f his ow n ego and consequently o f all things that have been related
to the ego in the cap acity o f its objects o f cognition and volition. T his ex
perience w ould correspond to a spiritual event w hich is know n in Z e n Bd dhism as the

mind-and- body- dropping- o ff 12 ( shin jin datsu raku), i. e. the

whole u n ity o f m ind-body, w hich is no other than the so-called ego or

self, losing its seem ingly solid ground and flling o ff int the bottom o f metaphysico- epistem ological nothingness. H ow ever, neither in Zen Buddhism
nor in Islam does this represent the ultim ate height o f m etaphysical exp e
rience.
A fter having passed through this crucial stage, the philosopher is supposed to ascend to a

still higher

stage w hich

is know n in Z en as

the

dropped- off- m ind-and-body ( datsu raku shin jin ) and in Islam as the ex
perience o f baq> or survival, i. e. eternal rem aining in absolute R e a lity
with absolute

R eality.

A t the stage o f fa n 5 the pseudo-ego or the rela

tve self has com pletely dissolved int nothingness.

A t the next stage m n

is resuscitated out o f the nothingness, com pletely transformed int an abso

lute Self. W h a t is resuscitated is o u tw ard ly the

same old m n, bt he is a

m n who has once transcended his own determ ination. H e regains his nor
m l,

d aily

consciousness and accord in gly the norm l,

daily, phenom enal

world o f m ultiplicity again begins to spread itself out before his eyes. T h e
world o f m ultiplicity appears again w ith all its in fin itely rich colors. Since,
however, he has already east o ff his own determ ination, the w orld o f m u l
tip licity he perceives is als beyond all determ inations. T h e new w orld-view
is com parable to the w orld-view w hich a drop o f w ater m ight have if it
could suddenly aw ake to the fact that being an individual

self-subsistent

drop o f w ater has been bt a pseudo-determ ination w hich it has im posed

upon itself, and

that it has in reality

always been nothing other than

the limitless sea. In a similar m anner, the philosopher who has attained
the state o f baq'' sees him self and all other things around him

to

as so m any

determ inations o f one single R eality. T h e seething world of hecom ing turns
in his sight int a vast field in which absolute R ea lity manifests itself in

TH E BASIC STRU CTU RE OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

53

m yriad different forms. This vision o f reality has produced in Islam a typically O rien tl m etaphysical
terplay

system

based on a dynam ic and delicate in-

betw een u n ity and m ultiplicity. I w ant to discuss som aspects o f

this problem in w hat follows.

A t this point I w ould like to repeat w hat I have previously s a id : nam ely, that in this type o f philosophy m etaphysics is most closely correlated w ith
epistem ology.
T h e correlation betw een the m etaphysical and the epistem ological means
111 this context the relation
lished as the objective

o f ultim ate

identity betw een w hat is estab -

structure o f reality and

w hat is usually thought to

take p iac subjectively in hu m n consciousness. It means, in brief, that there

is no distance, there should be no distance betw een the subject and obiect. It is nt exact enough even to say that the state o f the subject essentially determ ines the aspect in w hich the object is perceived, or that one
an d the same object tends to appear quite differently in accordance w ith
different points o f view taken b y the subject. R ath er the state o f conscious
ness is the state o f the external w orld. T h a t is to say, the objective struc
ture o f reality is no

other than the other side o f the subjective structure

o f the m ind. A n d that precisely is the m etaphysical R eality.

Thus to take up the

problem o f our im m ediate

concern,

fa n and

baq , annihilation and survival, are nt only subjective States. T h e y

are objective States, too. T h e subjective and the objective are here two dimensions or tw o aspects o f one

and the same

m etaphysical structure o f

I h ave alread y explained the subjective fa n a

and baq . A s to the o b

R eality.

je ctiv e f a n , it is als known as the ontological stage o f unification ( jam *,

m eaning literally gathering or all-things-being-put-together ), while the
obiective baq is called the stage o f the u n ification o f u n ification ( ja m a l
jam *), separation after u n ification ( f a r q b a d al-jam ), or

second se-

paration ( fa r q thdn). I shall first explain w hat is really m eant b y these

teohnical terms !3 .

54

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

T h e w ord separation ( fa rq ) prim arily refers to the common-sense

view o f reality. Before

we

subjectively

attain

n aturally tend to separate the A bsolute from

to

the stage o f fa n a

we

the phenom enal world. T h e

phenom enal world is the realm o f relativity, a w orld where nothing is a b

solute, where all things are observed to be im perm anent, transient, and constantly changing. This is the kind o f observation w hich plays an exceedingly
im portant role in Buddhism as the principle o f universal im perm anence. T h e
w orld o f m ultiplicity, be it rem arked, is a realm where our senses an d rea
son fu lfil their norm l functions.
O v er against this plne o f relativity and im perm anence, the A bsolu te
is posited as som ething essentially different from the form er, as som ething
w hich absolutely transcends the im perm anent world. R e a lity is thus divided
up int two com pletely different sections. This dichotom y is called separation {fa rq ). T h e em pirical view of reality is called separation als b e
cause in this view all things are separated from one another b y essential
dem arcations. A m ountain is a m ountain.

It is nt, it cannot be, a river.

M ountain and river are essentially different from one anothei.

T h e w orld of being appears in a com pletely different ligh t w hen looked
at through the eyes o f one who has reached the subjective state o f fa n

'1

T h e essential dem arcations separating one thing from another, are no longer
here. M u ltip licity is no longer observable.

This comes from the fact

that

since there is no ego-consciousness left, that is to say, since there is no epistem ological subject to see things, there are n aturally no objects to be seen.
A s all psychological com motions and agitations becom e reduced to the point
o f nothingness m the experience of fa n \ the ontological com m otion that has
hitherto characterized the external w orld calms dow n int an absolute Stillness. A s the lim itation o f the ego disappcars on the side o f the subject, all
the phenom enal lim itations o f things in the objective w orld disappear from
the scene, and there remains only the absolute U n ity o f R e a lity in its purity as an absolute Awareness prior to its bifurcation int subject an d object.
This stage is called in

Islam gathering ( ja m () because it gathers to-

THE BASIC STRUCTUSE OF METAPHHSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

55

gether all the things that constitute the phenom enal world and biin gs them
back to their original indiscrim ination. In theological term inology this is said
to be the stage at w hich the believer witnesses G od, and G od alone, without
seeing an y creature. It is als known as the stage o f G od was, and there
was nothing else. This stage w ould correspond to w hat the Taoist philosopher C h u a n g T z u calls c h a o s ( hun tun).

*4

T h e next stage w hich is the ultim ate and highest is that o f b a q . Subje ctiv ely , this is the stage at w hich m n regains his phenom enal conscious
ness after h avin g experienced the existential annihilation o f its own self . T h e
m ind that has com pletely stopped w orking

at the previous

stage resumes

its norm l cognitive activity. G orresponding to this subjective rebirth, the p h e

nom enal w orld als takes its rise again.

T h e w orld once m ore unfolds it

self before the m a n s eyes in the form o f the surging waves o f M u ltip li
city. T h e things that have been gathered up int u n ity are again separated

from one

another as so m an y

different entities.

This is w h y the

stage is called separation after unification or the second separation.

T h ere is, how ever, an im portant difference between the first and the sec
ond separation . In the first separation , w hich is the p r e-fa n

stage

both subjectively an d objectively, the innum erable things were definitely separated from one another, each being observed only as an independent, selfsubsistent entity. A n d , as such, they are m ade to stand opposed to the
A bsolute, again as two entirely different ontological dom ains between w hich
there is no internl relationship. A t the stage o f the second separation,
too, all phenom enal things are unm istakably distinguished from one another
through each one o f them h aving its own essential dem arcation w hich is
p ecu liar to itself. A n d this ontological dim ension o f M u ltip licity qua M u lti
p licity is als unm istakably differentiated from the dimension o f U n ity.
T h e second separation, how ever , is nt sheer M u ltip licity, because
at this stage all the essential dem arcations o f the things, although they are
c learly observable, are know n to be nothing other than so m any self-determ inations o f the absolute U n ity itself.

A n d since the u n ity annihilates in

its ow n p u rity all ontological differences, the whole w orld o f being is here

56

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

found

to be u ltim ately reducible to one single m etaphysical root. From such

a view point, w hat

can be said to exist in the

nothing bt this unique

rel

sense o f the w ord is

m etaphysical root o f all things. In this sense

the

M u ltip licity which is observable here is U n ity. T h e only im portant point

is that unity at this stage is unity with inner articulations. A n d this stage
is called gathering o f gathering ( ja m al-jam c) fr

the very reason that

the phenom enal things that have all been once reduced to the absolute u n i
ty o f totl annihilation at the stage o f f a n , i.e. the p rim ary gath erin g ,
are again separated and then again gathered together in this new
vision o f U nity.
Thus the difference from this particular point o f view betw een the U n ity
at the stage o f f a n i.e. gathering and the U n ity at the stage o f b aq or
gathering o f gathering consists in the fact that the U n ity at the stage o f
fa n is a simple, absolute U n ity w ithout even inner articulation, w hile the

U n ity seen at the stage o f the gathering o f gathering is an in tern ally

articulated U n ity. A n d R eality as observed at this latter stage is philosophcally a coincidentia oppositorum in the sense that U n ity is M u ltip licity and M u l
tiplicity is U n ity. It is based on the vision o f U n ity in the very m idst o f
M u ltip licity and M u ltip licity in the very midst o f U n ity. Fr as L h iji rem arks, unity or the Absolute here serves as a m irror reflectin g all

p h en o

m enal things, while M u ltip licity or the phenom enal things fulfil the function
o f a countless num ber o f mirrors, each reflecting in its own w a y the same
A bsolute - a m etaphor

which is singularly similar to the Buddhist im age o f

the m oon reflected in a num ber o f different bodies o f w ater, the m oon it
self ever rem aining in its original unity despite the fact that it is split up
int m any different moons as reflections 15 .
H e who has reached this stage is known in the tradition o f Islam ic p h il

osophy as a m n o f two eyes ( dhu c. - aynayn). H e is a m n w ho, w ith

his right eye, sees U n ity, i.e. absolute R eality, and nothing bt U n ity , w hile
fi

w ith his left eye he$ees he m ultiplicity, i.e. the w orld o f phenom enal things. W h at
is m ore im portant about this type o f m n is that, in addition to his simultaneous vision o f U n ity and M u ltip licity, he knows

that these tw o are ulti

m ately one and the same thing. Such being the case, he recognizes in every

THE BASIC ST R U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

one o f the

a ctu a lly

existent

things two

57

different aspects: the aspect of

f a n and the aspect o f baq . It goes w ithout saying that the

terms fa n

and baq are here taken in the ontological sense, although they are nt unrelated to the subjective experience known respectively b y the same appellations.
The aspect o f f a n is the aspect in w hich a thing is considered as some
thing determ ined, in d ividu alized, and essentially delim ited. In this aspect every
existent thing is properly non-existent, a nothing. Fr the existence
it seems to possess is in reality a borrowed existence; in itself it is unreal
( btil) an d subsists on the ground o f Nothingness.
T h e aspect o f baq', on the contrary, is the aspect in w hich the same
thing is considered as a reality

in the sense o f a determ ined form o f the

A bsolute, a phenom enal form in w hich the A bsolute manifests itself. In this
aspect, nothing in the w orld o f being is unreal.
E very concretely existent thing is a peculiar com bination o f these negative and positive aspects, a piac o f encounter between the tem poral and
the eternal, betw een the finite and infinite, between the relative and the a b
solute.

A n d the com bination o f these two aspects produces the concept o f

a possible ( mumkin ) thing. C o n tia ry to the ordinary notion o f ontologi

cal possibility, a

possible thing is nt a purely relative and finite

thing. A s a locus o f divine self-m anifestation ( ta ja ll ), it has another aspect

w hich directly

connects it w ith absolute R eality. In every single thing, be

it the m eanest im aginable thing, the m ystic-philosopher recognizes a deter

m ined self-m anifestation o f the A bsolute.
T h is m etaphysical situation is described by M ah m d Shabastari in his
Gulshan-e

R z through a com bination o f contradictory

terms as bright

n igh t am idst the dark daylight ( shab- e roushan miyn-e rz-e trik) I. T h e
brigh t n ig h t in this expression refers to the peculiar structure o R e a l
ity as it discloses itself at the stage o f the subjective and objective fa n in
w h ich one witnesses the annihilation o f all outw ard m anifestations o f R e a l
ity. It is night because at this stage nothing is discernible; all things
h ave lost their proper colors and forms and sunk int the darkness o f the

53

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

original indiscrim ination. This m etaphysical night, how ever, is said to be

bright because absolute R e a lity in itself that is, apart from all considerations o f the lim itations

set by the very structure o f our relative conscious

ness is essentially luminous, illum inating its own self as w ell as all others.
T h e second h a lf o f the above expression reads am idst the dark daylight. This means, first o f all, that this absolute U n ity is revealin g itself in
the very midst o f M u ltip licity, in the form o f determ ined, relative things .
In this sense and in this form, the absolute R e a lity is clearly visible in the
external world, ju st as everything is visible in the dayligh t. H ow ever, the
daylight in which all these things are

revealed to our eyes is bt a phe

nom enal daylight. T h e things that appear in it are in themselves o f the n a

tr o f darkness and non-existence. This is w h y the daylight is said to
be dark.

These two contradictory aspects of R eality, nam ely, ligh t an d darkness,

w hich are said to be observable in everything, bring us directly to the ques
tion: In w hat sense and to w hat degree are the phenom enal things rel?
T h e problem o f the reality or unreality of the phenom enal w orld is
indeed a crucial point in Islam ic philosophy w hich d efin itely divides the think
ers int different classes

constituting am ong themselves a kind o f spiritual

liierarchy. H ayd ar m oli in this connection proposes a triple d ivisio n : ( i ) the

com m on people ( awmm) or mn o f reason ( dhawu a l-(a q l),

(2) the priv-

ileged people ( khaw ss ) or m n o f intuition ( dhwu a l-a yn ), an d

(3) the

privileged o f all privileged people ( khawss al-khawss) or m n o f reason and

intuition ( dhawu al- 1aql wa-al- ayn ) J7.
T h e lowest stage is represented by those o f the first elss w ho (do nt
see except) M u ltip licity. T h e y are those who are firm ly con vin ced that the
things as they perceive them in this w orld are the sole reality, there being
nothing beyond or behind it, From the view point o f a rel m ystic-philoso
pher, the eyes o f these people are veiled b y the phenom enal forms o f M u l
tiplicity from the view o f U n ity that underlies them . T h e phenom enal things,
instead o f disclosing, by their very m ode o f existence, Som ething that manifests

TH E BASIC ST R U C TU R E OF M ETAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

59

itself through them , function as im penetrable veils obstructing the sight o f that
self-revealing Som ething. This situation is often com pared in Islam ic philoso
p h y to the state o f those who are looking at im ages reflected in a mirror
w ithout bein g at all aw are o f the existence o f the m irror. In this m etaphor
the m irror sym bolizes absolute R ea lity, and the im ages reflected in it the
phenom enal things. O b je ctiv ely speaking, even the people o f this type are
perceiving

the im ages

on the surface o f the m irror. T h ere w ould be no

im age p erceivable w ithout the m irror. B t subjectively they believe the im

ages to be rel an d self-subsistent things. T h e m etaphor o f the m irror happens to be one o f those

im portant m etaphors that recurr in Islam ic p h i

losophy on m an y different occasions. A n other

m etaphor

o f this natr is

the sea surging in waves, w hich, in the p articu lar m etaphysical context in
w hich w e are actu ally interested, indicates that the people notice only the
rolling w aves forgetting the fact that the waves are n othing bt outw ard
forms assum ed b y the sea. D escribing how phenom enal M u ltip licity veils and
conceals the u nderlying U n ity o f R eality, Jrni says 18:

Existence is a sea, with waves constantly raging,

O f the sea the com m on people perceive nothing bt the waves.
Behold how out o f the depth o f the sea there appear innum erable
waves
O n the

surface o f

the

sea,

w hile the sea rem ains concealed in the

waves.

I w ould take this opp ortun ity to point out that M uslim philosophers tend
to use m etaphors and similes in m etaphysics, p articu larly in the explanation
o f the seem ingly self-contradictory relation betw een U n ity an d M u ltip licity
or A b solu te R e a lity an d the phenom enal things. T h e frequent use o f m et
aphors in m etaphysics

is one o f the characteristic marks o f Islam ic ph ilo

sophy, or indeed w e m ight say o f O rien tl philosophy in generl. It must

n t be taken as a p oeu c or na m ent. A cognitive function is defin itely assigned
to the use o f m etaphors *9 .

6o

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

This m ay rightly rem ind us o f W ittgensteins understanding o f the concept o f seeing as . A ccording to W ittgenstein, seeing as involves a
technique in a w ay w hich norm l seeing does nt. Ihus one m ight w ell
be able to see bt nt be able to see as . H e calls this latter case
aspect-blindness. 20
In the same w ay, to discover an appropriate m etaphor in the high dom ain o f m etaphysics is fr M uslim philosophers

a peculiar w a y

o f think

ing, a m ode o f cognition, fr it means discovering som subtle features in

the m etaphysical structure o f R ealiy, an aspect w hich, no m atter how selfevident it m ay be as a fact o f transcendental Awareness, is so subtle and
evasive at the level o f discursive thinking that hum n intellect w ould otherwise be unable to take hold o f it.

This said, we shall continue our consideration o f the various stages in

m etaphysical cognition. Those o f the com m on people w ho perceive nothing
beyond M u ltip licity and fr whom even the w ord phenom enon does nt
m ake rel sense have been said to represent the lowest stage in the hierarchy.

A stage higher than this is reached, still w ithin the confines o f the

com m on people, b y those who recognize som ething beyond the phenom enal.
This Som ething-beyond is the Absolute or in popular term inology G od
which is conceived as the Transcedent. G od is here represented as an a b
solute

O ther which is essenially cut o ff from the phenom enal world. There

is, in this conception, no inner connection between G od and the w orld .

W h at there is between them is only an external relationship like creation
and dom ination.

Such people are known in Islam as m n o f externality

( ahl-e zhir ), i.e. those who see only the exterir surface o f R ea lity. T h eir eyes
are said to be afflicted with a disease preventing them from seeing the lafnuity
true structure o f R eality. T h e reference is to a disease or deform ity peculiar
to the eye called hawal. H e who is infected w ith it alw ays has a double
im age o f w hatever he sees. O ne single object appears to his eyes as two
different things.

THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

6I

T h e second elss o f people according to the above-given division, ax-e

those who h ave attain ed to an im m ediate vision o f absolute R e a lity in the
experience o f fa n , both in the subjective and the objective sense, that is,
the totl annihilation o f the ego and correspondingly o f all the phenom enal
things that constitute the external,
elss ju st stop at

objective world.

Bt the people o f this

this stage and do nt go an y further. T o state the situa-

tion in m ore concrete terms, these people are aw are only o f absolute U nity.
T h e y see everyw here U n ity, nothing else. T h e whole w orld in their view has
turnd int absolute U n ity with no articulation and determ ination.
C ertain ly, w hen these people com e back im m ediately from the experi
ence o f fa n ' to their norm l consciousness, M u ltip licity does again becom e
\isible.

Bt the phenom enal world is

sim ply discarded as an illusion. In

their view , the w orld o f M u ltip licity has no m etaphysical or ontological value
because it is essentially unreal. T h e external objects are nt existent in
the rel sense o f the word. T h e y are just flo atin g gossamers, sheer illusions
backed b y no corresponding

realities.

Such a view is in its fundam ental

structure identical with the V e d a n tic view o f the phenom enal w orld in its
p op u lar understanding, in w hich the notorious word my is taken to mean
sheer illusion or illusion-producing principle.
Just as, this popular understanding does gross injustice to the authentic
w orld-view o f V ed a n ta philosophy, however, the exclusive emphasis on the
A bsolute to the irreparable detrim ent o f the phenom enal w orld in Islam ic
m etaphysics fata lly distorts the authentic view o f its representatives. It is in
this sense that H a yd a r m oli accuses Ism ailism o f disbelief and heresy 21.
F rom the view point o f the highest m ystic-philosopher, even the people
o f this type, when

they experience the vision of the A bsolute, are actually

doing nothing bt perceiving the A bsolute as it is reflected in the phenom

enal things.

Bt dazzled by the excess o f light issuing forth from the A b

solute, they are nt aw are o f the phenom enal things in which it is reflected.
Just as, in the case o f the people o f the first elss, the A bsolute served as
the m irror reflectin g upon its polished surface all the phenom enal things, so
in the prsnt

case the

phenom enal

things

serve

as

mirrors reflecting

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

62

the Absolute. In either case, m n usually takes notice o f the im ages in the
m irror, and the m irror itself remains unnoticed.
It is at the third stage, that is, at the stage o f the privileged o f all
privileged people that the relation between the A bsolute and the phen o
m enal world is correctly grasped as the coincidentia oppositonim o f U n ity and
M u ltip licity. It is, m oreover, in this region that the cognitive valu e o f metaphorical

thinking to which reference has been m ade earlier is most pro-

fusedly displayed.
Those whose consciousness has been raised to the height o baq' after
the experience o f fa n & \ experience the relation

betw een the A bsolute and

the phenom enal as the coincidentia oppositorum o f U n ity and M u ltip licity. Theologically speaking, they are those who are able to see G od in the ^creature
and the creature in G od. T h e y can see both the m irror and the im ages that
are reflected in it, G od and the creature at this stage altern ately serving
as both the m irror and the im age.

T h e one selfsame existence is seen

at once to be G od and the creature, or A bsolute R ea lity and the pheno

m enal world, U n ity and M ultiplicity.
T h e sight o f the M u ltip licity o f phenom enal things does nt obstruct
the sight o f the pure U n ity of ultim ate R eality. N or does the sight o f U n ity
stand in the w ay o f the appearance o f M u ltip licity 22 . O n the contrary, the
two com plem ent each

other

in disclosing the pure

structure o f Reality.

Fr they are the two essential aspects o f R eality, U n ity representing the aspect o f absoluteness ( itlq) or com prehensive contraction ijm l ) ,
and M u ltip licity the aspect o f determ ination ( taqyd) or concrcte expansion ( ta fsil). Unless we grasp in this w ay U n ity an d M u ltip licity in a
single act o f cognition we arc nt having a whole integrl view o f R eality
as it really is. H ayd ar m oli calls such a sim ultaneous intuition o f the two
aspects o f R e a lity the unification of existence ( tawhid w u j d i) and re gards it as the sole authentic philosophical counterpart o f religious mono theism

23 .

T h e unification o f existence thus understood consists in a fun-

dam ental intuition of the one single reality o f existence in everything

TH E BASIC STRU CTU RE OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

63

w ithout exception. In the Absolute, w hich corresponds theologically to God,

it sees existence in its absolute p u rity and unconditionality,
the things o f the phenom enal world it recognizes

the concrete

while in

differentia-

tions o f the selfsame reality o f existence in accordance with its ow n inner articulations. Philosophically this is the position generally know n as oneness o f existence ( wahdat al-w ujd), w hich is an idea o f central im portance
going back to Ib n A rab i.

T h e p articu lar type o f m etaphysics based on this kind o f existential intuition begins with the statem ent that the A bsolute only is rel, that the
A bsolute is the sole reality, and that, consequently, nothing else is rel. T h e
differentiated w orld o f M u ltip licity is therefore essentially non-existent
( (adam). T o this initial statem ent, how ever, is im m ediately added another;
n am ely, that it does

nt in an y w ay im ply that the differentiated world

is a void, an illusion, or sheer nothing. T h e ontological status of the p h e

nom enal things is rather that o f relations, that is, the various and variegated relational forms o f the A bsolute itself. In this sense, and in this sense
only, they are all rel.
T h e rise o f the phenom enal w orld as we actually observe it, is due prim a tily to two seem ingly different causes which are in reality perfectly coordinated with each other: one m etaphysical, another epistem ological. M taphysically or ontologically, the phenom enal w orld arises before our eyes because the A bsolute has in itself essential, internl articulations that are called
stlfn ( sg. shan)

m eaning literally affairs, i. e. internl modes o f being.

T h e y are als called existential perfections ( kam lt), a conception similar in an im portant

and

significant

w ay to L ao T z s idea o f virtues

24 .

These internl articulations n aturally

(te) in relation to the w ay ( tao)

call fr their own externalization.

As a consequence, existence sprcads

itself out in m yriads o f self-determ inations.

E pistem ologically, on the other hand, this act o f self-determ ination 011
the part o f R ea lity is due to the inhercnt lim itations o f the finite hum n

<1

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

64

consciousness. T h e A bsolute or pure existence in itself is sheer U n ity.

T h e A bsolute

remains in its

original U n ity in no m atter how m an y d if

ferent forms it m ay manifest itself. In this sense the w orld o f M u ltip licity
is essentially o f the very natr o f the A bsolu te; it is the A bsolute its e lf.
Bt the original U n ity o f the Absolute appears to the finite hum n consiousness as differentiated int countless finite things because o f the fin itude o f
the consciousness. T h e phenom enal w orld is the A bsolute that has hidden
its rel formless form under the apparent forms which are caused by the
very lim itations inherent in the epistem ological faculties o f mn.
T h e process here described o f the appearance o f the originally undifferentiated m etaphysical U n ity in m any different forms is called in Islam ic phi
losophy

the self-manifestation ( tajalli) o f existence. T h e conception

o f the tajalli is structurally identical with the V ed an tic conception o f adhysa

or superimposition, according to which the originally un divided U n ity o f
pure nirguna Brahman or the absolutely unconditioned A bsolute appears divided because o f the different names and forms ( nma-rpa ) that are
imposed upon the Absolute by ignorance (avidy). It is rem arkable, from
the view point o f com parison between Islam ic philosophy and V ed a n ta that
avidy which, subjectively, is the hum n ignorance o f the true reality of

things, is, objectively, exactly the same thing as maya w hich is the self-conditioning power inherent in Brahm an itself. T h e names and forms that
are said to be superimposed upon the Absolute b y avidy w ould correspond
to the Islam ic concept of quiddities ( mhiyt, sg. m hyah ) w hich are
nothing other than the externalized forms o f the D ivine nam es and attri-

butes ( asma wa-sift ). A nd the V ed an tic my

as the self- determ ining

power o f the Absolute would find its exact Islam ic counterpart in the con
cept o f the D ivine existential m ercy ( rahmali wujidiyah).
H ow ever, even at the stage o f self-manifestation, the structure o f R eality
as seen through the eyes o f a rel m ystic-philosopher looks diam etrically opposed to the same R eality as it appears to the relative consciousness o f an
ordinary mn. Fr in the eyes o f an ordinary

m n representing the com-

mon-sense view of things, the phenom ena are the visible and manifest while

TH E BASIC ST R U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

65

the A bsolute is the hidden. B t in the unconditioned consiousness o f a rel

m ystic-philosopher, it is alw ays and everyhere the A bsolute that is manifest
w hile the phenom ena rem ain in the background.
T h is peculiar structure o f R eality in its tajalli- aspect is due to w hat I
have rep eatedly pointed out in the course o f this lecture; nam ely, that the
differentiated w orld o f phenom ena is nt self-subsistently rel. N o phenom e
n al thing has in itself a rel ontological core. T h e idea corresponds to the
celebrated Buddhist denial o f svabhva or self-nature to an ythin g in the
w orld. In this sense, the philosophical slandpoint o f the school o f the ^oneness o f existence ( wahdat al-wujd) is most obviously anti-essentialism. A ll
so-called essences or q u id d ities are reduced to the position o f the fictitious. T h e utmost degree o f reality recognized to them is that o f borrow ed existence. T h a t is to say, the quiddities exist becausc they happen to be so m any intrinsic
solute w hich

m odifications

and determ inations o f the A b

alone can be said to exist in the fullest sense o f the word.

In reference to the ontological status o f the phenom enal w orld and its
relation to the A bsolute the M uslim philosophers have proposed a num ber
o f illu m in atin g m etaphors. In view o f the abovc-m entioned

im portance o f

m etaphorical thinking in Islam I shall give here a few o f them. T hus M ahm d Shabastari

25

says in the Gulshan-e R z :

T h e appearance o f all things other ( than the Absolute ) is due to

your im agination ( i.e. the structure o f hum n cognition),
Just as a sw iftly turning point appears as a circle.

C oncerning these verses L h ji makes the follow ing observation. i he a p

p earance o f the w'orld o f M u ltip licity as som ething other than the A b
solute is due to the w orking o f the faculty of im agination w hich is based
on sense perception and which is b y natr u nable to go beyond the p h e
nom enal surface o f the things. In truth, there is solely one single R ea lity
m anifesting itself in a m yriad o f different forms. Bt in this dom ain sense

66

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

perception is utterly untrustw orthy. Fr it is liable to see a m irage as som e

thing really existent when it is in truth non-existent. It sees drops o f rain
falling from the sky as straight lines. A m n sitting in a bot tends to think
that the shore is m oving while the ship stands still. 28 W h en in the dark a
firebrand is turnd very swiftly, we n aturally perceive a burning circle. 'What
is really existent in this case is the firebrand, a single point o f fire. Bt the
swift circular m ovem ent makes the point o f fire appear as a circle o f light.
Such, Lhiji argues, is the relation between the A bsolute whose state ol U n ity
is com parable to a point o f fire and

the w orld o f M u ltip licity w hich in

its essential constitution resembles the circle produced by the m ovem ent of
the point . 27 In other words, the phenom enal world is a trace left behind
b y the incessant C reative acting o f the Absolute.
T h e philosophical problem here is the ontological status o f the circle of
light. E vidently the circle does nt exist in the fullest sense o f the word.
It is in itself false and unreal. It is equ ally evident, how ever, that the circle
cannot be said to be sheer nothing. It does exist in a certain sense. It is
rel as far as it appears to our consciousness and als as far as it is pro
duced by the point o f fire which is really existent on the em pirical level o f
our experience. T h e ontological status o f all phenom enal

things

that are

observable in this world is essentially o f such a natr.

A nother interesting m etaphor that has been proposed b y M uslim phi

losophers is that o f ink and different letters w ritten with it. 28 Letters written with ink do nt really exist qua letters. Fr the letters are bt various
form s to w hich m eanings have been assigned through convention. W h a t really
and concretely exists is nothing bt ink. T h e existence o f the letters is m
truth no other than the existence o f the ink w hich is the sole, unique
reality that unfolds itself in m an y forms o f self-m odification. O n e has to cultivate, first o f all, the eye to see the selfsame reality o f ink in all letters ,
and then to see the letters as so m an y intrinsic m odifications o f the ink.

TH E BASIC ST R U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

6 7

T h e next m etaphor - that o f the sea and waves - is p rob ab ly more important in that, firstly, it is shared b y a num ber o f non-Islam ic philosophi
cal systems o f the East an d is, therefore, apt to disclose one o f the most
basic com m on patterns o f thinking in the E a s t; and that, secondly, it draws
attention to an extrem ely im portant point that has nt been m ade clear by
the preced ing m etaphors; nam ely, that the A bsolute in so far as it is the
A bsolute cannot really dispense with the phenom enal world, ju st as the existence o f the phenom enal w orld is inconceivable except on the basis o f the
existence o f the A bsolute, or m ore properly, the existence w hich is the
A bsolute itself.
O f course, the A bsolute can be conceived by the intellect as being be
yond all determ inations, and as we have seen earlier, it can even be intuited as such, in its eternal U n ity and absolute unconditionality. W e can go
even a step further and conceive it as som ething beyond the condition o f
unconditionality its e lf. 2^
Bt such a view o f the A bsolute is an event that takes piac

only in

our consciousness. In the realm o f extra-m ental reality, the A bsolute cannot
even fr a single m om ent rem ain w ithoui m anifesting itself.
A s H ayd a r m oli says 3, the sea, as long as it is the sea, cannot separate itself from the

w aves;

nor can the waves

subsist independently o f

the sea. M reover, when the sea appears in the form o f a w ave, the form
cannot bt be different from the form o f another w ave, fr it is absolutely
im possible fr twro wraves to appear in one and the same piac under one
single form.
H a yd a r m o li recognizes in this peculiar relationship between the sea
and the waves an exact im age o f the ontological

relationship between the

stage o f undifferentiated existence and the stage

w orld. H e rem arksS 1 : K n o w that
limitless ocean,

o f the

differentiated

absolute existence or G od is like a

while the determ ined things and

individual existents are

like innum erable waves or rivers. Just as the waves and rivers are nothing
other than the
its own

unfolding

o f the sea

according

perfections which it possesses qua w ater

to the forms required b y

as

well as by its own

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

68

peculiarities w hich it possesses qua

nothing other than the unfolding
that are

sea ; so are

the determ ined existents

o f absolute existence under those forms

required b y its own essential perfections as well as b y its p e

culiarities belonging to it as its inner articulations.

Further, the waves and rivers are nt the sea in one respect, w hile
in another they are the same thing as the sea. In fact, the waves an d rivers
are different from the sea in respect o f their being determ ined and particular. Bt they are

nt different from

the sea in respect o f their own es-

sence and reality, nam ely, from the point o f view o f their being pure water.
In exactly the same w ay, the determ ined
A bsolute in their being

existents are different from the

determ ined and conditioncd, bt they are nt dif

ferent from it in respect o f their own essence and reality w hich is pure
existence. Fr from

this latter view point, they are all nothing other than

existence its e lf.

It is interesting that H ayd ar m oli goes on to an alyze this ontological
situation from a kind o f sem antic point o f view . H e sa y s 3 2 : T h e sea, w hen
it is determ ined

by the form o f the w ave,

is called waves. T h e selfsame

w ater, w hen determ ined b y the form o f the river, is called a river, and
when determ ined

b y the form o f the

same w ay it is called rain,

is absolutely nothing

bt

snow,

sea

or

brook,
ice,

etc.

w ater,

fr

is

called a brook. In the

In reality, how ever, there

the w ave, river,

brook,

etc. are m erely names indicating the sea. In truth ( i.e. in its absolutely
unconditioned reality) it bears no nam e; there is nothing whatsoever to indicate it. N o , it is a m atter o f sheer linguistic convention even to designate
it b y the w ord

sea itself. A n d

he adds that exactly the same is true

o f existence or reality .
T h ere are still other famous m etaphors such as that o f the m irror and
the im age, and that o f one and the numbers w hich are form ed by the repetition o f one. A ll o f them are im portant in that each one throws bgh t on
som peculiar aspect o f the relation between U n ity and M u ltip licity w hich is
nt clearly revealed b y others. Bt fr the p articular
ent paper, I think, enough have already been given.

purposes o f the pres-

TH E BASIC STR U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

69

The most im portant conclusion to be. draw n from a careful consideration o f the m etaphors that have ju st been given is that there are recognizable in the m etaphysical R e ality or the A bsolute itself two different dimensions. O n the first o f these dimensions, w hich is m etaphysically the ultim ate
stage o R e ality, the A bsolute is the A bsolute in its absoluteness, that is, in
its absolute indeterm ination. It corresponds to the V ed an tic concept o f the
parakrahman, the Suprem e Brahm an, and to the n eo-C onfucian idea of

the wu chi, the a U ltim ate o f Nothingness. Both in V ed a n ta and Islam , the
A bsolu te at this suprem e

stage is nt even

G od, fr after all G od is

b t a determ ination o f the A bsolute, in so far at least as it differentiates

the A bsolute from the w orld o f creation.
In the second o f the two dom ains,

the A bsolute is still the A bsolute,

b t it is the A bsolute in relation to the world. It is the A bsolute considered

as the u ltim ate source o f the phenom enal w orld, as Som ething w hich reveals
itself in the form o f M u ltip licity. It is only at this stage that the nam e
G od - A llh in Islam - becomes ap plicab le to the A bsolute. It is the stage
o f the paeameshvara, the suprem e L ord, in V ed an ta, and in the neo-Confu-*
cin w o ild -v ie w the position o f the f a i chi, the Suprem e U ltim ate w hich
is no other than the wu chi, the U ltim ate o f Nothingness as an eternal
p rinciple o f creativity.

Such is the position generally know n as oneness of existence ( wah

dat al-wujd) w hich exercised a trem endous influence on the form aiive pro-

cess o f the philosophic as w ell as poetic m entality o f the M uslim

and whose basic structure I w an ted to explain to

you

Iranians,

this paper. It w ill

be clear b y now that it is a serious m istake to consider as it has often

been done this position as pure m onism or even as existential monism .
F r it has evidently an elem ent o f dualism in the sense that it recognizes
tw o different

dimensions o f reality

in the

m etaphysical

structure o f the

A bsolu te. N o r is it o f course righ t to regard it as dualism , fr the two dif

ferent dim ensions o f reality are ultimately, i. e. in the form o f coincidentia oppositorum, one and the same thing. T h e oneness o f existence is neither

7O

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

monism nor dualism . As a m etaphysical vision o f R e a lity based on a pecu liar existential experience which consists in seeing U n ity in M u ltip licity and
M u ltip licity in U n ity, it is something far m ore subtle and dynam ic than p h i
losophical monism or dualism.
It is interesting to observe, m oreover, that such a view o f R e a lity, considered as a bare structure, is nt at all exclusively Iranian. It is, on the
contrary, com m only shared m ore or less by m an y o f the m ajor philosophical
schools o f the East. T h e im portant point is that this basic com m on structure
is variously colored in such a w a y that each school or system differs from
others b y the emphasis it places 011 certain p articular aspects o f the struc
ture and als by the degree to which it goes in dw ellm g upon this or that
p articular m ajor concept.
N ow , by further elaborating the conceptual analysis o f the basic struc
ture, taking int consideration at the same tim e the m ajor differences which
are found between various systems,

we m ight hopefully

arrive at a com-

prehensive view o f at least one o f the most im portant types o f O rien tl p h i

losophy w hich m ay further be fruitfully com pared w ith a sim ilar type of
philosophy in the W est. It is m y personal conviction that a rel, deep, p h i
losophical understanding between the East and W est becomes possible only
on the basis o f a num ber o f concrete research works o f this n atr conducted
in various fields o f philosophy both W estern and Eastern.

VSbotnotes
1 ) R eferen cc is to the m ain them e o f the Fifth E ast-W cst Philosophers C onferen cc:
The Alienation o f Aodern M n.

2) C f. M ll S a d r: al-Shawhtd-al-Rubbyah, ed. Ja l l a l-D in A sh tiyn i. M ashhad,

1967, p . 14.
3)

C f. his Rislnh N aqd al-Nuqd,

ed. H en ry

C o rb in and O sm an Y a h y a , T h ran

Paris, 1969, p . 625.

4) M u h a m m a d L h iji: Sharh-e Gulshan-e R z , T e h r a n ,- 1337 A .H ., pp. 94-97.
5) C f. Jrni al-Asrr

wa-Manba ol-Anwr, ed.

H en ry

T h ra n - Paris, 1969, p . 259, p. 261.

6 ) C f. al-Shawhid al-Rubtihyak, op. cit., p. 448.
7) Vivecarudotrani- 521.

C orb in

an d

O sm an

Y ah y a ,

THE BASIC STR U C TU R E OF METAPHYSICAL THINKING IN ISLAM

7 1

8 ) C f. S .N .L . S h rivastava: Samkara and Bradley, D elh i, 1968, p p . 45-47.

9 ) a w ih, ed. M .H . T a sb ih i, T eh ra n , 1342 A .H ., p. ig .

10 ) Ibid., p . 19.
11) C f. N ih a t K k lik : Sadreddtn Konevi'nin Felsejesinde A llah, Kint ve Insan, Istanbul,
1967, p p . 6-9.
12 ) T h is an d the expression: datsn raku shin ji n ap p earin g in the next p aragrap h belon g to the te ch n ica l term in olo gy o f the celeb rated Japanese Z en m aster D g en

( 1200 -

! 253 )1 3 ) T h e fo llo w in g

description is an elab oration

o f w h at L h iji

says

ab out

these

tech n ical term s in his C o m m en ta ry on Gulshan-e R z (op. cit., p p. 26-27).

14) F r an analysis o f the T ao ist concept o f chaos see m y Eranos L ectu re: The
Absolute aad the Perfect

M n

in Taoism ( Eranos J a h rb u ch X X X V I ), Z rich ,

1967, p p.

398-411.
1 5 ) T h e sam e m etap h or is v e ry freq u en tly used fr a sim ilar purpose in O rien t l
p h ilosop hy. T h u s, to give one m ore exam p le, C h u T z , ( 1130-1200 ), fam ous C on fu cian
philosopher o f the S u n g d ynasty, rem arks, on the problem o f h ow the Suprem e U ltim a te
( t ai chi ) is related to its m anifestations in the physical w orld, th at the Suprem e U ltim a te
in relatio n to M u ltip lic ity is ju s t like the m oon w h ich is reflected in m an y rivers and lakes
a n d is visible everyw h ere w ith o u t b ein g really divided up int m any. ( Cf. Chu T z T f e i ,
Book 94).
16)

Gulshar-e R z ( op. cit.)

v. 127,

p . 100. Cf. L h ijis C om m entary, p. 101.

17)

cf. Jrni al-Asrr ( op. cit.), p . 113, p . 591.

18) fa w ih ( op. cit.) p . 6 1.

19 ) O n the distinction b etw een the ornam en tal and the cogn itive fun ction o f m eta
phors, see M a rcu s B . H ester: The Meaning o f Poetic Metaphor , T h e H ague-P aris, 1967, Introduction.
20) W ittgen stein : Inveigations, p. 213.
21) Jrni al-Asrr ( op. cit.) p. 2 17, p. 221.
22) Ibid., p . 113 .
23) Ibid ., p p . 113 -115 24) C f. m y The Key Philosophical Concepis in Sufism and Taoism I I , T o k y o ,

1967, pp.

122-123.
25)

Gulshan-e R z (op. cit.) v. 15, p. 19.

26)

To

be co m p ared w ith

w h a t the Z en m aster D gen says

ab ou t the

sam e situa-

tio n in his Sh B Gn Z ( H l Gn J K A n ) : I f a m n on b oard a ship turns his

eyes to w a id the shore, he erroneously thinks th at it is the shore th at is m oving. B t i f he
exam in es his ship, he realizes th at it is the ship th at is m ovin g on. Just in a sim ilar w a y ,
i f m n form s fr him self a false

view

o f his ow n ego an d considers on th at basis the

th ings in the w o rld , he is lia b le to h av e a m istaken view o f his ow n m ind-nature as i f it

w ere

a self-subsistent

entity.

If, h ow ever, he

com es

to

know the truth o f the m atter

th ro u g h im m ed iate experience ( corresponding to the experience o f fa n in I s la m )

and

72

TOSHIHIKO IZUTSU

goes back to the very source o f all things ( correspondm g to the Islam ic id ea o f existence in its original state o f U n ity ), he w ill clearly notice th at the ten th o m a n d things
( i.e. all phenom enal things) are ego-less ( i.e . h ave no self-subsistence).
27) Sharh-e Gulshan-e R z { op. cit.) p . 19.
28) C f. H a y d a r m o li: Jrni * al-Asrr ( op. cit.). pp. 106-107.
29) T h is is know n as the stage a t w h ich existence is conceived as I bi-slmrt maqsmn, i. e. an absolute u nconditionality in

w h ich existence is conceived as n t b e in g

determ ined even b y the q u a lity o f being-un conditional. T h e stage corresponds to w h a t L a o

T z calls th e M yste ry o f M ysteries ( hsiian chihyu hsan) and w h a t C h u a n g T z designates b y the repetition o f the w ord wu or non-existence, i.e
non- existence.
30) Jrni al-Asrr ( op. cit.), pp. 161-162.
31) Ibid., p p . 206-207.
32) Ibid., pp. 207-209.

wu wu m ean m g non-

ISLAM AND THE MAKING OF EUROPE

Public Lecture

given at the Instvute o f Islamic

Studies,

M c G ill

Branch. on M arch 17, 1970

By
W. M ontgom ery W att

Professor at U niversity o f Edinburgh

University,

Tehran

It is necessary to begin with a w ord o f caution. T h e topic to be con

sidered here belongs to at least two disciplines, bt it is only in one o f
these that I can claim any expertise, nam ely Islam ic studies. In the second
discipline, the history o f M ed ieval E urope, I am very m uch an am ateur.
A m ore

appropriate

title fr

the

lc tre

w ould

therefore be R eflec-

tions o f an Islamist on the M ak in g o f Europe. It w ill be ch iefly concerned

w ith the period from about
It is convenient at
m ent

to

be pursued.

o f Aduslim rule int

the

1050 to 1350.
outset to indicate

rough ly

the line o f argu-

From the standpoint o f Islam ic history the spread

Spain and Sicily was p art o f a great tide o f expan-

sion w hich h ad carried the A rabs thousands o f miles eastwards and westwards from A ra b ia . T h o u gh

this tide began to ebb shortly after reaching

its farthest limits in western E urope, there followed a period when m an y

parts o f E urope were

being draw n int the Islam ic econom ic system, were

ad o p tin g Islam ic technology and the rts o f gracious living, and were studyin g Islam ic Science an d philosophy. A ll this m ay be called - to v a ry the
m etaphor - the im pact o f the Islam ic w orld on western E u ro p e ; and a fuller description o f this im p act will occupy the first h a lf o f the lecture. T h e
second h a lf w ill then go on to deal w ith various w ays in w hich western
E urope responded to the im p a c t: the inauguration o f the Crusades, the acceptance o f m uch technology, applied science and scientific theory, and the
reassertion o f Christendom as a political and cultural entity

distinct from

the Islam ic w orld and opposed to it. In so far as the emphasis is placed
on the E uropean response to the Islam ic im p act there is an im plicit criticism o f the com m on view that the culture o f E urope was derived from
that o f the R om n em pire, at least if that is taken to m ean that there

76

W. MONTGOMERY WATT

was a gradual process o f building up European culture. Instead, the struggle o f western Europe with Islam is seen to have been to som extent constitutive o f E uropes new self-awareness.

i. the impact of the Islamic world.

In the m ilitary and political sphere the im p act m ay be said to begin
w ith the conquest o f Spain in the second decade o f the eighth century by a
m ixed force o f A rabs and Berbeis. T h e conquest was extended to the re
gion o f N arbonne in Southern Franc, w hich h ad als been under the V isigotliic rulers o f Spain. As is well known, in the year 732 a M uslim raid in g
arm y penetrated to a spot

between Tours and Poitiers and was there de-

feated b y Charles M artel. Before the end o f the century the M uslim s had
lost their foothold north o f the Pyrenees, and in 801 they h ad to

yield

B arcelona to Charlem agne. Thereafter the frontier o f Islam ic Spain was sta
bilized fr about three centuries, the effective limits o f its pow er being

the

fortresses o f Saragossa, T oledo and M rida w ith their respective marches.

Sicily als cam e under M uslim rule, bt nt until ftty a cen tury after
Spain.

T h e occupation

began in 827 and was nt com plete until about

902. V arious parts o f the

Italian m ainland were als raid ed by M uslim s

during the ninth century, and the port o f Bari on the A d riatic was held
fr about thirty years. T h ere are stories o f M uslim raiders penetrating through
the A lpin e passes int

C entral Europe. By the end o f the ninth century ,

how ever, the Byzantines had reestablished their hold on Southern Ttaly and
expelled all the Muslims. Sicily, on the other hand, rem ained under Islam ic
rule until towards the end o f the eleventh century.
. In the pst histonans o f Europe have tended to think o f the A rabs as
yet another body

o f barbarian invaders, com parable to Goths, V an d als or

Norsem en. In so far as one looks at the actual A rabs an d

Berbers who

w ere the first invaders, there is truth in this view . Bt there is als an im
portant difference between the A rabs and all the other

in vad in g p eo p le s.

A ll these others w ere on the w hole less civilized than the provinces which

ISLAM AND THE MAKING OF EUROPE

h ad belonged to the R o m n empire. T h e A rabs,
tatives o f a vast

77

how ever, w ere represen -

p olitical and cultural system stretching from the A tlan tic

through N orth A frica an d the Fertile Crescent to C entral A sia and the Punja b . M o reo ver this great society was in process o f becom ing the ch ief bearer o f the w hole cu ltu ral heritage o f the M id d le East. E ven w hen it lost
its p olitical unity, its populations ( in so far as they were M uslinis ) continued to m anifest a deep solidarity based on the religion o f Islam. T h e intellectual leaders o f this society h ad m ade their ow n the science, m edicm e
and philosophy o f the Greeks, and in various respects had contributed to the
advancem ent o f these disciplines. T h e intellectual life o f the Islam ic world
was by no m eans confined to the heartlands, bt flourished in m any p ro
vin cii centres, nt least in the cities o f Islam ic Spain from the tenth century o n u ard s and at the Sicilian court. Thus the A ra b occupation o f Spain
an d

S icily was

the initial

or p rep aratory

stage

o f a process w hich can

only be described as the im p act o f a superior culture. T h e points in which

Islam ic culture was superior will be described in more detail presently.
In another respect als the occupation o f Spain and Sicily was an in i
tial stage o f a process. W e m ight ask fr exam ple how far

there was any

awareness o f this Islam ic im pact in northern Franc or L om bard y, in the

R h in elan d or Saxony. rl he answer must be that on the surface there was
little such awareness. Xevertheless the western Europeans distant from the
occupied or raided

areas had occasional contacts with the Islam ic

world.

T h ere w ere the diplom atic missions exchanged b> C harlem agn e and la r u n
ar-R ashid. M ore significant perhaps was the visit to C ordova in 858 o f two
monks o f Saint- G erm ain- des-Prs. T h eir mission was to bring to Paris the
relics o f the patron o f their abbey, Saint V in cen t o f Saragossa; bt these
had disappeared, and the monks contented themselves instead w ith the bodies o f three Christian so-called m artyrs , recently executed at C ordova
fr deliberately insulting Islam .

In

this w ay certain people in northern

F ran c gained an idea - p rob ab ly distortod - o f the difficulty o f being a

Christian under Islam ic rule.

78

W. MONTGOMERY WATT

A nother sphere in which the Islam ic w orld m ade an im pact on western

Europe is that

o f trade and, more generally,

m aterial culture. T ra d e was

nearly always highly esteemed and vigorously fostered in the Islam ic world.
Trade contacts with Italy in particular resulted from the occupation o f the
N orth A frican seaboard. There were M uslim traders at A m a lfi in the ninth
century and at Pisa in the tenth. By the end o f the tenth century, how everapparently

as a

result o f Islam ic

fiscal policy - the

transport

o f goods

across the M editerranean was largely in the hands o f Italians, at first m ainly
the Pisans and Genoese, later als the Venetians. T h e F atim id dynasty, which
established itself in E gypt in 969, played an im portant part in fostering trade.
M u ch o f this trade m ight be regarded as colonial trade, w ith western
Europe in the position o f c o lo n y . This description indicates that most
o f the European exports to Islam ic lands were raw m aterials, whereas the
im ports were consumer goods, often o f a luxury character. A m o n g the raw
materials were the slaves who at certain periods w ere

exported in large

numbers through Spain.

T ra d e was only one w ay in which western Europe becam e fam iliar with
the superior technology and m aterial culture o f the Islam ic world. T h e inhabitants o f Spain and Sicily, Christian as well as M uslim , shared in most
o f the technological achievem ents o f the Islam ic

heartlands and had com-

parable standards o f m aterial comfort. In agriculture, fr exam ple, m an y improvem ents were introduced from the M id dle East. D evices to raise water
and m ake it available fr irrigation were brought from E gyp t and Syria to
Southern Spain, and m ay still be seen there occasionally. Such irrigation m ade
possible the cultivation o f m uch larger aieas. T h ere was als an extension
in the variety o f plants grown. A m on g the new plants introduced

by the

Muslim s were: sugar-cane, rice, cotton, aubergines, and fruits like o ra n g e s,

lcmons and apricots. T h e quality

o f other fruits was im proved. W h ere the

m ulberry tree grew easily, the m anufacture of silk was developed. These agricultural im provem ents, o f course, were lim ited to certain legions, an d were
irrelevant in the harsher northern clim ates;

bt they m eant that at least in

Southern Spain m any producls were at hancl to m ake life pleasanter.

ISLAM AND TH E MAKING OF EU RO PE

79

In the rts o f n avigtion the E uropean sailors seem to h ave borrowed

m any things from the M uslim s, w ho brought to the M editerranean lands
w hat they h ad lerned

from seafar-ng in the Indin O cean . V arious de-

tails in the rig o f ships seem to have been adopted from the M uslim s and
then further developed, especially by the Portuguese and Spaniards, to suit
A tlan tic conditions. T his was a m atter w hich - after the period w ith w hich
we are ch ie fly concerned - co n tu b u ted to m aking possible the great voyages
o f exploration.

rl he history o f the developm ent o f the compass is obseure,

b t it m a y w ell
process b y w h ich
The

E uropeans

be

that

the A rabs

shared

with

the Europeans in the

a serviceable instrum ent o f navigation

w ere

certain ly far

behind

the

was produced.

M uslim s in geographical

know ledge as lat as 1100. W illiam o f M alm esbury, in the early twelfth century, thought the w hole w orld apart from (Jhristendom and northern Europe
belonged to Islam . N t m uch later, how ever, the M uslim geographer al-Idrisi, at the C hristian court o f Sicily, produced a detailed m ap o f the O ld
W o rld

w hich was tolerably accurate fr

Europe, N orth A frica and Asia.

T h is geo grap h ical know ledge later helped to direct the voyages o f explora
tion. T h e M uslim s had als larger-scale
contributed

charts o f lim ited areas, and these

to the production o f portolans,

as they were called,

by

the

Genoese an d others.
In considering the influence o f the Islam ic w orld on E urope the most
im p o rtan t aspect o f its technology was that it m ade possible a new style of
gracious livin g . Som o f the agricu ltural products ju st m entioned m ade
possible luxurious m eals. From silk an d other textiles cam e rich and beautiful clothing. W ith the techniques used in other parts o f the Islam ic w orld
lo vely ceram ic w are was produced. It was actu ally in C ordova in the ninth
cen tu ry that the secret o f m anufacturin g crystal was discovered. T h e minerals o f Spain, alread y know n to the R om ans, were further exploited by the
M uslim s; and beautiful and elaborate m etal-w oik objects were then m ade
b y skilled

craftsm en.

In the tenth cen tury C ordova had becom e the rival

o f B yzan tiu m in the rts o f

the goldsm nh, the silversm ith and the jew el-

ler. Ivo ry was carved int wonderful shapes; and w ood als was carved and

8o

W. MONTGOMERY WATT

inlaid with ;vory and m other-of-pearl.

Spain likewisc becam e noted fr its

decorative leather-work, nt leastin bookbinding.

he existence in the Spa-

nish language o f m any words connected w ith buildin g w hich have been derived from A ra b ic suggests at the very least that the A rabs introduced improvements and refinements in this sphere.
Gracious living, h o w e v e r, m eant m ore than a high level o f technical
skill in m any fields. It als required the form non o f high standards o f taste
throughout the upper strata o f society. A n im portant part was p layed here
by a mn called Z iryab who cam e from the court at B aghdad in 822 and
spent the iem am in g thirty-five years o f his life in Cordova. H e h ad sung
and played before H arun ar-R ashid in B aghdad, and he n atu rally d id m u c h
to raise the evel o f m usical appreciation in Sp ain ; bt he als becam e an
arbiter o f fashion and taste in generl. T h e order o f courses

w e ourselves

obcerve at form ai banquets prob ab ly owes som ething to Zii'yab. H e insisted

on elegance in the ordering and serving o f meals, and his canons o f good
form were w idely accepted nt m erely in these m atters, bt als in respect
o f appropriate clothing fr various occasions and o f hairdressing and other
forms o f beauty culture.
T h e style o f gracious living w hich thus developed in C ordova spread
through Islam ic Spain, and there was als som ething sim ilar in Sicily. It
was so obviously pleasant and delightful that it was adopted as far as possible by the leaders o f society in the neighbouring Christian lands. A n
count has been preserved o f how a Christian

ac-

friar, while beggin g, penetra-

ted int an inner courtyard o f the house o f a w ealthy m erchant o f Pisa.

T h e sensuous beauty o f the garden,

the rich clothing o f the youn g m n

and wom en there, and the exquisite music, both vocal and instrum ental,
m ade a deep impression

on the fria r; it was as if fr a m om ent he had

been transported int fairyland. It is well-known, too, that after the Christian
reconquest o f Sicily two o f the Christian rulers, R oger II and Frederick II,
retained the Islam ic style o f life in their courts. It was above all, how ever,
in Southern

Franc that there developed a new courtly culture which subse-

ISLAM AND THE MAKING OF EUROPE

quently spread to northern Franc and Italy, and then to E ngland and Germ any. B y its m usic and poetry this culture helped to soften the ruggedness o f feudal society. n its origins it is closely linked with the Provengal
poetry o f the troubadours. T h ere is room

fr som difference

o f opinion

about the elements w hich entered int the developm ent o f this poetry. M uch
o f the technical skill o f the troubadours doubtless cam e from the tradition
o f p op u lar poetry in L an gu ed o c; bt it is virtu ally certain that im portant
ideas

and elements o f form cam e to them from the A rabs o f Spain. T o

sum up, then, it m ay be asserted that the spread o f elegance and refinem ent am ong the lite o f western Europe was an aspect o f the im pact o f
the Islam ic world.
T h e last aspect o f this im pact to be considered is that in the intellectual sphere. U nd er this heading m ay als be included an im provem ent in
the m aterial basis o f intellectual life, nam ely,

the introduction o f paper in-

stead o f parchm ent and papyrus. T h e M uslim s are said to have learned the
art o f p aper-m aking from som Chinese craftsm en whorn they m ade prisoner
in Central A sia about the

m iddle o f the eighth century. A b o u t the year

800 one o f the Barm akid viziers built the fiis t paper-m ill in B aghdad. Because paper was m uch cheaper than E gyptian papyrus, its use spread westwards through the Islam ic provinces, both fr adm inistrative purposes and
am ong the w ritin g p u blic, a relatively large body o f people and one that
was increasing. T h e first European docum ent w ritten 011 paper is thought to
be one from Sicily dated 1090, and it was nt until the fourteenth century
that paper-m ilis w ere established in Ita ly and G erm any.
A n oth er im portant borrow ing o f the Europeans from the M uslim s was
the system o f num erals com m only know n as A rabic . A c tu a lly the M u s
lims took them over from Indin sources; bt they were quick to realize
their advantages and adopted them fr all p raclical purposes. T he first E u
ropean to use A ra b ic num erals is said to have been G erbert o f A u rillac
( Pop Silvester II from 999 to 1003 ),
tics; bt he had

no im m ediate

who

followers.

was interesled in m athem a-

Traders presum ably becam e fa-

m iliar with the ten signs through their M uslim contacts; and itisw o rth noting

82

W. MONTGOMERY WATT

that the

m n

who effectively

introduced A ra b ic numerals to E urope, L e o

nardo Fibonacci, was the sn o f a m erchant in charge o f a Pisn trading

colony in A lgria. F ibonaccis book, Liber abaci, published in 1202, showed
am ong other things how A rab ic numerals m ade possible the

sim pliffcation

and extension o f arithm etical operations, and thus demonstrated their superiority to the clum sy R om n system hitherto em ployed.
T h e field o f pure m athem atics is essentially distinct from the use ol an y
particular system o f numerals, though there is obviously a connection. 1 here
were brilliant m athem aticians am ong the Greeks, though their n um erical notation was

inferior to

the

m athem atics with the system

Indin.

By

com bining their G reek heritage in

o f numerals derived from India, the M uslim s

w ere able to m ake im portant advances. In other branches o f m athem atics

too they showed great originality o f thought, notably in the developm ent
o f algebra; algebra is in fact an A rab ic
1123), though

word. O m ar

K hayyam

( d.

better known fr the poems rightly or w ron gly ascribed to

hiin, was a brilliant m athem atician and could solve algebraic equations
the third

of

and fourth degrees.

In the related field of astronom y m uch work was done by the M us lxms. T o begin with they m ay have been attracted by the supposed practical uses o f asti'ology; bt latterly the dom inant concern was scientific. M uch
o f the genius o f the M uslim astronomers lay in m aking m ore accurate observations and

in draw ing

up tables; bt they als discussed

m atters of

theory, like the natui'e o f planetary motion. N t far rem oved from astron
om y was

the subject o f optics, in w hich an outstanding contribution was

m ade by Ibn-al-H aytham or A lh azen ( d. 1038) ; this superseded

the ear-

lier theory o f Euclid and Ptolemy.

O ther sciences were

cultivated by the M uslims, bt the only

one in

w hich they m ade notable advances was chemistry. T h ere is no absolute deviding line betw een chem istry and alchem y in the A rab ic writings, bt m any
o f the writers were prim arily interested in the science of chem istry and appi'eciated the need fr experiment. T h e M uslim contribution to the m odern

ISLAM AND THE MAKING OF EUROPE

8 3

science is ind icated b y the use o f terms derived from A rab ic, such as alkali, alem bic, aniline and antim ony.
In both the

practice and

theory o f m edicine the M uslim s had gone

considerably beyond w hat they had inherited from the Greeks. T h e works
of G alen, H ippocrates and others had been translated int A rab ic and their
principles incorporated int m edical practice. In addition the M uslim s had
m ade exhaustive studies o f pharm acology and had written treatises on p a r
ticular aspects o f m edicine; the latter, being backed up by w ide personal
experience, were o f great value. M u ch was known about the natr and
urgency o f antisepsis; and simple methods o f anaesthesia were used to reduce pain. T h ere were m any hospitals - C ordova in the m iddle of the tenth
century is said to have had fifty. H ospital patients received m edical treatm ent, and this was often

supervised by a resident physician. C lin ical in-

struction was a regular part o f the training of m edical students. A ll this a l

most m odern efficiency is in strong contrast to the low level o f European
m edicine up to the eleventh century. T here was virtually no know ledge even
o f G reek m edical theory, nor o f antisepsis and anaesthesia. Hospices fr the
sick gave shelter bt no treatm ent, there being no resident physicians. T h ere
was no provision fr clinical instruction fr students. A n A rab ic writer o f
the early C rusading period has recorded a story o f the treatm ent o f two
F ran kidi patients by a Frankish d o c to i. T h e treatm ent was so crude and unscientific that they both died, though A rab ic doctors could p rob ab ly have
cured them. W h at is notew orthy, how ever, is the w rite is horror at the crud ity ; it is the horroi with w hich a V icto rian m issionary m ight have described the practice o f an A frican w itch-doctor.
T o com plete this account o f the intellectual achievem ents o f the Islam ic
w orld as these im pinged on western Europe it is necessary to say som ething
about philosophy. This cam e to the M uslim s, along with the sciences ju st
m entioned, through translations from the Greek. In course o time, how ever,
the M uslim s produced original thinkers o great power,

n otably al-F arabi

( d . 950), A vicen n a or Ibn-Sina ( d. 1037 ) and A verroes or Ibn -R ush d ( d.

1198 . O f these the first two m ay be described as Neoplatonists,

though

84

W . MONTGOMERY W ATT

they held that their philosophy was in agreem ent w ith the essentials o f the
Islam ic religion. Fr the m ain stream o f Islam ic thought, which was theological, they were o f course heretics; bt m an y o f their generl philosophical
conceptions

and methods o f argum ent

were taken int theology. In the

process o f adaptation an im portant part was played by A lg azel or al-G h azali ( d. 1111 ) who, before showing the inconsistency and heretical character o f the views o f the philosophers,

produced a very lucid sum m ary o f

these views. F inally Averroes tried to

prove that it was A lg azel and nt

the earlier philosophers who had been inconsistent and self-contradictory. H e

was an Aristotelian rather than a N eoplatonist, and is noted fr his com m entaries on som o f the works o f Aristotle. Both in the Islam ic w orld and in
western Europe the im portance o f these philosophers lies nt in the num ber
o f those who followed them exactly bt in the stimulus they gave to other
thinkers, especially those in the theological cam p.
This concludes the first and longer part o f m y lecture., in w hich I have
been describing the im pact o f the Islam ic world on western Europe.
2. The European response to the impact
I now turn to consider how western Europe responded to this im pact.
Som aspects o f the response have already been m entioned im plicitly, 110tab ly the acceptance by som Europeans o f lu x u ry goods from the M id dle East
and their adoption o f a style o f gracious living. W h at rem ains to be
considered m ay

be brought

under four

heads:

(a) the response in

the

intellectual sphere; (b) the reconquest o f Spain and Sicily; (c) the Crusades;
( d) the form don o f an im age o f Islam

by scholarly writers.

It w ill be

found that there is a close connection betw een the last points.
In the intellectual sphere, then, the first task before western E urope was
to study and assim ilate w hat the M uslim s already knew and, w bere relevan t ( as in m edicine), to pt it int practice.

A lo n g w ith the study o f

the Sciences w ent the work o f translation int L atin . T his m ay have begun
as early as the ninth century. A translated work 011 astronom y is m entioned
in the tenth century, and early in the eleventh centui y mn were fam iliar

ISLAM AND TH E MAKING OF EU RO PE

85

with the astrolabe in such places as Lige and Lorraine. T h e m edical school
at Salerno benefited from a series o f translations from A rab ic m ade by Constantine the A frican betw een about 1060 and 1087. T h e ch ief w ork o f translation, how ever, was accom plished in

T oledo after it feli to the Christians

in 1085. In the tw elfth century at T oledo a large num ber o f translations m ostly o f scientific works - w ere m ade by D om inic G undisalvi, G erard o f
Crem ona and others.

O n e or two translations cam e from the C rusading

States in the east. B y the thirteenth century m an y Europeans were proficient

in the scientific disciplines and als in philosophy, w hich was the slowest
starter. In these fields most o f the rem aining works o f m erit were now translated from A ra b ic int L atin . Som o f these A ra b ic scientific works, especially
in

the field o f

m edicine,

continued

fr centuries

to

be

regarded

as

authoritative, and after the invention o f printing appeared in several editions. T h e

philosophical works o f A verroes, it is worth noting, though vir-

tu ally w ithout influence in the eastern Islam ic world, were know n to C h ris
tian scholars in western E urope soon after they appeared in the lat tw elfth
century. T o sum up - in the intellectual sphere the Europeans took over from
the A rabs the disciplines they were interested in and in course o f tim e d e
veloped these further.
T h e next m atter to be m entioned is the reconquest o f Spain and Sicily.
T h e conquest o f Sicily follow ed on m ilitary activities ( as a kind o f mercenaries

b y N orm an knights in Southern Ita ly in the eleventh century. A

N orm an p rin cip ality was established on the m ainland, and from this as base
Sicily was in vaded in 1060 and com pletely occupied b y io g i. T h o u gh Sicily
thus cam e to be under nom inallv Christian rule, there was no religious motive fr the conquest: on the contrarv it was the Christian conquerors who
adopted the Islam ic w a y o f life.
T h e Spanish R econquista

was very

to have proceeded from the fierce desire

different.
fr

In its origins

independence

it seems

found am ong

rough m ountain peoples. L a t e r , how ever, the fortitude o f spirit necessary fr

m ain tain in g the struggle cam e largely rom the belief o f the Spaniards that
they w ere figh tin g to reconquer a part o f Christendom from its enemies .

W. MONTGOMERY

w att

This religious m otive was fostered by the pilgrim age to Com postela. A fter
ii

oo, oi course, m ens attitudes in Spain cam e to be influenced b y the idea

o f Grusade, w hich had had a mushroom growth north o f the Pyrenees. T h e R econquista had m ade considerable progress, how ever, before the First Crusade,
fr in 1085 T oledo in the centre o f S p ain had been wrested from the A rabs.
I
T h e next m ain advance was in the early thirteenth century, culm in atin g in
the capture o f C ordova in 1236 and Seville

in

1248.

This

left only the

small kingdom o f G ranada in M uslim hands, and it eventually feli after the
unin o f Aragon and Castile in the later fifteenth century, fin a lly disappearing m 1492.
T h e m odern stud nt instinctively feels

that there must be a close con-

nection between the Spanish R econquista and the grow th o f G rusading zeal
in western Europe, bt the evidence is slight, and the w hole subject w ould
p robably repay further study. Before expressing a view 011 the relationship
I shall first say something about the Crusades and the C rusading m ovem ent.
From the standpoint o f the Islam ic histrin two points are w orth em phasizing by w ay o f preface to the discussion. Firstly, w hile the Crusades have
a central piac in European history, they have only a m inor p iac ux Tslam ic history, perhaps com parable to wars on the north-west frontier o f In
dia in the nineteenth century. T h a t is to say, they were nt felt as a serious threat to the Islam ic world as a whole, and did nt in an y w a y impress themselves on the outlook o f Muslims. Secondly, the Islam ic histrin
is am azed at the foolhardiness and ignorance o f the western E uropeans in
launching such expeditions, and sees that such successes as they attained were
largely due to fortuitous circumstances o f a tem porary character. T h e Cen
tral question thus becom es: W hat was this Grusading idea and C rusadm g
spirit w hich so took possession o f the westiem Europeans?
T h e effective beginning o f the Grusading m ovem ent is usually held to
be the speech o f Pop U rb an II at Glerm ont in 1095, though its roots m ay
be traced m uch further back, notably to the activity o f Pop G regory VIT.
T h ere is som obscurity about the precise contents o f the speech o f U rban .
Som o f the oldest accounts piac the emphasis on supporting the eastern

ISLAM AND THE MAKING OF EUROPE

Christians against the infidels, and fr som forty years the Popes had been
concerned

to

overcom e

the

schism

betw een

east

and

west

within the

C hurch. T hu s it was nt the presentation o f the Central C ru sadin g idea - the

recovery o f Jerusalern from the Saracens - w hich led to an upsurge of the
spirit, bt ralh er an upsurge o f the spirit, set o ff b y som ething else, which
found its most satisfying focus in this C rusading idea. This assertion is nt
o f course intended to deny that various social and political forces w ere als
present. T h e description o f the idea of Crusade as a focus is m eant to
indicate that this idea led to activities in w hich the various secular and religious forces

found an

integrated expression. L e t us leave the Crusading

idea here fr the m om ent, and turn to the last aspect o f the Ruropean response.
This fourth and last aspect is the form ation o f an im age o f Islam by
scholarly writers in

L a tin betw een about n o o and 1350.

T h ere was als

a p opular im age o f Islam , p rob ab ly form ed about the beginnm g o f the same
period, and seen, fr exam ple, in the Chanson de Roland. In a popular im age
o f this

kind it is nt surprising to fin d various crudities. W h at is surpris-

ing how ever, is ihat in the picture o f Islam elaborated by scholars there
are serious distortions. T h e points most em phasized by the scholars m ay be
sum m arized in the follow ing

propositions: Islam is a religion o f violence

and has been spread by the sw ord; Islam is

religion o f self-indulgence

especially se x u a l; Islam is a religion based on falsehood and deliberately perverts the tru th ; M u h am m ad is the anti-Christ. la ss m that it is nt necessary here

to explain the distortion in detail.

T h ere was obviously a com -

plete lailure b y m edieval Christians to appreciate the positive religious values o f Islam . T h e charge o f violence is curious in the m outh o f those w ho
w ere p reaching

the

Crusade, and the

charge o f converting b y the sword

makes no allow an ce fr the high level o f tolerance fr non-M uslim s found

in Islam ic countries.
It m a y be suggested that this distortion o f the im age o f Islam is merely w h at is to be expected m war
m ist the problem

is w hy

propaganda. Bt fr the Christian Isla-

the scholars lent themselves so w holcheartedly to

83

W. MONTGOMERY WATT

elaborating and spreading the im age, and w h y the im age has persisted to
the present d a y; it m ay be m oribund, bt it is by no means dead.
Perhaps the best w ay to approach this problem is to take stock o f the
position in the second h a lf o f the eleventh century. By about 1050 western
Europe was poised fr a new m ovem ent o f self-assertion. M a n y factors contributed to

this - im provem ents in agriculture, a greater volum e o f trade,

mcreased social and political stability, a greater cultivation o f the in tellec

tual life. T h e

successes o f N orm an knights in Southern

Ita ly

and

Sicily

gave Europeans fuller confidence in the m ilitary efficien cy o f the knight. In

1085 T o led o feli to a Spanish arm y despite its redoutable natural position
and its fortifications. It must have been

d ifficu lt nt

to feel a new and

pulsing self-confidence.
O n the other hand the leaders o f western Europe must have had m ixed
feelings as they reflected on the Islam ic world.

T h ere was m uch in that

world which they greatly adm ired - the products o f its technology, its style
o f gracious living, its poetry, its

intellectual

achievem ents.

The

latter, o f

course, were only beginnm g to be known in the eleventh century, fr most

o f the translations were m ade after 1100. Even so there was m uch adm iralion. Y e t adm iration,

as

superior, was

with

m ixed

is norm l in the attitd o f the inferior to the

hat

and

fear.

A m n or

a nation adm ires

those who are superior, and at the same time hates them because they are
superior. T h e intense self-confidence o f the A rabs generated a high degree
both o f aam iration and o f hatred am ong those with w hom they cam e in
contact. T h eir m ilitary prowess was als feared, though p rob ab ly less so a f
ter 1085. T h ere was even fear o f the Islam ic religion, precisely because it
claim ed to supersede Christianity and was gaining converts from the Churoh.
Perhaps as the m ihtary danger from Islam decreased the religious danger was
thought to increase. C ertainly the clerics who had a hand in directing the
Crusading expcditions towards the eastern M editerranean must h ave been
aw are o f the religious danger, as they remembererl the Spanish m artyrs and
saw the attractiveness o f Islam ic lrfe. A ll this ineant that, when the m ove
m ent o f E uropean self-assertion got under w ay, it had a negative as w ell as

ISLAM AND

THE

MAKING

OF EUROPE

89

a positive aspect, the negative aspect being self-assertion against Islam. This
was inevitable because o the orce and the extent o f the

Islamic, im pact

and because o f the depth o f E uropean adm iration and hatred.

I f we take it, then, that the m ovem ent o f the E uropean spirit

which

began in the later eleventh century was a m ovem ent o f self-assertion, both the
R econquista in Spain an d the C rusading fervour in Franc and the surrounding countries are aspects o f this self-assertion. As western E urope began to
assert itself, it had to show that it could m easure up to the great enem y
w hich it had long regarded as superior in everything except religion. Even
those churchm en who advocated sending missionaries to the Saracens rather
than crusading soldiers were a part o f the m ovem ent o f self-assertion. A nother
aspect o f this m ovem ent was

the form ation o f the

distorted im age o f

Islam . T his im age gave western E uropean Christians grounds fr believing

that they w ere superior to the M uslim s. Because their superiority thus la y
in their religion, they tended m ore and m ore to identify themselves w ith the
ideals o f their religion. T h e distorted im age o f Islam , how ever, was als in
som

ways

directed against certain aspects o f European life, such as the

adoption b y m an y o f the n obility o f the gracious living o f the M oors .

T h a t the m atters criticized in Islam were als faults present am ong C hris
tians was exp licitly recognized b y John W ycliffe ( d. 1384) in his closing
years. D oubtless this had som ething to do w ith the persistence o f the false
im age o f Islam in our western culture- it was an im age o f som ething mn
adm ired, yet thought they ought to reject and have nothing to do with.
A d m iration fr Islam ic science an d philosophy continued int the thirteenth century, though, as the E uropeans learned

in this spherc from the

M uslim s, they developed an independent attitd. A fter they had m astered

the philosophical techniques

in p articu lar,

they

used

these in a kind

in tellectu al self-assertion. T h e Summa contra Gentiles o f Saint

nas is to be seen as

of

Ih om as A q u i-

a defence o f E uropean Christian beliefs against both

M uslim s and those who adm ired the M uslim s excessively. T h e Summa theologica, o n the other hand, is rather

the positive presentation o f Christian

b e lief in accord ance w ith the highest intellectual standards o f the day.

90

w. MONTGOMERY

w att

T h e adm iration fr Islam ic science and philosophy was ev en tu a lly - a f

ter everything o f value had been assim ilated - replaced at m an y points by
revulsion. By the end o f the fifteenth century

it was felt that the study o f

A rabic was no longer rew arding, and that its literature was greatly inferior
to that o f G reece and Rom . E ven D an te (1265-1321), at the begin n in g o f
t

the fourteenth century,

though

using som Islam ic im agery and acknow -

ledging E urop es debt to A rab ic philosophy to the extent o f p iacin g A vicen n a

and Averroes in Lim bo, shows no rel awareness o f the extent o f Islam ic
influence, bt lives m ainly in the w orld o f G reek and L atin literature and
o f recent and contem porary events. It w ould nt be too m uch to say that
b y about this time a new im age o f Europe was em erging.

Because it was

form ed in contrast to the distorted im age o f Islam , it was nt free from distortion in other ways. A p a rt from the Christian elem ent there was an exaggerated identification with E urop es G reek and R o m n heritage, in its literary, philosophical and even political aspects. A t the same tim e there was a
virtual denial that Europe was in an y w a y dependent on the Islam ic world
Since the sixteenth century Classical literature has played a large part
in European education, bt this is hardly the tim e and piac to ask w hether
the

attention to it has been excessive.

In

this

present

age,

how ever ,

when the various cultures and civilizations are com ing w illy-n illy int the
one world, the denial o f Islam ic influence on Europe is a serious m atter .
Fr the future o f our relations within the one w orld it is urgent that we
westerners should fully adm it the im portant role played b y Islam in the m a
king o f western Europe and the growth o f European self-awareness.*

* T h is is substantially the

text o f a lecture

delivered in

U niversity and als at the U n iv ersity o f CaJifornia, Santa C ru z .

M a y 1969 a t

H arv ard

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT A L-W U J D

Public Lecture, giveti at the Institute o f Islam ic Studies , M c G ill University, Tehran
Branch , on M a r eh j ,

igjo

By
H erm ann Landolt

Assistant Professor,
Institute of Islam ic Studies

'

I am proposing to talk to you this evening about one Iran ian m ystic
o f the so-called

M on gol period, A l uddaw la-i Sim nni , w ho lived from

659/1261 to 736/1336. M ore p articu larly, the topic o f m y talk is this m ystics
critical attitd, or even opposition, to the m ystical doctrine o f wahdat al wujd or, literally translated, u nity o f being.

T h e significance o f this perhaps som ewhat m arginal topic w ill im m ediately appear, if we consider the
ular

fact that w hat Sim nni criticized in partic-

was the m agnificent expression given to this doctrine o f wahdat al-wu-

j d or u n ity o f being b y the great A ra b m ystical

most exactly one hundred years before Sim nni,

thinker who lived a l

M u h y iT d n

Ibn A rab i

( born 650/ 1165 111 M u rcia and died 638/1240 in D a m a sc u s). Ibn A rab i,
as is w ell know n, was to becom e the great master fr alm ost all subsequent
sufis up to the present d ay and als one o f the greatest heretics fr w hat
the sufis call the ulam-yi z&hir or exoteric theologians. Bt it was nt only
the sufis in the strict sense who egard ed I b n A ra b i as their great m aster;
the presence o f his influence and even o f his sometimes original vo cabu lary
in the writings o f such im portant later Iranian philosophers as M u ll Sadryi Shirzi in the 1 yth centu ry - to m ention only the greatest nam e am ong
them - cannot be overlooked a n y more. In short, to attack Tbn A ra b i fr
his idea o f the u n ity o f being or wahdat al-wujd m eant to attack the very
basis o f the w orld-view o f generations o f
up to our present day.

Islam ic mystics and philosophers

T h e uniqueness and alm ost prophetic status o f the

Shaykh al-Akbar or M agister M axim us as he used to be called by his friends,

is w ell sum m arized in the words o f Jrni, the famous 1561 century Persian
poet and sufi, who was als a great adm irer of Ibn A ra b i, when he writes
ab o u t him : T h e greatest scandal in the eyes o f those who condem n the
Sh aykh is his book Fuss al-Hikam . T h e y do so either because they sim ply
follow established opinions without trying to understand, out o f som sort of

94

HERMN LANDOLT

bigotry, or because o f their ignorance o f his technical vocabulary, or sim ply

because o f the d ifficu lty o f his ideas. As a m atter o f fact, the truths and
m ystical insights w hich are contained in his works, p articu larly in his Fuss
al-Hikam and al-Futht al-M akkya, are nt found in an y other book and have

nt been exprssed b y any o f the sufis before him. 1

It is nt very surprising, one inight say, that Ibn cA ra b i should have
been condem ned as a heretic by exoteric theologians like Sim n ns contem porary Ibn T aym iya, who rad ically opposed an y sort
guished unconditionally between the

o f esoterism, distin-

C reator and the creature and

found

the only possible approach fr the latter to the former to be pure worship.
Bt w hat shall we say if such opposition to and even condem nation o f Ib n
cA ra b comes from the side o f someone who was himself, as everybody agreed,
a great m ystic? Does it nt mean that while criticizing Ibn c A r a b is wahdat
al-wujd or unity o f being, Sim nni was in fact attacking the very basis o f

his own m ystic endeavours, fr, we m ay ask, whether A is possible to conceive

o f any mysticism at all w ithout assuming ihe perception

or realization

of

som kind o f U n ity in Being, including w hat theologians call C reator and
creature or G od and world? O r does it perhaps m ean that Sim nni had an
alternative solution to offer to the problem o f m ystical U nion ? In other
words, was he one o f those bigoted people, to use J m is term, who sacrificed a deeper understanding o f T ru th fr the sake o f conform ing to the established religion,

or was he quite to

the

conirary a rel nonconform ist,

whose negative attitd toward Ibn c A ra b is doctrine, w hich at his time had
becom e already something like an established truth am ong sufis, reveals only
the personal experience o f a Creative m ind w hich happened to be different?
T here are, o f course, no ready- m ade answers to questions o f such a basic
natr. Bt we m ay at least get a som ewhat

clearer picture o f the problem

itself b y studying Sim nnis approach to mysticism through his own writings.
Before trying to do so, however, let

me first say a few words about his

personality and his background.

As a m atter o f fact, m any aspects of Sim n ns doctrine have their counterpart in his life, and his life story is a rather extraordinary one. H e was
the sn of a well-known aristocratic family of Sim nn. His father and two

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT AL-W UJOD

95

o f his uncles being high-ranking officials under the M ongol lk h n A rghn,

it was quite norm l fr c A l uddaw la him self to enter the service o f this
lkhn,

w hich he did at

fr tw elve years; and

the age o f fifteen. H e continued in his service

it was during

this time, that he first cam e int

contact with m ysticism , that is to say, with a p articular form o f Buddhist

m ysticism, fr he used to have frequent discussions with A rg h n s Buddhist
court-priests

Sim nni fran kly adm its that their spiritual achievem ents and

m ystical powers m ade a great impression upon him. Bt at the same time
he becam e m ore and m ore convinced, he says, that they could nt possibly
reach the

ultim ate

goal

of

m ysticism - nt

because

their m ethods were

som ehow deficient or inefficient, bt essentially because the ultim ate

o f m ysticism presupposed as its basis the ultim ate

religion,

goal

that is to say,

Islam . Fr us, the interesting point here is that he gained this conviction
through visionary experiences, w hich were so overw helm ing that he 1 inally
left the w orld o f A rgh n and w ent to search contact with the sufis.
It m ay very well be, as has been suggested by M O L E 2, that his later
negative

attitd

towards

Ibn A ra b

has

som ething

to

do

w ith this

period o f his life, as there is evidence pointing to the fact that he sensed some
thing o f a

com m on natr

in

the

Buddhist

doctrines

which

he

knew

and wahdat al-wujd. In an y case, we can say at this stage that his fervent
adherence

to

Islam and

subsequent

critical

attitd towards everything

he consdered to be non-islam ic or heretical was born out o f som kind of

inner drive, since most p rob ab ly it w ould have been m uch easier fr him
to rem ain in the cam p o f A rghn .
Furtherm ore, Sim nni rejected nt only Buddhism , bt C hristianity as
w ell, since it represented fr him the danger o f hull or incarnationism . Bt
here again, his critique was far above the level o f ordinary

polem ics, b e

cause essentially, Christianity or hull m eant fr him one p articular stage

o f m ystical experience in w hich the m ystic identifies him self w ith the divine.
A cco rd in g to Sim n n s very original doctrine o f the Seven prophets o f
your being, w hich has been an alyzed in all o f its depths by Professor H en
ry C O R B I N

the m ystic should nt loosc him self in this stage o f identi-

96

HERMN LANDOLT

fication, w hich corresponds to the Jesus o f your being ; rather, he should

com plete the process o f his m ystical grow ing - up by passing through

that

stage to the higher stage o f the M oh am in ad o f your being , in w hich

he becomes a pui'e M irror o f divinity. O n e m ight equally suggest that Simnnis criticism o f Ibn c A ra b is wahdat al-wujd has

som ething

this; p articu larly so,

letter

because

in

his answer to a

to do w ith

w ritten

to

him

by A bd u rrazzq-i K shni, who tried to show that wahdat al-wujd was the
ultim ate stage o f m ystical achievem ent, Sim nni sim ilarly does nt cntirely
deny the values o f wahdat al-wujd , bt says that it is a stage through w hich
the m ystic should pass in order to reach a higher level o truth and certitude, he him self claim ing to have passed through this stage and reached
an ultim ate end o f unity ( iawhid), in w hich even the im age o f the M irror
was com pletely abolished. W e shall elaborate this point a littlc later.

O f course, to criticize an objectively form ulated system o thought on

the basis o f personal experience is a rather subjective w ay o f exam ining facts,
we

m ight say;

bt this is precisely what

Sim nni nt only did in cri-

ticizing Ibn A ra b s wahdat al-wujd , bt was proud o f doing, as he fia n k ly

admits in the letter I have just been referring to. K sh n i had expressed to
him his astonishment about certain points in al-cUrwa, that is to say Sim n n s
systematic

work on sufi theology, where he als form ulates his critiqu e o f

Ibn A rab i, as we shall see later, by teliing him that anyone h avin g som
fam iliarity with logic could nt possibly accept them. Sim n ns reply to this
objection was a rather short one. Instead o f arguing with K sh n i he sim p
ly stated that he did nt

care about

logic as long as he had

the certi-

tude that his ideas were in agreem ent with reality or factual truth and that
the sul was at peace. By reality or factual truth

( wqic ), Sim nni

most p rob ab ly means in the first piac the SharVat or exoteric truth of Isla m ;
bt it is quite clear from the context and als from his use o f the term
wqi

1 fr

real or factual, that he als means to say that his views

arc in perfcct agreem ent

closely related to wqi a,

with his

mystical

experience,

because

wqi is

litterally cvent or happening , w hich in

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT A L-W U JCD

Sim nnis m ystical

school is a

technical

9 7

term fr m ystical experience

and m ore p a rticu la rly visionary experience.

W e alread y have seen that the m ain m otive fr the young Sim nni to
leave the service o f the Buddhist lk h n A rgh n h ad been visionary experiences. A c co id in g to his autobiographical writings, experiences o f a similar
natr m ade him desire to j in one particular sufi order w hich was famous
fr cu ltiva tin g

such

600/1200

N ajm ud din-i K u b r

by

experiences,

the Kubrawiya , an order founded around

of

K h w ra zm .

T h e Kubrawiya

order

alw ays had a m arkedly Iran ian c h a ra c te r; it is, by the w ay, still in existence in
present-day Irn under the nam e o f Dhahabya, bt it has, o f course, changed
m ore than its nam e since the days o f its founder and his followers in preSafaw i Irn.
A fter several attem pts to j in this order,

Sim nni fin a lly found his tea-

cher m the person o f N ruddin -i Isfaryini, an Iranian sufi who lived and
tau gh t in the city o f B aghdad, where he died in 717 / 1317. Isfaryini was
precisely the kind o f spiritual director Sim nni had been looking fr; fr he
was a celebrated m aster in the art o f interpretation o f dreams and visions,
that is to say in that sort o f m ystical psychoanalysis w hich was the kubrawi
m ethod o f spiritual guidance. As fr m ystical speculations about the un ity
o f being, Isfaryini showed a

rather reticent and

even sceptical attitd,

to the extent that, accord ing to Sim nni, he forbade som o f his disciples
to read Ib n 'A r a b s Fuss a l-H ika m ; and this is , o f course, one m ore factor to be taken int

consideration when one

is trying to understand Sim

n n is ow n attitd.
B t w h at in p articu lar, am ong m an y things, attracted Sim nni to the
Kubrawiya order was the figu re o f one o f the disciples o f K u b r , M ajdu dd n -i

B agh d d i ( from B aghddak, a vilig in K h w razm ) , w ho is know n fr

h avin g m et the fam ous m ystical poet Farduddin -i 'A t t r . B aghddi died in
6 16 /12 19 , that is to say two years before K u b r , and 43 years before S im
nni was born. Sim nni therefore could nt have m et him in this w orld ,
o f course. W hen he once was asked w h y he had nt chosen to follow Bya zd -i Bistm i the celebrated sufi o f the 3rd/9th century, on the m ystical
p ath , he gave the follow ing accou n t o f a vision o f B a g h d d is ligh t: O n ce,

98

HERMN LANDOLT

at a time when he was preparing

him self fr ritual prayer, he saw that

the w all showing the direction to M ecca opened itself, and at its p iac there
appeared a large piain, a sky and a star shining

like Jupiter. W on d erm g

w hat this could be, he learnt ( somehow during the vision)

that it was the

light o f B yazid. T h en the scenery changed, and he saw another sky, w hich
was full o f light this time, shining like the sn. H e learnt the same w a y
that this was the light o f M ajduddn-i Baghdd.
In w hatever w ay we m ay like to interpret this kind o f relationship bet
ween two masters, it was in any case extrem ely im portant fr Sim nni, and
there is definite evidence as to the influence o f B agh d d is m ystical doctrines upon Sim nni. In his A rab ic work, T uhfat al-Barara f V l- M a s a il a l- Ashara,
B aghdd

develops K u b r s introspective

psychology in such a w a y as to

anticipate in essence that im portant point about incarnationism or hull

in Sim nnis doctrine, w hich

most probably was one o f the reasons fr

Sim nni is criticism ot Ibn A ra b is wahdat al-wujd. N ow in B ag h d d is case,

this could nt very well have

been directed against Ibn c A ra b i, fr the

simple reason that Ibn c A ra b is most un - orthodox and

fam ous Fuss al-

H ikam was written in 627 h. or eleven years after B agh d d is death, and there

is no reason to think that Ibn A ra b is fam e had reached K h w ra z m w hile

B aghdd was alive. In fact, his doctrine clearly has its piac in that typica lly kubrawi field o f , if we m ay again use the term , m ystical psychoanalysis,

w hich in itself is entirely indifferent to theological

or

philosophical

questions. T h e kubrawi m ethod o f spiritual guidance means to lead the disciple or p a tie n t through a scale o f visions o f different lights up to a
point where he finds guidance in him self and is no m ore subject to the
danger o f confusion between appearance and reality, that is to say between
certain illum inations w hich the

beginner is likely to m istake fr ultim ate

truth, and the divine light. N ow in the case o f Sim nni, if his critique o f
Ibn A ra b s doctrine o f the unity o f being is based, as I h ave suggested,
upon his insistence on the necessity fr the m ystic to pass beyon d the stage
o f identification in m ystical experience, that is to say upon his elaboration

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT A L-W U JC D

99

o f the kubrawi tradition o f spiritual guidan ce w hich existed quite independently from Ib n A r a b is world, this means, I think, that he applied one
system o f m ystical thought upon another one, fr w hich it was h ardly relevant. In other words: he eiiher quite subjectively interpreted I b n A ra b is
doctrine o f wahdat al-wujd to m ean precisely that kind o f iden tification of
appearance

and reality

w hich the kubrawi tradition o f spiritual guidance

sought to avoid, as we ju st have seen, or he at least feared that unexperienced disciples

could interpret Ibn A rab i that w ay. In a n y case, it means

that Sim n nis negative attitd over against Ibn A ra b i should nt be seen
so m uch sim ply as the reaction o f a shart a-m inded theologian to the daring
propositions o fa haqiqat- m inded m ystic an d philosopher; rather, we should
try to understand his sometimes bittr reactions to wahdat al-wujd in terms
o f th e jp y s tic a l tradition^ to w hich he belonged, and w hich spoke, as it were,
another lan guage than that o f Ibn A rab i. M ost probably, the same m ystical
tradition was the background o f w hat later in India Shaykh A h m ad Sirhindi
opposed as wahdat al-shuhvd to Ibn A ra b is wahdat al-wujd.
T o keep all o f this background in m ind seems indeed necessary when
one is confronted with som o f the form ulations that Sim nni used against
Ib n A ra b i, fr they m ight easily m islead us int seeing them as ju st another
reaction o f conventional
ferring

theology against an y m ystical approach. I am re-

n p articu lar to his reaction to this adm ittedly equivocal praise o f

the divm e B eing in I b n A r a b is Futht al-A Iakkiya : Praise be to the O n e

w ho m ade things appear and who at the same time is the th in g s! (Subhna mari azhara al-ashytf wa-huwa aynuh !), w hich Sim nni com m ented u p

on b y w riin g the follow ing int the m argin

of his own

copy o f the F u

tht - a cop y w hich, incidentally, seems to be lost unfortunately, bt

was still extant in

w hich

J m is and even M u ll S a d r s time - : O S h a y k h ! I f

you heard someone saying that the

excrem ent o f the Sh aykh is identical

w ith the existence o f the shaykh, you certainly w ould nt accep t this from
h im ; no, you w ould be angry. H ow , then, is it possible fr a reasonable
bem g to a p p ly such nonsense to G od, the K in g and J u d ge? R eturn to G od
by sincere rcpentance, so that you m ay get out o f this dangerous in tricacy, fr

100

HERMN LANDOLT

which even the materialists,

the naturalists, the Greeks ( i.e. the philo-

sophers) and the Buddhists have only d isd a in ! Peace upon those who followr
the R ight G uidance. O bviously Sim nnis sul must have been very troubled when he read that phrase o f Ibn A ra b is, to be able to react w ith such
an outburst o f disdain and to com pare Ibn A ra b s unity o f being w ith
such a crude im age. Bt let us now see w h at un ity o f being really
m eant fr Ibn A rab i and his followers, and then, let us see whether Sim
nni really had to offer a different solution on a higher level o f argum entation.
First o f all, I must m ention the fact that the expression wahdat al-wuj d or unity o f being, which has com m only been used fr centuries to desig-

nate the essential point o f Ibn A ra b is doctrine, does nt seem to occur

yet in Ibn A ra b s own writings. T h e Central point o f his doctrine, according to A b d u rrazzq -i K shni, the great com m entator whose controversy
with Sim nni we m entioned, before, is the fact that Ibn A ra b i identified
God with A bsolute Being or A bsolute Existence {w ujd mutlaq).~Euither one accepts

this identification

does nt accept it; there

of

G od

is no interm ediate

and A bsolute Being, or he

solution, says K shn i. It is

this essential point w hich Sim nni tried to refute and to replace by his own
m ystical philosophy, as we shall see.
T h e identification o f God with A bsolute Being has a definite
piac in Ibn A ra b is world-view. G od qua A bsolute Being is the first o f the
three m etaphysical categories, which Ibn A rab i distinguishes as com prehending everything that cxists in his philosophical treatise Kitb Insha al-D aw d ir.
H e there explicitly idem ifies this Absolute Being, w hich exists through itself
and through which everything else exists, w ith A lla h the C reator, w liom n o
thing equals.

T h e second m etaphysical category is, as it were, the opposite

o f the first; that is to say, it is lim ited Being

( wujd muqayyad). Ibn

A ra b i identifies it with the m aterial Universe and everything it contains. It

is lim ited Being, because, having no existence in itself, it exists through
the Absolute. Its being created means precisely the same thing as its being
lim ited or non-absolute, that is to say its essential

dependence as an

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT AL-W UJOD

IOI

existent upon the A bsolu te; it does nt involve an y tem poral anteriority o f
the C reator. M ore interesting from the m ystical point o f view , and als more
difficult to understand, is the third m etaphysical category. It is this category about w h ich Ib n A ra b i says more than about an ythin g else. H e introduces it by saying that it is neither non-being nor being. O n the one hand,
it is eternally jo in ed to the first category, or the A bsolute, on the other hand
it is als related to the third category, or the W orld, being the principle
o f its m anifestation. It is, thus, som sort o f interm ediary between the first
and the second category, or the essence o f all essences or idea o f all
ideas ( haqqat al-haqa iq),

w hich m ay

be said to be both G od and

the \Vorld or neither G od nor the W orld, bt a third entity, that

w hich com prehends

everything. This category, as

is easy to see and has

in fact been established, has m an y aspects in com m on with that m ysterious

entity w hich was know in G reek as Logos, and one m ay therefore call Ibn
A r a b s system a logocentric

philosophy; fr the basis o f an y unity o f

being or wahdat al-wujd in Ibn A ra b is system is precisely the idea w hich

constitutes the third category. As a m atter o f fact, that equivocal phrase in
al-Futht al-M akkya w hich, as we have seen,

h ad draw n Sim nnis w rath

upon Ib n A ra b i, Praise be to the O n e who m ade the things appcar and

who at the same time is the th in g s! must be seen in the same context ,
because it has its piac in a chapter on the Breath

o f the Com passionate

one ( N a fa s al-Rahmn ), w hich is one am ong m any others o f Ibn A r a b is

expressions fr the third category. T h e im age lyin g behind this term JVafas
al-Rahmn is that the things o f the W orld take shape in

the Breath o f the

C reator w ho

expresses him self through this

Breath in the same w a y that

spoken words

( or logoi) take shape and exist

in the breath o f the speaker

who expresses himself.

T h e great problem o f this logocentric philosophy or theosophy is, o f
course,' the relationship betw een the three categories, and in p articu lar, the
relationship betw een the first an d the third category, since both, being d if
ferent from the second category or the limited being o f the w orld, are

I O2

HERMN LANDOLT

in som sense absolute. It was this problem w hich obviously bothered S im

nni, bt it was als a problem fr

generations o f Ibn A r a b is followers,

because Ibn A ra b i him self did nt

answer it in clear philosophical lan-

guage bt rather as the great m ystic he was. T h e fundam ental idea containing his answer to that question is the idea o f theophany or tajalli, w hich,
as Professor C O R B I N

rightly points out, never should be confused w ith the

Christian dogm a o f incarnation o f the divine in a concrete, i.e. historically

and geographically lim ited being. It is based on a sufi tradition according to w hich the prophet D vid asked his lord: W h y did you create the
creatures?, upon w hich G od an sw ered : I was a hidden treasure. I w anted
to be know n; thus I created in order to be

know n . T h eo p h a n y or d i

vine m anifestation, then, connotes at the same time the divine act o f creation and the hum n act o f pntration int that divine activity, or gnosis ,
m ystical experience. Both creation and m ystical experience are therefore eq u ally
based on

that

ultim ate

m ythical Im age o f the divine V ision o f

G o d s

Self or, as we als m ight say and Ibn A ra b i em phasizes at the very
beginning o f his Fuss al-Hikam , G o d s V ision o f the Selves ( or essences,
or arch etyp es) o f his Names. T h a t is to say, there is from the very Beginning, as it were , som kind o f intra-divine du ality in the A bsolute, w hich,
no doubt, corresponds to that o f the first and the third category.
A lth ou gh the act o f theophany is essentially one, Ibn A ra b i distinguishes
in it two levels. T h e visible theophany, tajalli shuhdi, w hich is divine
m anifestation in this present world ( shahda) and

in m ystical experience

( shuhd), presupposes in the first piac the event o f an unvisible or hidden

m anifestation ( tajalli ghaybi), that is to say a m anifestation taking p ia c in
the Unseen (ghayb), which Ibn A rabi als calls theophany o f the Essence
(tajalli d h ti ). This distinction between two levels o f theophany corresponds

to the classical sufi-neoplatonic distinction

between the spiritual an d the

m aterial w orld, lam al-ghayb and lam al- shahda, w h ich term inology is taken from the Q u ran ic designation o f God as the O n e who knows both the
U nseen and the V isible (jlim al-ghayb wadl-shahda). Bt fr I b n A ra b i the
im portant point is here that the two levels of theophany w hich he distin
guishes from a logical point o f view are nt different in terms o f reality ,

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT AL-W UJD

1 03

because there cannot be m ore than O n e R e a lity ; and this is w hy, incidentally,
wahdat

al-w ujd

in Ib n

A ra b s sense is som ething

other than pure and

simple neoplatonism . In reality, according to Ibn A ra b i, theophany in visi

ble

forms is

essential or hidden theophany; fr

the divine Essence, ju st

because it is essentially hidden and absolute, has no other means to show

itself than

in the very form

o f the one to w hom it shows itself

tajall lahu). In other words: because the divine Essence

( al-mu-

has no form in its

absolute oneness ( ahadiya) and therefore can never appear as such, its form
is identical w ith the forms o fth e things. A ll this am ounts fin a lly to the perhaps shocking p aradox, that - and I am quoting Ib n A ra b i - the really
divine Being ( al-Haqq) is lim ited through all lim its 5, because to isolate
the A bsolute from the L im ited

means precisely to lim it the A b solu te.

T h ere can be little doubt that this p aradoxical A bsolute w hich is lim ited
b y all limits is nt in the same w a y absolute as the first m etaphysical c a
tegory, since Ibn A ra b i defines the latter, as the absolute Existence w hich
is nt lim ited ( al-wujd al-mutlaq alladhi I yataqayyadu). R ath er, its absoluteness is the same as that o f the third

category or the haqqa ( Logos )

w hich is all-inclusive, as w e have pointed out.

This double-valued notion o f A bsolute in Ibn A ra b s thought, as
w e now can understand, called fr further clarification ; and this is exactly
w h at the com m entators tried to do, first Sadruddin-i

Q p n yaw i and then,

follow ing him , p articu larly A b d u rrazzq -i K sh n i ( Sim n nis great opponent), b y introducing a notion o f absolute w hich originates in the
thought

o f Ibn

Sn ( A vicen n a). I am referring

to

one o f

the three

aspects o f q u id d ity ( mhya) w hich was techn ically know n in later philoso
p h y as absolutely unconditioned or I bi-shart shay\ A qu idd ity like anim al fr exam ple is absolutely unconditioned or I bi-shart if it is considered as being possible to be predicated equ ally o f an y p articular species,
or as undeterm ined. This absolutely unconditioned aspect o f the q u id d ity
is the com m on denom inator o f its two other aspects, that is to say the as
pects o f negative and o f positive

condition. It is negatively conditioned

HERMN LANDOLT

or conditioned b y nothing ( bi-shart I), if it is considered as being im possible to be m ixed with anything else, or being exclusively itself, in w hich
case it cannot be predicated o f an ything else ; and it is positively con
ditioned

or conditioned

b y so m eth in g (bi-shart sh a y j,

if it is co n

sidered as being determ ined by m ixture w ith one particular other quiddity, as fr exam ple anim al is positively conditioned as m n , if
it is m ixed with rational. N ow , if it is possible to ap ply this tlireefold distinction on existence rather than on quiddity - and this is exactly
w hat Ibn A rab 's com m entators did - it is easy to see that it must have som e
thing to do with Ib n A ra b i s three m etaphysical categories; and it w ould seem
that the irst o f his categories, w hich was absolute existence qua non-lim ited,
best corresponds to

the negatively conditioned ( bi-shart I), w hereas the

second category, or the lim ited existence o f course is conditioned b y

something ( bi-shart shay), while the third category, w hich was that paradoxical and mystcrious R ea lity w hich is absolute qua lim ited by all

hmits,

no doubt has something in com m on w ith the absolutely unconditioned

aspect o f quiddity ( I bi-shart), under w hich, as we have said, the q u id
dity is possible to be predicated equ ally o f m ore than one thm g. B t Q on yaw i and K shni identified the notion o f existence (wujd) itself w ith this
absolutely unconditioned aspect o f I bi-shart,
as such, as being neither conditioned

that is to say existence

b y determ ination ( ta ayyun) nor b y

non-determ ination ( l-taayyun ). B y doing so, they brought som ething new
int the picture, because it is now existence itself w hich plays the role o f
Ib n cA r a b s third category or haqqa as an
reality.

absolutely unconditioned

O n e m ight say that it is here fr the first time that the famous

term wahdat al-wujd (unity o f being) applies in its most strict sense. As
a m atter o f fact, according to K sh n is Dictionary o f the Technical Terms o f
the Su fis

( Istilht al-Sfy), nt only is the divine Essence identical w ith

Existence as such, bt the absolutely unconditioned

Oneness o f Existence,

w hich he calls wahda, is als the origin ( m anshaj o f both the n ega
tively conditioned or exclusive aspect o f divine U n ity ( ahadiya as m ea
ning bi-shart I) and the positively conditioned or inclusive aspect o f

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT A L-W U J D

io5

divine U n ity ( whidiya as m eaning bi-shart s h a f ) , that is to say o f both the

exclusive U n ity o f the divine Essence considered in its stage before
creation, as it w ere ( kna A ll h wa-lam yakun ma ahu s h a f) and o f the inclusive U n ity o f the Essence considered together w ith its N am es or after
creation, as it were. T ru e, from the logical point o f view , the exclusive un i
ty o f the essence precedes all names just as the stage before creation precedes the stage after creation, bt from the point o f view o f Existence, w hich
means R ea lity, there is no such difference betw een before and after, because
the Oneness o f Existence in its absolutely unconditioned suchness com prehends both. W e can draw the same conclusion from K sh n is com m entary
to the Q u ra n ic Sira 112 (Sarat al-Ikhls), that is to say from the T a fsir comm only known as the T a fsir o f Ibn Arabi, bt w hich in reality is K sh n is.
O n e m ight venture to say that b y ap plyin g the philosophical notion o f
absolutely unconditioned ( I bi-shart ) on pure Existence, the com m entators m ay have w anted to preclude an y interpretation o f Ibn A r a b s divine
B eing as a m erely abstract universal w hich cannot possibly have an y concrete
existence.

B t on

aspect o f the

the other hand,

since the absolutely unconditioned

q u id d ity ( l-bi-shart ) was usually identified by the philoso

phers w ith Ib n S in s natural universal ( k u lli tab ) , it becam e rather

d ifficu lt this w a y to sav the transcendence o f the divine Being. M u ll Sadr,
w ell

aw are o f this problem , therefore had to em phasize that the com pre-

hensiveness o f absolutely unconditioned Existence was other than the

relationshitp o f he n atural universal

to its p articulars; and, fr an explana-

tion o f this otherness, he on ly could refer

back to Ibn A ra b s m ys

tical notion o f the Breath o f the Gom passionate ( N a fa s al-Rahmn) an d

its com prehensiveness.
Corning now fin a lly to Sim n n s basic thought,

think we can u n der

stand his opposition to an y sort o f identification o f G od w ith an y A bsolute

Being, w hether I bi-shart or bi-shart I - a distinction,

by the w ay, w hich

he does nt seem to m ake - out o f his basic conviction that divine trans
cendence must be saved at a n y price.

Nevertheless he tries to com bine this

HERMN LANDOLT

conviction w ith a w orld-view based, like that o f Ibn A rab i, on the idea o f
theophany.
Sim nni s conception o f theophany is based on a fourfold structure o f
existence, w hich recurs all over in his writings. This fourfold structure has
two aspects, depending on w hether theophany m eans self-manifestation o f the
divine being, considered as a cosmic process o f creation or existentiation (jad ),
or as an individual process on the part o f the hum n being, in w hich latter case it means m ystical

experience. O n this level o f m ystical experience

the four stages o f theophany are, starting from b e lo w : i . the theophany in

visible forms ( tajalli sr ) , h y w hich Sim nni m eans in p articu lar visionary
experiences o f hum n forms; 2. the theophany o f light ( n r ); 3. the theo
p h an y o f the idea ( ma;n ) and 4., the highest one, the theophany o f ((mys
tical taste ( dhawq), which has this nam e because it cannot be described
at all. A ll four theophanies, even the lowest one, are rel theophanies in
their own right according to Sim nni; that is to say, they do show the d i
vine, bt at the same time, Sim nni insists, it w ould be a m istake to confuse that w hich shows itself w ith the form under w hich it appears. T h e
higher the level o f theophany, the more it is rem oved from the w orld o f
forms and figures, until finally, in the theophany o f taste, there remains
no trace o f any im age at all. O bviously, this aspect o f the fourfold theo
phany is another expression o f Sim nnis theory o f the Seven prophets o f
your being o f which we spoke before

and w hich connotes the idea o f a

process o f m ystical grow ing up. A n d if we suggested there that this idea
could h ave something to do with his critique o f Ibn A r a b s wahdat al-wujd ,
w e must now repeat that in this case his critique was h ard ly pointed toward
the right address.
As to the other aspect o f theophany, theophany as cosmic self-manifes
tation o f the divine being or existentiation, its four stages are

based on the

distinction between four gram m atical levels related to the divine being :
Essence or Subject ( dht), Attributes ( s ij t ), A cts ( a f l) and Effects or
Traces ( thr). E verything to which the nam e existence ( w ujd)

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT A L-W U JC D

io7

m ay be applied, says Sim nni, belongs to one o f those four categories, be

cause there is nothing existent outside o f them ; and he even justifies with
this the fam ous saying Laysa jV I-w u j d siw a llh, there is nothing bt God
in Existence, w hich he attributes to Jun ayd, the celebrated s u fio f Baghdad.
Sim n nis favorit im age fr the four levels o f being is the exam ple of
w hat happens w hen someone is w riting. T h ere is, in the first piac, the person o f the w riter, ( shakhsuka l-w hid), which corresponds to the Essence. Secondly, there is the attrib ute writerness (al-ktibiya ) and the N am e writer ( al-ktib ) ; thirdly, there is the act o f w ritin g ( al-kitba ); and fourthly, there is the T ra ce or effect o f this act, w hich is the w ritten

( al-mak-

tb).

A lth o u gh all four levels participate, as we have seen, in one existence

an d are therefore in som sense identical w ith each other, as Sim nni admits, there als is an im portant difference between all o f them. T h e person precedes its writerness, the writerness precedes its act o f w riting, and
the act precedes its trace, w hich means fr Sim nni that the direct cause
o f the w ritten trace can only be the act o f w riting, nt the writer or even his
writerness. In other words, the writer

is separated from, as well as linked

to, his w ritten trace by his act o f w riting. T h e same emphasis on the dif
ference between subject and object reappears even on the higher level o f
the attributes, w here

Sim nni retains the theological distinction betw een a t

tributes o f essence and attributes o f activity, i.e. attributes necessary to the

essence, as fr exam ple L ife, and attributes referring to a Creative act, fr
exam ple Lifegiving. Thus, theophany u ltim ately still depends on an act
o f divine w ill, fr - and I am quoting - : T h e one who is qu alified by
attributes o f essence has als attributes o f act, w henever he wants to m an i
fest him self through them ( idh arda an yat aj ll bih), in order fr the acts
to com e forth out o f them

and fr

the traces, w hich are caused b y the

latter, to ap pear, so that H e him self m ay be know n through the theophany 7 .

H ow ever, w hen it comes to existence, the difference between attributes
o f essence and attributes o f act seems to be obliterated, and

this is perhaps

xo8

HERMN LANDOLT

significant.

On

the

level

of

the

A ttribu te,

Existence is o f course an

attribute o f essence, since it is necessary to the Essence and coeternal w ith

it. As such, it is the existence o f the O n e whose existence is necessary (alwjib wujduhu), which Sim nni calls rel existence ( al-wujd al-haqq) .O n

the level o f the A ct, however, it n atu rally is preceded b y an attribute o f act,
to which the

corresponding N am e is

the Existentiator ( a l-m jid ).

N ow , the A ct o f this Existentiator, w hich is the act o f givin g existence

( f i ' l al-jd ), is precisely w hat Sim nni calls A bsolute Existence ( al wujd al-mutlaq). Therefore, absolute existence accord in g to Sim nni is

nt a substantially existing entity at all, since it is the act o f existentiation

itself , the missing link as it were, betw een the Subject o f theophany
and its O bject. O n the level o f the T race, fin a lly, there is neither necessary
nor absolute existence, bt only lim ited existence, that is to say lim ited
b y its ontological status o f causedness and contingency (muqayyad bVl-im kn).
It is clear that in such a view it is im possible to identify absolute
existence with the divine Essence, since it is separated from it b y the a t
tribute o f R el Existence. Sim nni even refuses sim ply to identify the latter with the Essence, because, being an attribute, it is preceded b y the Es
sence like any other attribute, and does nt subsist b y itself. O n

the other

hand, he admits that existence is nt like an y other attribute o f the Essence,

bt rather constitutes a special case, since - and I am quoting - because o f
its singularity and its closeness to the Essence,

the attribute

existence

has no other c nam e than the nam e c the essence , ju st like the attribute
L igh t has only itself as a nam e, fr L ig h t is the fulfillm ent o f theophany
( karnl al-zuhr), and Existence is the principle o f theophany (mabda al-zuhr)^.
O ne of

the

questions raised

S im n n s opposition
as

being

the

abovc

was

to Ibn A ra b i and his

the

problem

school should

expression o f an independent approach

to

o f w hether

be considered
m ysticism

or

as a simple m isunderstanding o f wahdat al-wujd. M ost p robably, I now should

say, both answers are correct in a sense. I do think, as I have already said,

SIMNNI ON WAHDAT AL-W UJOD

Io9

that there was m isunderstanding on the part o f Sim nni, when he seerned
to take wahdat al-w ujd to m ean pure and simple identification o f the divine
Essence w ith p articu lar forms o f its m anifestation. Bt I do nt think that
the difference o f his thought, as we have tried to outline it on the hasis of
his m ain w ork a l-cUrwa li-A h l al-Khalw a, could be sim ply explained aw ay by
calling it m erely a difference o f vocabulary. It is understandable enough that
m an y sufis who w ere followers o f Ibn A ra b i tried to solve the problem
that w a y ; bt it is rather difficu lt to accept fr exam ple the solution proposed b y a contem porary o f Jrni, accordin g to w hom Sim nni had only
confused the two aspects o f the

A bsolu te w hich were distinguished in Ibn

A r a b is school and therefore did nt really oppose Ibn A ra b i

9.

R ath er, I

w ould guess that Sim nni really tried to work out a different approach w hich
was based on the notion o f A c t rather than on that o f Existence, that is
to say on a dynam ic entity rather than on a static one; and it w ould be
m ain ly fr this reason, then, that he could nt fully appreciate Ibn A ra b i
and p articu larly his followers who really brought the
int

notion of Existence

the foreground. A t the same time, this interpretation w ould give

us

a clue fr an understanding o f the links between Sim n n s philosophy and

his psychology; fr it m ay be that it was the same dynam ism w hich m ade
him conceive o f m ystical experience as a process o f becoming that called fr
the notion o f A ct as the central notion in his philosophical system.
It is rather interesting to note - this as a fin al, m arginal rem ark

that

S im n n is philosophy o f the A c t seems to reappcar in the ig th cen tury in

another critique o f wahdat al-wujd , I m ean Shaykh A h m ad -i A hs s critical
com m entary to M u ll Sad rs Kitb al-AIah Hr io . A g ain , A h s is critique seems
to be based essentially on the same notion o f f i / or Act. I do nt know
y e t w hether A h s had read or otherwise known Sim n ns w ork; bt both
seem to represent a com m on trend o f thought w hich is positively incom patible w ith wahdat al-wujd in a strict sense; and b o th , in turn, were criti-

I IO

HERMN LANDOLT

cized by the m ajority fr nt havin g really understood w hat Ibn A ra b i or

M u ll Sadr w anted to say.*

(*) Fr a m ore detailed study o f the same subject, including a G erm n translation
o f the correspondence between K sh n i

and Sim nni,. see : Dr Briefwechsel zwischen Ksh

ni und Simnni ber wahdal al-wujd, to appear in: Dr Islam 56 C W J l ) , i A - 8 1

Footnotes
1) Jrni, jYafakt al-U ns ed. T A W H I D I P U R , T e h ra n 1337 h .sh ., p. 547!.
2) M .M O L E , es Kubrawiya erre Sunmsme et S h isme aux hwtieme et neuvrne siecles de
l'h gve , :n: R e v u e des E tudes Islam iques X X I X , Paris

1961, pp. 61 - 142, esp. p. 81 f.

3") H . C O R B I N , Uintrwrisation du sens enhermneutique soufie nanienne, in Eranos-Jahrb uch X X V I

Z rich 1958, pp. 57-168, esp.p. 144

4) H . C O R B I N , imagination cratrice dans le soufisme d Ibn Arabi. Paris 1958.

5) Fuss al-Hikam ed. A .E . A F I F I
6) Ibid. p . n i . C f. A b d a l-R a z z q

C a im 1345/1946, p . 68.
a l-Q sh n i ( = A b d u rra zz q -i K s h n i) , Sharh

al Fuss al-H ikam , C airo 1321 h .q ., p. 13 1: T o consider som ething as absolute m eans

to lim it it b y absoluteness or to lim it it n eg a tively ( bi-ma n l-shay ma ahu), w hereas the

re ally divine B ein g ( al-haqq)

is idn cal w ith al-Haqiqa itself, i. e. it is absolutely un -

conditioned ( I bi-shart shay), so th at it allnwes o f both lim itation

and non-lim itation.

F r this im p ortan t notion, see below .

7) a l- Urwa li-A h l al-Khalw a , ms. A s cad E flendi 1583, fl. 8b.
8) A l- Urwa ( op. cit.) fl 8a.
9) Jrni, N afaht ( op. cit.) p. 533
10) E xtracts in H .C O R B I N s F rench annotations to his edition o f M u ll S a d r Shirzi, e icre des pnlrations mtaphysiques ( Kitb al-M ash 'ir), B ibliothque Iranienne vol. 10,
Thran-Taris 1964.

Errata

3,17
10,31
15, 8
17,21
19,16
20,31
37
38
42,21
47,16
49,16
50 , 1
51,30
56,30
58,26
59,10
60,20
60,21
60,26
64 , 5
64,18
69 , 4
69,24
80 , 1
82,28

M onteal

M ontreal

A ym en

m en

irnin de vingt-cinq

irnin.

oeuves

oeuvres

herm m eutique

herm neutique

A utrem ont

A utrem ent

GHEZ

GHEZ

HEORY

HENRY

problem

problem s

Says

says

subsitent

subsistent

subjct

subject

origial

original

hesees he

he sees

see except

see any thing except

recurr

recur

Transcedent

Transcendent

essenially

essentially

the lafn u ity

the

consiousness

consciousness

V ed an ta that

V ed an ta, that

On

In

you this

you in this

likewisc

likewise

deviding

dividing

114

Errata
89,25
spherc
91
W AHDAT
94 , 96 ; 98 ff.
HERM N
94 , 5
exprssed
95 ., 7
court-priests
95,28
essentially,
loose
95,32
litterally
96,31
98,15
Sim nni is criticism
100,15
mentioned,
101,14
know
101,22

102 , 9
102,24
105,23
108,26
109,25

sphere

W AHDAT

HERM ANN

expressed

court-priests.

essentially

lose

literally

Sim nns criticism o f

m entioned

known

one

O ne

lord

L ord

ot

invisible

unvisible
he

the

abovc

above

MahHr

M a sh ir

jA* J i

^j.+AA (

J} C ^i

^_J^ ^

a j

C I-.J 0 J 2

^ t^ a II I

(3 ^

^ r u x ^ j c -^ j T ji C ^ S "
((

2.j I j ) ^ . $ t , v * J )) a

4 ii^ S

J wU

jU

v .1 Z )l

^ p

C -^ A j

$ j j (j m!i

-3**

s \\p

*a

(3 ^

w L jL j

^ *Ar<-l^ r^

^ (J ? ^ ./4

a a w J j L \P

j V

I ^ I I ^ j

p - j j- 1 - 3

<J

^ **

I ))

)) c j l r J. J J I a T

a S " j 4 ^

a * Ip

(( I J ^ J s - * - 7 j

jj

l ^ l p

I^

IJ -> C V 2 .-J

( J c ^

i l

jA

4 S s jL > -

l j j- M - * * ) ) C - ^ J

J [ - a - jV

)) ^

L ;

j I j j - ^

C 3 ' '^A-WmJ--------------------------------------------------A j l^C A A *> -----

^ IjI p

i?

w l j I <X^- j j i . S s l l

J ljc ^ lJ b

A ^j j i J

tw ^ ^ W l

, a ^/rv oUUJI - r

r A/ v y J u J I -

(_ ^ J

C * * .a p

t<sjp>~

j Z i~ j \j \ ^ ^ J . p

<X.&.- M j * j

A . m*\l{_ $ a ! { ^ J \ i

. 0 Y / o o^*l*JI j
.

\j

C **J L J l j

'.

j.v^

x ls b

C ^ ^ a -V P

a * - * * j a j^ jc

( _ ^ il A * J l

^0^

<A$

I )) A $ T C ^ > - l ^ J

^ ^ w S * " " ^1 l p

1^1 C 1 ^ A a ^

a w

||f

." j

U J L ^ ^ J p

' (( j . ^ >

J ( J ,l^ .,fc lS ^ J

*-? A ? p C

"

(( ^ ' - ^ ^ - j

^1

44/ ^

( J > ^ \c ^

/^.1a

l J j>~**

"

u ^jl

O^^

j c jlcJ

.
^ j^i

A>- C

jj

j j

^ l> * - * 'A J _ ^ A ?

| ^\.^4i t^ , . ,,w

A.J L * j

^ */y

a j

- '

^ / r v o lil^ J I - r

j I sI

j j

(_AIAjO jjj AJIA*.*

J ^ ^ 4 '*'*lSsjL*<-!>lx?M

j**.A.+.J$ ' )) <X*A*A>-J C<AjXo

(( iA>-1__*
S ]J ^ t 4 ^
^ ^JJ1

AA^S*(J>

fj>-

j*k I^Xo AA.ui^-1^

c- Xj

j j 4S" AA

j 3 j ^

i jJ

j t aa^S"^ j j j i l ^,*1!? VUU/

i 45> ^*3

(( JJ*m&"\m} (_J^)) A*J

^J (( (_?-^a~'-J (3 )) aS" >>|jL*>I O j U

Ol^w k 4"T*^

4 4jLJbl~l(Jp'

O b*>- C-^>jj 4U,* O jjv ^ j > - j

jS^o

0^

V v"HHJ i-)

.AxSsJ 6_/y\POLv^jHj X

4S^l->- jlMj (. AP

^ X )J . wUS^(_? ^ -if
< I

J '^ i *i

<Ja jS~l

.*, ^ #.

| **

*Jl ((

} + **

0^A-2*"

jX \ j [( ^-^..w-j

Zj ^ J J \jr *
0 } *

4_*wWA-^t-A-.L ))

(_^))

u 1/

(( ^t..]2^.J (J )) Ad""CJZ"j>~ j V j jA U^d J tlwO

* (( J-jfcj (J )) -UT J * ^
--*

Ol.'l 1
I 0- b I iSj-^ * ^j--4J (_j-* > (j--4 '~J I
4^11 ^ {*" ))

i^}^~ '~J ^J^ ti^'>~J> 4>- C 4X^1?-j

(Jjl>-

M
C**IC;L\jI O L jIO jX jj^ 4>- C 4X^5

9^^

^ } d
(( <ll jj-jl

j- ij- ^ J

a*

A-3 J
5,J J*/ ,

(^c--4

tij^ -4

^JJ '

^ J*5

j j .5 { j I jA*> ( j 1 J lT Uj

lj_^._X_i_7j I^> 5^." Ij^sL^j )) . ^Ij o$\jj

- Y

J^ j^ j1 4S\1j

. Y A /r ^ l^SJ - ^
. w /w

<_~r*4^>.l ! b

^
IM

((^Axh a.)

, bI lj

li--J

-3

U^> t ( \ ^o v Ab-dJ ) <Sj ^ 6 ^aJ'

(^,5* ^
^CaiU<

. Y v ^(_^ < ( ^ r \

Uj^vajl

jb-Jj jj^si

Aj^^jI

II J

. X ' / \ 4jjI - *\

l (^j4>l
4jj^ij I

I Aj j

1_3>i _J ,jL.?tJI ^tj lj .9 4j

WiJI ^=c o lA j^ J 3J J

C * X Cjj_j^3 f j i ^ l ,^0-j 4.5^^J>Va. jl

UAj Idia.

<>=tJI - r

(JI^J \! )) * 4i CX'-wl

lj

-1J^a~i _ 0
t^J^lbr*
^ij^ftjl

. \ r u * i ( M cr^Jl0 ? ^ l ljO

J&AMJ

J ' 2J 5

tj~ k } j

J^ 4 . V. J J j V 5 ^ - s b j l 5 " ^ . Us> C_mNj ' ( j l j i ( j Z j j j> -

> o 4^ a t - b j i c j j

-l_>*

rjJ U
/ ^

^ -d -5j

JJ j l 5\^l ^ -Uj

jji-?

-IjX^I j l

^ ((

U
Cdv2

45^ l ^ j J,^JJ j k (jl- ^((

c_Jik

J J (

d j j ' ^ j J -5

l ' 7J

j j - ^ j l i l

((

.>JI' -J, jJJl

J jb

...j-> - J L-S" i a.^_^

A

'

(_?j - J
. 4 X*>j

* 1-

.?-i'y)) j U x ^ i

*-

i$ jjj

c jj ' f j i i S j j j

1 ((

* I-

I J>

j ' _ |L*i o jSsi,

-*

(( J^a-^JI

s j> - j

(Jji I L;

0 _aa JllT . i

^dJ--* ( j - 4

)i

A.a_>-1

.4 ^

- jjJ

** j j l >

4, lj^>

. '

^"(.

*- I) 4JI) J 3 y *

4 >Jpla?

J * J J j 1?

*4, j

, V((

- U J I j l'l c Ja kl

fi**

C^-A.-1-j

ct . 1

u_*v2

3 J a Cj >- iJ jj

f *0^ **^ ***

L ^ ..r

IjJ L x J L x J g ^

*AJ j

L^JLi))

j ^(t (3 ^- I

. ^ jU

<i3 ^<p v - ,d.S%JL>s** (Jl-3 )) *4^" J j$ '') l j>

J^i J

Ij j^ .kC-jlA j c w ^*l J L .x A jl l l l p j i

A.+ C-al

!.J

i) ' - *

C -.^ jl

j d - ; i^ j

W l

} JZ ** .
j

c J l ? - ( j ' j - i

\j

\(

j ^l^c.; L*JL )) -It

C -^ d P < - J T j c J j b ^ S * j A l U

s**

j j &\}0

C - U I c

<2 : . j l

4-

J))

(J--4 (J-A )) C W?'>- 4

((

^.^jl (J-W 3 (_JJ . X S ^^4>- P *--J <

->j ' k ^
X^P- JtA> - ^-i>-

jJ-J

O^ 0 ^ & \^ *** ^
^ **
- * ~ ^ - .' >v_5 ^ ! j O - J I U U

j J <_3J--***- A.;'$s. 4 yilv*! j U

> >v (( ( J - k L a

-I j j ^J>[j j J-S^OwUdxj ^ j> "J * I d x I<j J J

Cd i j j l (^vLij 4ltC

j-* t i j U -ij>- ^ j j ^(l (i,-5s.* 3 I

*- <j- ))
j

^Ip l c

. A ^

^ V

a>wAj 0

. i t / v Iy ^ l - t
.Y, * / * L 9 "l
. v n / i fUj^l - a
.

j\ - \ .

^g fr y

* $

U ^ J

"

'

. u r / v ,< J I 1 ^ 1 - r
. -ij I*Aj Ij b(J It 4 ^15 _ 0
,\r/vd l^ V l_ v
. n r / v * i\ j* y \ - ^

(, J- C '1?- j

iJL j

j - L i .3^ L C .^ 1 j

(j&\*2>-\

L9". -*--4.;-^ C i J J )) (C-Xv^U

^U^ajjA

t o ,.>

4>r j
jl v

C *JU j r

f*

JlS sj

4*i C -.-9x.i-ij )) JjU > - ^

i3 j\ s?

dj jSs

>*> J j * b^ ljj

(j I i ] J\: Jjl j j J j c C d * u lj iiljw>!

^Ipj j vwijA ^Ip

j -U CjS\l,4 C j ' , * c

j J j i i C . \ j j j j J l T l j c JnI
C b j i 1j j l ,jJ.b jC > - w

f j ,jd lP

i S j j- 3 4j1** C->a^ll C aIsI^

JU j

d S j ^ <Cj!J.A

C o Cp C asj . V((

Ij^jtsb *o*lO j ^ j j I

4 a iji

>
>
j b C o j ^_p ^ Ij-4 *. -^J 5ji - l ^ i l l j i l ^ ((^

(jjjj

^ ly

J i j C (JkP

Js

i-C

; 1*-A Jl )) ilxl

^j (jijl; L a ii C .* j l j
oMj

JJ

j.* ') -

J jC

W
i'(( ^j-j-'jl i__>-9-1 'y )) jliix**b j ; J. j 4^1 lia^

c ^jl^ c J l j j l ^aLIJI 4*S1j j l j l I jjl j

.5 S^-lJ j-IJL)) 43^ > - l j

J-JJ J

osjZj >-

4$^jI-U,(-^ c

JjL ^ C ^ # 3 o l s x i v 5J i d a ] v-J 1 (CJU- 1<-1^ >j J j ( ^ jrlj.S 'jj j l

(UJ I - t p - ^

d t a ojW"J

*^PV-j 1 j t ^ j ^ l j ^j^9j l) I C x j j \^ -L j l l d iljA > -

jiu j l j i l

Svj

u o l S * U c 4X?j Z C i i !

C o^Ji

(j\~S~^

J_JU 1 4**-l-P ^-9* l^.-

5 )) 4^ dd^4^11-2/4 (( O j
1-a-^.w

j->- (l b-S** ^i_S^ Ij

j j
7

iilj-^lj

j . L o oIS"C l/ (_ljj C j>* (_<a 15C le j C d i

^->tjJLjjjj) C U *j*^ j

>j j
^

4^t, b

. Ij^~>-

(C * -ij J j l i

C ^ jj s (-ilj^ l^ JV -U ^l j C b ^ p j 4C I j U - v.1 C j

J ^ 4^lls> j

jb^P j c ^j9- Jlj> -1 j '

. V / ' V t

- r

. c .j^ ju j e

v f / i

p U i^ i _

>\

v *v/ n

j* U J V I

j j t'

. ^Sj^ri -

. A\/rA o U d l

CJaaZ# j i j

.y
,ii/n
.

v a

v v / i

0 j * * . Jl _ r
J J I - o
j U lV l _

. A A / r A olflvaJI _ ^

j l cta C-.-aL'*

0Ajlj J

2>Js -Lb

I J>-

i S j ^ j -5 -UjJj j l

j I j l C j j J j . , 0.)

j l j jlS'

4>\j Ij l

l J J j jS\J j l i j l i i j
e/J^ J . \(

L o ( jU j {J> J -U,dS^4*jUa^ (Jl j>-\

C JllC

cm.^JLJLJ12 )) ;

(-^50 ^

A.jS",/

T ji j j > j p
O lS"j. 5j O l> - j ^ j O j > L x > -jA jL jI v ? a S " e j ~ I j
c>1

.15 j

c l # j i t * j l lj^ j> - aS"*cIai^I^ j l j

c C ~ . l l C l {j >''}k>-

l-*l c C I a ^ I c oIj*l

. - u ^ ^ j A > > j U p jiU T<_lc o

J c U I aSCu

4-frb j
i j - > *

C^ -'J

4; la j

lj

2 jS^'i

(JL5 I

aJj5s>- Mj ^ 1.5 (j> j

^jS"

ji

ij!^?" C j > -

j->~ I Ij a" ^jj j l

j a I I ? j l j c O j 5vlXu.^A>*jl C-^Jj**

,J* Cjj*> j l j

^Cj^j

w
ji-*o Lal

^aI^.j I (_^J (1 -Jn-] C T J )) (-^xij

O j-^ J C

l^- J>- AxIj ( C ~ S " jWi-4

"iCaj j>

' %

c U C 1

I 44^2..)

C ~ J I j -a -*

I 4$^ ^_/

O l JiJ^Ssji S
J<W?=^

l j ^rlf-tjL'*

' S

j / 1_/

u jU ) ; 4c.^jJI

jlj
^lp 4> i

A$"""C~,> I j l (j-*'^J.

((

L^JJ^

j j / l j <CIj_a._.*JI
<~ JI

(* j ^ A-i ( J ^

J U j ^.^/4 ^pjS "Ij

4>-

aI-j JJ jS "Ij

(d^J x>.j V U'^.i dSjfliJs 4 , . . U ^ Ij

4^Js>4 u JU) i j j U i A '

Vo/l

Oj Ui lj pJU k A 'f - o

AL _ ^

'i o f ^

4sl J y s IJ 4 j
- \

I ASj^JU j I

I Ia I jjj^ j^ jlj- *

jb jf^ jlk p

C C j* ^ -jl

^ p J^> I 4>- iilj^ l j ^

(j I J I( j^ { cSj^

(_J*I'^'

r^r < ( ^

jljl

'^*:>
. j:: - i

3I
O l AJ <1/1 -L U L Jj

JI

>X *A?CnJ

j c J la o d - \ j J i

. JJJ5 ^O j>-li^

^ O J L lij i S j ^

l J j U * l Cj^/Js

O U I ( jjji J ( OlXa^j

) 4 -VJjb ( j l j j l j AjJ.*j

^LLC

I (_J) A^ Ojllr I j \J

^ A i j j oJLJta^S<j\j jL I p I I j j U d j l ja I I s a - l o

jl

lJa.4

A>- If

& ^S&

oUL'l c 4X^j*j j l j l ^j\p Lj

(jl^j jf iij i j . i j X S 'j aS^U-jA c

A ) ji f

Ijl,jl

I(->U?I 4^ .XJta j c JjJo.AJl jlj jlo I U'j^j ^jl-^d ^

<J-*I

4>- 0 I L$^{J

c jljjl (J^

<j*,l**lj ^ j *X)\o j j > - <Ji j> -

O j l / ' I (j JK**+a IjoSvi^A Aj j 5\>- (jl^cj^^.p -1j A j ( j l i a ^ ^

^ 0*-\*jIj

I^J

c ^^*-*oIj^

^ O^lf

63j j > -

1*9 ^ u

C j jil^^Jl* C^jjAj l ^ .j j ^ \ j j*< J> j l

j (_jsj j j j P j

1^

aS""O I

<_f4 j C -^ .f j (j^ lJ^

y J k O j l ^ j I _/liol C-s/s

IJ(ju^ >'

C AajI^^^

4*JdS" jf*~L&

^ J ^ 'T

^Ufl jl<_j)aj O x S U jj coX jjlijS*

*
\ 0 - \ )l lJ

>
Ij j

^A

l^ / l* d j l O

|j,j *yi ^-jL^.^-1

\ I ', ' i * "
lj (jjP j

" *' i 1 " J

(j\-,J_J

J O ij

I^ c Aa/wS""

3J

*Aa1^m^

cJ^

I J jl^ jjl j l ^ o j oJii I

J 4 Aa^m*J (J^ il^X l))*<_jil; j C A))lj *^\^.A*I i)\ j

.

(jy^xj

lJ

C - 5j j ^ j CO J< -^J^ld

&jaaa}^ c

U r'^ j c ~Lw is jl ^ l j ; j ; a : j ^ j
I C^l^^

&

j^VlC^Xlpj C ^li <L*X) j

u H >*(1) I j l j *Aj j j l j AXslj (JwUS^jl> - ^il ^-*^A"jAjl

(_i-ta

a U U -*j

ji jjj i

O j.- * ^

-\d>- c S j j j w\Jl**(j ^IjC lj O j l / ' (j 1 (_^j A j ^1

^^Lv m^"

jl^ " l

'J J.A-Js)
".'V'iiII\j.A-J
~'<r

AjjS^jl j A j C AXj j l j ^Jp

(Jfijl ^pj

j b 'j

xiji iSy? 3

lotA^vld j |
cJj^

IJ I
j ^

c3jl

(jlJdjl

Q5 j )
\

ilj

0 ^
J - 2 )) ^ >z.^n l Jl# C J.*j J . <U)l(Jj^J ^Jp 0j l ^ J l j ci d^.J-1

is r f

Y(t ,lj..c _ *-J j Ij -s^ haJ Ij ^JL^)) : pJL-j aJ p l ^ . d l j J l l j

c C - j C ?0 ^Ip(.1j l d j C-Ajjj j j j J z>*

i. T

J-9 )) (_ ld t

(( 4S>
^

V'*

j-^ c d # j l ^ k C j y

'
* '.i"*

))

^1 j.l ^k j l ' vo jv.Skc*- LS" C - d )) *aJ15\aj

C j^ J

4 O b j> -J /* *4
V* " t"* 0 " "t

((

4 C lk
y

4 _,Sko

jl J

Q.fiX?-

C C > lj j l aS"
j l ^jl* *

j J C~A>- j^jfi) o C l j

; C.,*yl4.Jj * y $ I j C p j / I Aj^Ijj
,

4 C(_^kj

jS ' C l j J j l

4 (C ^ jS s j ^1j P j, 4* aS"^ j.

. C-*.C>- (jvj jA

4 C-C^UsI

i.

/A-1

A -d S C-?jJ lj
l>-

j k j 4_^>-d I ^ jlp . A J S " j *m Y(i l j j . . l . ^

I x d C -A jjj j

jl>-

)) j!C>-Ij

aS-"4 a_>* *C I 4__j j^-P

l j l . o

^UxSlj

^j4?l?xil

jl I

(( j*._50 .__a J..Z..J 1.3 I L.J I

iM

I aS^a J y^ v.

vi

C j js j

' ((

C > -d

_
^1 J . P

4 j S \)5
w

&. m l d

4C !a ' z S jkx.,* C^-akt *>*..>-CsIj a"Cj* I (_Ujjjlk

4Cl oi l xi l
*

. \

j l ^ b j . s O j ^ i k j b A j j 4 C k ^ r '^ S C ^ ^ A k jC .j jC jC * A .ik ji I j C C l d
}

'

J.*J> I *._ ^J.J ^bl*J j l i d d-j^N-Jjl )) '. A$^ a^l^." d j l jA>- *0^<b j i
*

AJj5s>- lj C ~ l(J ld d

JL ^*lj ^Jll J jL -4 j

d > -l

. r/r 4jJI <y */r ^ o j:5CaCI i ^/yv J d \

(

^l5C^Aib

j-iljj^i^j-A^iC^bl j I J4j { y \ (jo Y^_

. v y/ \ o

jJ ( j ld

0*A;l#

^Uijl _ \
_y

- r

. M /^a ci^sClI - o

. *vv

. r \ / r ok^p JT-

, \V^/v o ljp jl - \


j j l

(_ila*jJ \' (jf ' <X)jA (1/ lr-^a**AAi^jl d/rJl^^

l A O j S A j

A$"*AjI l_/ 0 . * > - j ^ j ^

A - ^ J j ^ - <*1 *.<a<I A j J ^ $ " a 1**A *v < J 2 SI j l

i^ j -4 ,j o j ^ J | j J ^ - ! A / s ^ j I C - * * I < J 1 a a a O j . } j l j l

(^ Ia A ^ Ij

T ^ J ^ r C ^ I a ] 1 * ) j

; a ]j* ] I< J

^ ia jlj

S jL > J Ij a]

( j j j - 4 A

l j f ^ .\J I( - l* ^ .? w

o l L > - * a p

? &

^ * 3

* a !^

^ J ^ l

c *A,jdwV a j L

u L a

I j A j s x ^ j (J |

t* Y *\ *A>s_*^ W / t J V *j l - C ^1j
I j o I j i j l? ) - * A ? t ^ v j a * x J I

(_ ^ 1 5 I

O o li^ jJ T

4^

iJ

U W

aj

Ij

A>sJL*p j

- \ * l d j < J * l^ j J

C < 1 /0 .1 1 (3 j

^J-A J

c j l

jJ ^ * a J U j

' j j l

* Y Y - \ * Y <3 O U i ^ AYY L' A W

A ;l? * n ;l> - l j f

z*>z.*^2.j ^ I o O j L A 3

j j i

jL * * o

A ? i J

j c - L ^ L 'd / l^ b ^ l 3 l l a ] l j l

a jjlJ b - c ^

_ / u J l (_ ^ j>

Js

S '* , A x i l < j \ P A j

<j* Ij* I A^ \ \ A A r - j j * (_>jjl> - _/iS"^ A P j^ -

U - ( ^ I f jl

c ^ l* S ^ 0 _/ ^ 9 1 I^ o Ia a a J _j ^ ^

a S " " ( * \ | *\

t S j$ \ > ^ j l j I

(_ 1a ] 1 * V j j

( ; t l

^ Io jS ^ a H ^ j

i l j

< j\9 jl* J l( ^ . la

ju

JJ - i c j j j l

9 ^ U a T ^
^

4P

J U ? U AJ

Cja^ I c i l j l i J a,d< j f

l j f

C ^ lf j l t f j

\p- j X d J b

.o . ^ ( j - t a

Ij

o J . S C t o l .9

J . i l .5 j l j

Aa 0 A * < 1 / I

A$"

J a ) (1) I ( S j j

l A < v 2 *9 j l

C - > L jI

j I I J J & * a ] Ia V J Ij

lJli? j

AJ

jb J
jLSJ J a j l

Ua

1j

* *

j I\A A-ij*-

x r_ ,S " ^ j * j p ^

cS j j .

J ^ j' v A

VA

6- v

J a ib j j
jU * 6 ^ i

j\

j i r , r

aj

Ij j I d ^ - ^ j j l ^ c - d *

j i

a 5 \' i \ j

j l j

^ > -1 ^

<

(Jp j j

jb

jl> -A-j?- j

<Ji+) j b j $

\c ^ j j

j l

j l

j
jb

jb

'j

cS j

J p jH

j j

t r i

jl

l j j b j - 4 J J I j - x (1)1 cy M j \

j b * j l ^ u . * j X . * p

( jU ^ jllj^ U ;

j l ^ l y > - o Wz L ^ A j ^ j b

jS v O

( J jjU 5d )

l J j ^ ' ^ '

J ^

Ss^(_^ j I ^ - ^ c jl^ 3 i j b

< j**J 3.

jk A jl

jj^ .^ ,4

(Jdx-*,)

Ijjl

j * A . b j*-Ij2-s^

jb

jl^ - 4

J jlv o lj

jlS C * j l j

(J

j l iJb

^ .1 ^ 1

iili

A^^dd*J (J* d j 0 b * (

rtp d

J ., l

J*

( jb

J I

j> - I

fc

jl

J ^ j J jd v

^ol

j l

>*.A a

jl> - J

A j

*
0 _ *J

j j

j l

H j

j l j j

ljj J

>
j l j d v 4!

J-4 j l

jU j jl

j l

jb j

j j ^ " J l jA

k '*b)

lj

ld

y>" ^
aj* ( j I b ^ j j

j l^ c p ^

(_j ' & i

^ jp

jlj* ^

C*uj
IJ ^ J

jlO jA

j l

^
J

j j j

4j.

; l j

J*

ab

a^>- ^ j- ^

j * ) ^ i ^ { A jl i j ^ t 2^> <jJ

l- ^ j- J *

_Ja ab

^ j~ i

w\Jl_X ^ I

^inwH

Ij j

(J

_ /J m

^ o lj.x j

Aj

-b j5 "

l /

^rbc

^>-

j b

j j> ( j

^p~ j 5

* a ] I ^J^*3

jlS s ! 'bfV ^Jp ( j " - ^ ( jj < ^ j

t 4

I _J

ijV s j j > -

l j j

d~U vO J

^ ^ y -^ j

J a j i j l Q - -4'*'

j b _j ^alAAj ^iA]I J.^jL S ^ jl

I ^'"*^J

<- ^ j ? "' 3 ^

<-<S'j*s*\{'jjj ^ y *3

^ y**3 <-j - ^

a jt a

dJv> J ^ a ^ l
.

Aj dJsj db,j

i a ! ^ w\J ^ -

j l ^9

C -^ Io a jj

(_^1^~*j '

d-x*

d &
j l S ^b

o jb ja

a 1~J,*j

a; p a

^ ^ ">J :. ^ ^ 3 3

I^ ^ J ( j O j i l y ^ l

<-J

(-J^d^'4 * ** j A 3

4ja j j j f j a b j
I

j l S j j j

^p-4*

a5\j

^TJ J ^ b '

A9j>- 4 j J ^ ' b * ^p-*- 4d

I _}^q-^x) >Aj

j I

( * J j i r M ('t~^-?-

J _ j

jlJ L * < j J ^ * '

JLp

J j- \

(J ljp

\ yyj

) J ^ j d -?'

j A ^ i a J jj I ^ p c J j f j - - r \ : r tU^VlAXjjp. - r ^ v U , ^ V l o i w u - ^

^ L: ^**
U C iila

\ r

V L ~

( t e

A 0

U y p b l

V^O

S jL ^

t\r

IJ

tjjj

1J (_9^^ J^-l

dS\^\p-

(J?:X-\ J j C ^jdLjjj'^lj ^LL-XjI C J jU j

y>^j

i_jLS"*

O j j.j a> l . ^

i^ ^ jU c ^jpt-ijj^-v^ s
.

0 j ^jA

<\pjJ^JL^J4 -l>-l Xac* ^^xlsL/lj. Lj\z-

c -LjlllL* <)lj^_jl ^ - i j j .
lj>-1 j ^J j j l J j l

Jj .

jP-L/l Apxjv?

d ^ ll*L

L**x L*wJ

i Lj

O-Sc p C j Ij i J p l j

LIp L/Ij . ^J,

JV - I Ij-A

(j ^*:! *^-^

4-**?-j

1-^-jL

j j ^v^j 01

j a \^>\a

>LSJ j* 4^l*J Ij 4^ JS^IL^UpVj 4^LjI sl^j>-(0u*.L1I_j

JaA^xjjl^j*(J

jV ^ I v ^ J C4pt>lj JJjIj

4,0

Z**a L*aX^Jp

I^Ij^w Ijjj" ju $ 3 l J>-Vl ^UVlj^-Wai UjLL*v A.pv^j C.Ij

4^ L *J

51

j i r o u . ^^ a ^ j ji.ii-i'y j o i ^ - V j

J l l l ^. tAfclVj

4_^3

if,5\J lj

^3 J^ (j-

d-^di 4IX^TOT(_->L$^>c*Ju Cj(J .ASj

^t>L*JU ( -Ujj Ja_j . _/>Id lj ^ v 2.5d b

^*J . Lj

a J L c o aJLU c ^>td.l U J I j j j i

ijs ^ j (j\li*iii>j jIi ..wd-ioi i;ij $ j >-\j . c L ^ L s A j i S j

. rdA*^d 4,11j wlv^-

l*-Lvi ^Jp

(A)
j m\
&

( VVA - n V )

<uL

<j^ ' - ^ ' a .

6j?tJj

L r ^ ' ^ O r *** i r

*L^ 0^_/-* ill>-4j ^ 1 j A*a I lvJj^i (_U>jlv2>*ji (^NJJ-i

(jLc^ 4 ]jUjL^lp

l^ J u i

^ 4

a 5^

(roo

t )

fl ^A

jv>. J ^ l

j U j ; c ja .3M j i

4^u

_ )
^ jj! - Y

. ^L5 ~J "^ 0 >*!oAa! ^L o ^j I ( VV t L)"3)

* ,

A ^ a .

1V

edd>ldl< <!*ji.a>-{j 1 j ^ t a ^ d l p l . a_Ja(_ dLv*j>- Iji )\ ? \ j AjIaJ L o J j a d ^ M

d J ^ a ^ 'A ; lS lS * lj .Aj j S s j C

'^-

Ij^ W ^ I* a L ? - . A d l j ^ j i

J ^J> 05jA j i

Ad-<

jljl. A * j I j W

y j.ij.A j

C/ "A JIA i J

L - J

! AAA.} ^^>lpl I j j l

A j I j l J I^ c 3 I j j I
^ b *l 4 > " l J>-

j \ . Aj I.C (* $ 3 3 a jjj IJ Aj l
i b.J J <\tMj (j^ A j

<Aj*Jj b

jp

d l ~$j j a j j ^

A j l <J

j l

d l-X ^ -J

* A j U ^ b e~X.4 0 5 \++Mj5 4_IaXj

^\J&

J b ^ l j l jm \-

j 5 J ddJl>- t ^ l j p f-ldil j 5

J^ Ld^ ^ L i j i dL-^>-Aj b s S " j \ jaj>-I 5j j j SaZa A j l d I j b l j l J j p d J v L > - i S j j '

1^.aIaj l>-j IS ^ jaj -AdS^^ld) I j j I aS^aIj i Aj I o^hj^ Jli. J l * j )l-l<J .

Jji* ) Jp~ ddO j J.dS^p J ^ d lja Ija - ^ J 4 A d j^ J

O A^U^d/^ J b ^ lja
c A jU

i ?

c a jt a lib x

A j I j p

j l j

4 A j

Ja

Aj j

"

A jlj

^ .^
U

^Ij ( j j j j j J I ddl^l^J
a

dd^>-jl I jjI

A j l y .$ ^ J \ y

a S ^ ^ S*"l j l

(j . ) ' ) 1 \ j ( j ^
.

J l * J AJjUldtjl

(V)
^

dl A^J-I , ^k^^)l dr**0 ^ 4l^.*o

.^lax/sI d/J I o a L p ^Jp

j ^ J J J l d b - j d . ^ ^ 4-4

aJ j

( _

5?^b d J J

c .^ > -V l (Jj-p ddJJ.j'sA<Jj 4 -Ua^/l c d j ^ didbdl a c

Lxj c-livaJi w . ? - l j - 4^
J p ^ p j c d S
ijIjlll J p

Aj

J ^ W a

d 5 ^ljb>l

( j . : ^ J a l^d d ik lj

c Idxdli -U^'yijj

d d v iS jj

dlA j p l j c <-d-l

Jl J ~ j

l c A*j L*l

<~ ^ j j

J ^ ci J t

y y > C J j .

d - ^ t-d ^ ' d l l p j J

< t & ^ j (J d l d l j l \}i . AjiUvaJl

: Ij ^

Aan^JI

d A A d i l j ( ^ J - d d ^ l d ! ^Jp dlAkAPj

U " * 1^

-2 j l

^1

jj> -

c j jS * * ( J

}jj

- ^ L

a a O jj 4 ** I j

ljj^ L w *

^a **p

(J j > - 4 5 ^ c 3 U jI

( J l- 4 .

(1) 1

(J ^

l ^ w^l .

^Ji 4

J^>

( ^ iA ^ L J

Ij

1^

j I

( _ lj> - ^ - U j

4j

LS*^l

JU T"

4 ^ j> -

fi

J^C / ^ ^

< _ jl jx l* * 1 < l > - ( j l * J

. > - jI

lj

4LAj

j l

^ 1

^ l^ - l

^ } ^ St

. iI . , * .^ . i i l

j> j

. ij

I ;_

$ > \* zS '

l>- w 4a1p 4 I0 Ij i ^ 2 c _^.1*aj

4$^l)jJ l_ / ^A 4S^J>1) . JaMj (_ lj^ lS"Jl> (Jl (_^b 4j (JU C -* * 0 <&"

ljU-JUj

^Jli_<av,L/* j

j .j

jUiol 4S" ^

j T I j . ^J - ^ ^ j * " (-^L? J3jr*

4aa*J * 4 j 1 ( j

4 5 ^ /a J 1 ( J , U j j

1 * ^

c_j

4jI>aa^ ^ j * -

. l) ( J L l;lji

J ijjl^ iib

J -v ^ 3

4j a ^ I

^J>- . jJ.A JU j^
I j^ a a S ^ a S ^ X 'I ;

il j

jl? - l

jilp

(_j.A*Aj> (j-1

^ J

j l

li^ l^

I j^ lS

Ll

C -w ^ W a

C~S*J>- C^SJ

1 U ^ Ia v ^

- j'J jj

^ U ; u S ^ ^ ^ o C -O b l*,*^

Ia V ( j l ^ -

I IaJ (j>w\Jl_<p x SlA^xjl^jl

4j j l ^l*-5j Owl^juj! ^jISsa*

j.^>-j! 4j" 4

{ j 1 4 v ? 1>-

jjjl? ^

( ju a A ^ l ^ - jji.J ij

l J - 5 45^"^ j

\& j I _/_? (J,l?~

j L S s a *< _ a ^ ? -

IJ XiL d

1j ^ > j 1 1 2 a a l i j v 2j o U 1j

iS jJ

^.>-jl v-U'I

JJs5sJ ^jv2.>- (jl L^lj* j l I

^Snj (jlJtjl

( j jUj C J Z*
IJ>^ CL++*I j ^ l ^ l

(Jlj-r (J1 l j

iS ^ ^ J 0 * 3 J ^ ^

Ij ^j> 4*^l>- j l 4 ; jS dl^jl>- 1 ii j

(_ ^ a v

$ _ /'- '

0 ^ ^ 4 j

(y 1

. JJjJ < ^/U-4 I a J^o jrw>- J li^ l 4j s>U^1 4^" j j l; l^>- . ^ jaj I a J^>-

lJt.jl

i S ^ j j j c l j l j l j (j vjU aS^.**'!

( ju > - jU ^ U j

Jj j I 4^ j l i Lo J j 4 j JJ-Iaj j>-

^~<<L~aS>-j ( j i

J jli

. -b *

(_ ^

^ 1 4S^A-l_k* (1/ J (J,U"j 4JUt^^>

4; 4 -U I ^ij^> s >l^51 j U l 0^ .> *jl >4 2 ^ * jIj 4 j

cJ

J j^ ijl

aW s

l U l ^ ' j l

4 ^ ~ J l;li

(JIjuIj L*1
(J A * j

Ap~ ^ I a a . 5 * 4 ^ l ^ Ai l j J a X j

( _ j I

J ^ ji

r
jN l 4J k L

^ ~ . ll

J U j

Ij^ J jU

J S " . I j S 'J j l

jJ J ^ > - 1

Ij a j

<( cJ~' A 6 r ^ A^A ' <uupUj 4* -y

4 C - ^ I J U - X J j-j J i 4 o lp jj- < jk l
4 ^ j j l X > x ~ J M

j f $j/- jA lp

^ M J jJ l ^ 1

Ij ] 15 4

^ U l ^ J j i J I ^ J J l ( _ jl / ^ Jp >1J

j; I

J.^^2.]I X p ^ / X*M J$\> j > I j

X * ^ - U c ^ y - jj* X?M ^
4 0J

J^>\

L l 4

(^ jl ^ jP Aid-*-**J J I L.J

^ I ] I( ^ 1

J J * j IXP y ^ 2J j j I J ( _ P jV I

{ j jL i-l-L p

X * ^ ^ ^ L a IIjjI L U ^ ^ - Ij^ - l

Jf

(J

X^*^* ( J P

I ^ U V l L j b - I ))

X.^ n 1I> IX*P ^ c l f l l l j j l J b U l j I

J^ I

( jL

j)

d X * P l-J 4 L J

^jb> - ^ j l b - j c lb- ^ b - l IjIjt \ j ^ j l ! J>5 I ;

<u1p

j j I Ll

J^"y

jI^ j

<il

(J*

J1 5 J1 5
(t ^

4 ^ jb
<
j >ja I j

4$i X-^bj ; *- <J^>* X

^ iIJ IjjI L x 5^ 4 (_j*~JI ^ J l tjjl

L~vjJ

_/ (Jl^**<l

^>- J Ix * p j~ *?~ \j3) V>js>-\))

j l 4><{j j * j> \ U l 4 4 0 ^ 1 i S ^ j j j y J I j j - ^ j l w L p j ' X- w U ^ j j 1 LM & ^ b X y k

J**j'*'I lo

4 (_j

, ((

aI J ^

N lk j J i

ib - j l

jlj^I -';**'J J.^

J Aj b J ^ P

U?

(. (J^- c/ Xs (J*dJJJ U I , (_j\>Jl

J

O ^ L j C - .A J J J J

Ap

Cj j ^ -

j l

<1~*.a \

* b j! j: >

jb

ja J i

.
C J j A j^ ~ J 4^k*' I J*-+A ib *A l_ /
( a U ^ -j

r
4
U ^

j * t S \ (j ~ J - \

l;' c J J x * ^ <>.
r'

L U - il^ j

<Sj* ~ J l

j5 " l ^

ja

(( .

a I^ J v

U jj

X iL

I ^4pl^Sl_^

a 'x .' C / J r 1 ^

Ij j I

? a )I J j * - j O J . ^ J l 5 c

4-aU-I

-LJIji

j p J - l j j l - ~ l L jb - 1 x S J

4>.

J 4 J jv a ^ L j 4 (jb lJ I

jL e

Jb -

^
jr

X*- ^

Xl?- L

' j J.'
4 a i *

^ W * ( j p ^ ^ (j p

ja \ j j$ ^ I X jj yu ljl jX>Lj 4jU ^Ij

J Ia L a I

tj > -

J j A

A jj:

< > 1 ^ 1

A)

U I

A jIa < _

- lj j

j j

j > - 4 S " < w U j I

^ j l

j ~ i J ^ \

c J -5

lAi^j-l . ^A-*Lj ^jA j

Ajj ^ v * -

A a 1; ( j A . P A j > - d b

A ? - j A a * J jJ

A A < Ij I j ^ ^ a *

A A j I ^ ] j A

*a I z ^ \ j

d l*

j> -

A>-

. A j* 15

^ j ^ O 1^^^A-

Jb I ; A j I a l a; a O

^ A -5 ( J ^ A

:*~ l S ~ A A j Al A j ? -

I A S ^ C -^ ~ * > I^ J a ^ ( j '

j A li ( S j

(J 1 1

c a IA * j

( J > U jJ

\*2-A) I j A j > - d \^~ A ^ > - J I

jIjm dl 4JA.J alj jl (jU.* (j1 tl^-l

j j ^

4 j J jJ

jj >

^4 ?r j l

^ ja

1 lAl>- d>^*J aJlA.*.^- d l j j . Aj I

( jj> - J li^ U j

( J j * ~ 1'*

i S j j

J\~A

Aj Li Ij I l* (j^ jP -Aj

lid

^1 j - l

a Z 'O j J l j l J

a J l> - d l* j A jI a ^

jS 'I j

j l

4 jA jI

( J l- v ^ l

**

^A

A J I^ a J 1

c A j

, a^a

( J , I j J j 4 jl> t A A ^

Jilp

{j

j 1IT Aj.i

- * lj

. A jjIa Ij

lj? j- d

l j j

C a ^ p j- jI

c A a S \; o l- j l

o I jI a ^ a j'

**

A > lA J

jl^ - l

J jl> *

(_J**.Za j \ 4 $^A1*Ij
I

l a Ia -3 j a A

l I j l

^ ia L lj

'\- ? \ l j y ^

* I4 X a I

I j ^ P j (J > 1 ? ~

>-1

**

"J

4S"

A aO

A li l ^ - ^ l ^

c A<Ij aA^j jIp jllal^ Ij4lli

cAja* aAll**

AjaJ lAj\>-

J U

I a j

a ^*- ^

J \* U a J

4 a ^ ? I^

U l

^ S j

C - N * l4 lJ s

<Ljp~

C-Jj

I?-j . A<5<LJ
j l

^ ^%j 1 ^ \ a *

C . j'y jjA

4 $ ^ A jIj

S ^ A ^ ^ j j A - > t > l ^ U ^ tj ' I

^ ^

J l! U

lji

I jA 4S^AjIa* Uj^- ^ J Aj 4j C (_^Uj j U l^jl C &**.>

4 fcA/4 1 1*AaJ

(_ ^ Ij 4 j

i -U 5 \j <a j ^ > ~ I S j J

I j ^ a , S ^ 4 S - A A A I j < _ jo A * v J , l l > - t j ' " ^ i

1j A j I 2 a ^ ' O l y v A J

\j >- .

J U

y j ( J p j j 4 j I j A ^ S O

iJ

A jA a jU jt_ ^

(_Aa-* LA (w^

l - ^ j l 4 5 "*

J^>\>- C j jl)>-lj

^ l^ - 5 1 ^

A A j L ^ jI jA

A a M j ( _ lA ? A l ^ J U j

4 j A a / I

AjS^AJljj (JAa^Ij Oj >-j 4X&ljA

I j^

o -Ia ^ .S ^

\j [ ^ >

d J jlO

(Jl^l 4j iwjU^I 4$""AjIj

( j U j ( ^ l - A > - ( _ lJ

a lij 1>-

^ j> - j

4 $ ^ C * ^ I J .- S -2 l > - c 4 j p

Ia A^j

4 $ ^ A jIj

A j - S > ^ j > - L - * l j d > j ' ^ J

Ij A j> -

I jjj^ - U

4 jU w i

(^Jfw\

'

. A

Ia|42jJ 1

l iJj

a*j

4>-

Ia-

4 ^ I j^

Ij A

L .I

{j I

^4^

j'y>

4*Aj V

I 4 J if b

^ L , ll

jjU ,

Ij^ b U

J S ~ . 1j * S

"j

( jl ^

Ij a j

J ,l

N j 4 I j tS j l J

. J ^ ' r I 4A1 AAP^Uj +#jb 4- o i b j 4**jjjj

4 A ^ .^ l(J ^ b *-^J-'^

(. ^*Jjl A " J

^1

*A>n~Al ^Ul ^ ^ il ^v^ll (jjl ( j ^Jp <

jl_ /y

^.wlJ! ^jl y

j A Ip j j ! Ij! A ~ ^ j^ i! ^ l l l y l y

I jjli 4 =>-j j* jI y^waJ l_ Lpy jl^I

jl^- bj c

j-.^ y *Xs*-l y

i j ^Ij

IjJf&~\ ))

y^slll-Lp ^ la iljjl JLi-ll>l

y b j J 1 j.^- y j J*1 !wLp^-^j j j I j y i j V l

^j^b*)!jjI Ll 4

c o^ ^a f_41^j ^p a,^*jjj I bj j

^ A 5**-? 4

1 ^UVl

1 .x^.^- y jL ^ - Ix p j,..^jj1 Ul

X^.^* ^jp 01^1*^ (j* oX.p bj c *j^S""jj Illj . t

k^J y * A J ^ ' :

<u1p l^J^ j! J

^y

JU

. a r LJ
4 i j l i y b i O j-j O jjv ? aS^CX^Ij?- Jt)b>- O j^ b -4y Jl^J*l A ^ J

y ^ J ^ ]ijj! i;y>-i
jl A -y A A

4 l$ j

*+Ji ^.~iJi l>! y ^>-yJixp y ~ J -ijj.i b jo ^ i))

Lil 44_-oVl c*J JJ U

1 y * A A P . -^i ^ y y l ki 4 y l s

y J ^ y l bj 4\ y jlj X^* m j >\ bj 4

((jt^lj^J^vJtj lJ y ajI^^^p <*311 ?
jV lia j

cJ^

-I > - J l

^ b j

j i l ^ ill y <Jp y ^1
j aJp a d IJ ^ y J l

( J b - A jjjj O

* p - J l

C ^ jm U

A 4lJUJ1

k)l (j*sJ^t-/c' *^yk' kj ^A ! y I

- b jlji

j ' 4 J

, jb c

4J

j A

l;' 4 j * s ~ * u

4 ^H>* '

4>

&>
fr b jlj^

x ^ b

J 4 l * * * l ili.il j j j ' > i j S lJ

4 4 J |^ j 4 (^yJl^y-lIjj I IjI 4lA^j 4

U. s A y ^

t X J ljA U ?

4J J ^ k j 4 ^ J l ^ ^ 'y '

I ^-^J-Ijj I ^ l l b'jy^l -i ))
4 u*r^'

J r 1 ^ ' y . ' ki

. ^ l>- ki 4 l ^

2j I j a j s ' \ ^ j^ p ajij*^ j! J j^ - jo o ^ ju 4s^y y j A * ^ ^ w<jp S ^ ^ b j

{(.

U j j a ^ J .'< j -jU l^-l j-*l U j j T ' jj j^yjl jx ib L ajU^Ij

*Jjr}

c b b o i j j ^ - i t ^ j k ^ .^ s l^ - ^ b l ( _ a L - j

^ j*

lA k S o b <y \ ( J U ; iI-A*j -Aj*1-Aj* i } \ j $ - j

-Abb j b j j

> - j C~i j> -

C b * j^ p j b i jI S n j

4$"b b i b
b 'A * j l

!J L b j i O ljl

^ * X P ^ j i_.J^i 4 j A j b

>-

. j I ^ 1 ^

0 U

>

j2 > J l j ^ - I b

b .b fib - ij

b b 4 l ~ 0 O bU l tJ^>-

(J>kjJ 4jb>x.>
{j

* J l k O I a I J o I j

V b " j l - A j b 0 1

Obb-Aj

^ J jl)

-A jIO j

->

I jjl

j i

0 ^ k "" b ^

b - ib

^ ^ L o I m j J j- 1 * 7

b^A k^U j

(? )

A*A>y ^

lJ $

( J jA b

b^

b o

I k i

-A> j^ j X I j ^ ^ l a J * - A * J ^ b > > -

-A jL j b j ^

i -AJ l

j X k a j

{j

X *A) b

j l

j$ \

4 S -b b S \ j

O lk k * ^ -A ^ i

^Sl

, b

( S jj

^ J lp

^ l-A j^ .

^p J ^ l b.
J^-aJaI j l
lj- * j! I J lj

b .* j

bjIpja 5^
-A j< lj b b j

j5

b ^ lo ijj b

-A>-l^!l -A*p j jS^ll-A^P -Aj^ll^jl ^ k N l l

t -AaI jll ^J-bll ^ a I j 1

-b^- ^-XP^j1 U1 C

4$ ^ b j

J^ A > - b > p ^ L

( LIa/?"^ c ( ba?]l

y - .- a *

o 1^ - u k . * c -A -v j ^ ^ l ^ , p l ^ ) b p j I p ^-/ j

-AJ \ y b b S ^ j l

b ^ I o a 1 - A jji

b J

b - ^ k ji) J t (_^jbLo ljjl -AJ>Ij^ v j

^ J a I > -^ J > Ij\ p l

(_g<*y k

15

b lj
b

b fi-A * b b ^

b J 5 j ^ k o l j j l b x p ! > k j b J j U ^ j ^ j> - d ! ) b > ~ O j b

b ^ o li

<"">-A

^ l^ k k p

. - A J [ m * ji b

l-'J-lL^J b a ^ b *

l ^ j ( ^ k l l * -O b * l^ Jp

I - A J b jS 1

_?
-A**-*/5 b

b ? J A^

k * l . -A iv b L ^ b \ j j i l > - b

4 j (_ _ A ^ *b b ^

O k ^ * 4 k * - l j 4 j -Ap j

Ol_/

l, A ^ * b

J j a

j lo b jISnj ^ A j C b - j ^ k j lA^

b b j

. b * b A * ,- u j

(_jl-A;l.?

^ jljjj . b b

j i 0j> - j c b <-A* I IwL j (bakii- (? ) ObUxX* b-^.?-jl J-Aj j l

b

1 j S !

-b ^ -

-A-.^ ^ jJa^ tll bl

LiJIV -A.1

4a1p b j j

-Aa*a^j1 bl^gpljJxll Jj?l j ^Jp ^v^lill^Jjlljl

b U j y > b . *b j^b-j ^
: J lic ^ j
^ l . t j k J l

b lj

^-^l kJ c (_^-/j\H 3 j j * - b

c J jI J j-j.j l c
4

d>\ Cj

- b k - 4 * J b ?

: b b l

(_$-4P b
b

4 l b - A > - l^ J l ^ b b

***

(i)

0
.

(_ila*jl jj}\j. - ^ l.ii.l ljlkk< *-b dss>- ^jA (JjA'aA

Ij al*^- A_.aj'^|p t^v^lj (jAUSl>j <J -Lo-J-I. ^a>- Ji\ (j ? ' ^IIaJJI^j

<
jU ^ V jli>x^l
.

j j p aj jjj^ U J jA j'b ^ ^ jj? -

jbJlkv_S : \ j A (J \ S ~ A l

j l J.J

I . w \^ ^ U l j > - I

(IJjjt^A^^xjj *Ajj j aS ^
^bbkl

iJ J

J> -

J2 * A > - j 2 IjAjjlkli

jlS^JU j& I .C-w^l^^b*- l^iLLil j JP

I

o b **<J C-x^.j^bk*

C^l j s
O ^ llw X j i

S-lj&aW ^il>-

ij\ * .A

0 Ijl J A av?

j \ ^bl Aj A>J I (J,W j i J j l j

( j- a lljjJA

C - * O A j a S _ / J p

^.$Lj_j C
X^S"aS"(_j l ^ j l

. C -^ Iaxjj aJL?- j >j {^ \ ^ ^

A li.X j

CL*JI J L Ij

a; LJ

4 ax^b.^

aS"J,l>>
! -Io p I ^.*11

^ amIjlpJ . z / & t

C j^

j y 3 J

j l j . C*>-U y k

tJ ^ J J j U i J i

4=r ^

J U I M a ^ lj AJ j

^ j l j -Uj j J a k i Aj {j \ o t f AjIp Ajl O l j l v ? j k ^

<> I o l f (( j> l$ 3 l

6J ' J j d

C -jT c .^

' j J ^ j j.

^5 l 3 ^

Ij J j k - '

j , k b C o V j Aj O j P

C^k>-

j j * ajjIJ A ljib \ jj> i j i k J jO jj. ,) A

e l aLjI j c ^ j j ^ y 1 J ~ A >
C

^ ^

A $ " (^ jlJ i

J > - C^*AJij{

(ii-5

42 ^ j '

j l j j b p j c S * ^ ^ b lj^ c c ^ -I ^j a T a ; A T a ^ T A ^ o a ; l j a ^ J ^a'*>
J . c - ^ i A i i b c - j y J ^ " a>- j l c , ^ j ^ j c C ^ ^ ^ f l U i l j ^ la T ^ a ^ J l j ^
S

jb r

c ^j j

^ a T a :J la j^ jb ja S ^ lb ! ? c

& :jb b

> t > MJ

>

C ^ r jl j t

l o

A j ^ > - ^ j b o o J * U u -l

jl J / j U U -

c ^ ^ " 4J Cc ~J#J > ^ ^ 4i J

aj

13

j jl

lJ ^ j ^

I j j U a J i i c - j- ^ a J <Jj l * * .J ? { j

y > li? ~U>l:f I U j l j 4

I d ^ O j r - ' :>j < j ? lj

1y r

j b ^

'y i j

^ ^ 3

P j. i

(j^ 3

0 ^

IS jl *

C ~ / L j j j

(J > -

4 ^ j 0 ""J *

a Io IjL ^

c j ^

C *a a

c^

^j j

( j-A I

j-

J.

^ c C

< > ljjl> -l [ - U ^ l ^

^ ^

^r

14$"**

c p ^

jij? u ?

il- ^

~ )^3 4

( ? ) C-j~V>-1

^*A ^j

I a ^ I p I C - _ X ^ J j 5 n j j I j

jl> -

^j ^)^>-

. A^X^O

^ J J l_ / j P

-.>j S \ jw\$sj j l j ; I j IjlU a ^ i

4^5<jS"4j 4 ^

C A A ^ Ia C -J L J ^ - 4 l , > tj ' I4 j C Al^-"

J J

c3

^ ) 4a Ij jS*Ij ! A3j b jS s jj 5 sj (^Usi jj^^ *'',Hj ; ?

^ P

4 j-^
l

ij> -jjl

J a > *j

(J

^S l ^ j j L J 0 j j

. * A j j j 4! ^

?j j

lj

5 _ /
^pA

J.AA

i_ A ^ ^

4 -i

jl^ - l

- jjy

4 $ ^ C -- jl (j< l J (( 4^J>-J ^ J - ^ i J '

j * J p j l l - ^ - 4 Aj I i l j w U J J C - o V j 4 j 4$^<J1* I j A

j l

cJ^j

jI p

1j ))

i c jid j

d-.^ I { j I ^ IajJ4j Isx^t JJ>- . AAjIj

J,i Ij ^J^jP-Aj^ !b bj'blj ))

jp -b

jlf

C ~ ** A > . 4 j j ^ a j j j j

^ j j ^ ( j b I j l J 4 ^J**' ^ -b sl* ^^b*l (JXj j* 4$^ ^^>Ij Ij

S b iJ lj

4S"iA.x*~\j J j * ^ 4

A.oIa*^ .

0 ^ ^A5r^

X a :>

t ) L J-> 4 J j ^ ^ T l

^ j t , \ . i j \ j Aa<ww>- j L b I j

*3 J 3 't~0*

iA ^ ^ P

4 :> -j 0 : f * .

_,ali=> C * \ 3 1 p ^ j t l l J

U 1 L \j j \ O ^ j * j

j^

c a *1 p

^ j5*-

. p M j. a 1 ^ U 4

v, -.^ 1

>

X J Z f P j > - j Aj" l > t ^

(_ j r ^

S ^ j ^ ' j 5"

^yF j

C w - l a J J ' j* X b

j ^ j 4 ^ jj.

4S^ A

^ A . AjjIAjj

ljj'

4 j . C -~ ~ .k ']

O jjy ,p

Jlj C o l j l ( j U l C - J L jt > - lj . X i l J

j> - j

c jb lj I j i

11^31j I

iA A ) j S " j I j 4 a 3 I j

j Z " J j jb j^ j l j A

pA o j j > - l ^ )I-Aj 4 JA ju ^^ i

U I

r I j

jljA

- U - jl^

. wUA^j

{ j\

j IJ* Aj.

[ .

A*xJ ^ J p

L _ l v a , j (_^U j < ilw t b > -J

(*)
-Lr iJI a

a*a.^-\j jjj^k!l 5 ^ (^ax* ( j'a jlj lll a ^ (jvUJ^II x_-k

o A u l ^ ^ a i

< ^ 'a * J I

^ > - J i I j ^ j

^Jp

^ J < )l^ t) b * > j . ( j ^ ? * l a ! I j

^ j l l

J jjl^ o

3j i ^

a _ -*> ^ a _ j J ^ p

.ilj

. ( jd U ll

. ajIS"j j a x ^ jj !jjia ll (X*-*<l-^ 'J l j l x i i l ^^buVl

JJ?- . ^ j j l j l J J

L J jL p jP

A T C ,^ l la :> -

Aj

o jJ l-w l^ p - j a * I (_^jj j j > - j . cL-^^bwcJb-jl

((1^*1 vlSsb

.5 j j

jl^

a a J i

( J - o l> -

> >j J k j

C ^ IflJ U

a * j

d;Jb

a x - 5 > jj ( J j k /

^ o l > - ^ j (1 )I ^ J j ] o u ; H C - * a > -

lVkA*^A)

(jAV^ ^ J)J

a^xjj

(j-l . iljb ^ S ox>LiS" ^j>- cjl-Jj jj*

all^^Ajj*1 j j*JI aJjll

1 0

(? )

a a ^ J - l

<J>bJJ AJkw*

I la^?I (JljJ* b ^

a iIJ ^ J ) )

^ v a iU S I jjI

4 S b > jj

JL-1

o ^ \f

^j j J

^ ^ 'J ' '''^ J

a ix x x j* a ? - j l

a jjS

A>tj j c L j^l^tS ^ W ^ J p a ; j j>j . <jj~^ba^ <,ol>- a>- Ij

jj
p

O ^ aj
J^

(I/a ^ c /^ d i

j jj H

j l

a S " * L J .~ J I

(Jj*.*** eb . lj<*Jax3jS"

^ j^ b lja j l *aj1>-j t LJ**ojj ^Jp jajJ^S~l ! ? Kw-^l^lxil ^j/ki'jA.' j^ j C***baj I l i axJI LJ^Ioab^Alk (5a; U eb Ij j l j c LJ-^jl c ^ I ^ j eb^b-j- jSJ Ul . a^-lJ

{ l 0 0 /| r r ^ i ^ I j jl^&J o l^ jJb Va
-1 0 \ Lr

w t : l A Jjij)

( 5 lo jU

y*

jb

^ J

a ^ T U : j I
t ^ jj j l

s. p. 1356

5^

r > t r

. c - Io A - i i b

=*J>^Jbfr O jlyji -U (jjl

u5 tj+pAj

( \ t 0 ^ aL

( 1r ^ l^ " ?

i^

a ; l j l

b j^ b l

.c . J f lA - 5
ljjy

A x i^ r *
j^ P

U -J lv

J lj- '

j 1 A *- b U .
. C . J 0A J V U

n v

jS I j j j x ij )) 'oJ^.P j l Py - x l-P a l^ ' j < ^ ili> j J i Aj C J ^ j j l j P j> -

(( j * > - j II

j l j< Ij jS * l j J l ? - j U j j

c J jIp i *>-lJ 4*aXj (JlS*Jj"j j

J l$ 4>- CJ j IP J> J ls J U j

jISsjM x jT x l k l.^ O j 3 Aj J U - j CJ j I j L p I jj ^ I j p I J ^ j P
J CJ j*lJ b -jP O p l j l J jJ v ^ Ij^ J U ? jS "l j

jijAj j

Jj

jZ j

. - 'jb

L l j 4j'ISLj

J j Ij PP^S" jl Xi -*Jjy.~

4 Aa^j J J*-* t

I J J J^j.

L*U^ Aj l j j J > - J 4

^Jl*4 X*_--.31*^-4 jL^j

j xjU I j l O j l > - j x J ^ *jP I j j l J CJ ^ j l ^ . X j j P 4 ^ * J b j x*loJjP 4> V>j ( iAA^j X-^XAlj.4 (_|j>- a l j j | j t .Aj L v j (_^lA*i I Aj
X.

Ai

^ 4 . P j j J a . J J j 4$^!^ a a ^

(JlJ ? - l

j' <TJMr.**

c.x^jpI;

jjljj

jA j
^j

JLilj

^julir J lji_,

x__j I>-

IjPj>-] >->^U j j j j .

. J; T J . Ip L S jli j (J b Aj J p Aj Ij j

^ I j j l (^ Ip P

jj-^

[A j

,]

J&> J p

AV j P j CJ^$*

JjIjjb Pj?~ xiJj'Jj jp JjLp

^ 4:"J*

A**p I aa< C J j b

<-ulS^j

IjoJ^.p r lj

j*A lj ( J j b - I aS" I J j j
j* l j ^ j 5"

I (jl^Jj J p *c j l ^ j p [ J 4 P j l J j

. P j I > l i l j {jaaJ.]j I j A

15\Xa-x p

J j i xJjljlj^X .. jl>- (J*-J

Pj 4 J * aIJ p x U jl> -

/ J j aS"(JIJj ^ j _ / L 3 j v a > - c l ^ (j '* 1^->I^ c ij * &

O j >

Ijj I

j :P P Js j-aXa.a (_j\5 ^ j , 1Ij c J * T ^JijP

( j C 4 /P

AS

*j-JJJ J ?> jl (Jlj>"l

(Jjir*,
v *j Ip j

j l j C <Aj IPj S* i l l j xUjIj_

P jl

{ Jy** P ^

. j ^ l i i J 9

P j b l ^ j j . i j l l j P j > " ( jU li?

X. A ^ J

J J j^

J jA cJjJj* J Aj lJAa^a^

*AaJLi j I J JaX- jxS*Jx1a*ajI>- j

x l K a jP J O l j l j P j . J jjS s j

( j l i j Aj

^ ^ Ijx U jU )1^ , JaaiIa ^,^>-1 j p j > - j ^ 1 _ *J I^ J Ip -LxjI^j. a j1 _l j j l _ / *j

PPJ $ \ j*jb
j

^ b * '4

^ P JjCaj2a-S>-Aj Ij CJAS^^ Aj j l j ^ x_Pa*aJ>T I T^JJ 4 ^ A>-J xUjaj jJ> ^ O j J V 5] Ij Ic Ip

[^C-*^bU^J j11

P j b P jj - j I j P J jl**5 Ijx1aXaS>'J(_^ j-jJ . PPjS\j"^bx-4^ j^ j^ L .i* j , l

J p J I j j l J ,Ijx jj AjI>ca^ j > - , (J Ia j aIUIaS* j l l Ja5<Ij j b j j > - j C jj> - I j L j'P jP Pj> ( j ( J j'b jS s -4 ^kx-4 PJ^p

- - J 'p J<-JaU pl J-4 J CPj l J j Pj > - Jjb*-jP I j j l [ J j P 1]

^ p l j * J I J j j l l r <-J^j* * [^AillJ(JI jxAdjl A*x^"^^aa/j r \ ^ ' * aJ I j j a J p Al^|-x^ J -^ .^

 ^ > aJli**1 j j j

C j

^4-UJ ^J1 lj* ^ ,j b l

j j C ^iIjlj j l* j>- j i
C ^ - jb p ^ a S ^ A ; ( _ ^ l* jjA j

liljilj

j l 5 " *U

l l j 1ij^Jsixx!

ji

c C -,ib J irC -o Ip j>- j l p j ^

(( i i l j ^ l

ill l

J > e * J l ))

(^.**.+<0 l' l .XJb^S Cj^,,> Ws.*\j I j j L i o l j -UjS"j ^ 1(_ jjjl

4 ^^ j^ '

**

j ^ v * \j

4 o ^i a

4 ^UjI^Aj

^ l i ^

J>-Ij 4 C -^ l jC.AA j \) JsjLvj <JL UJJL>-jP C^A^O

^ -jiis ^ U j

J>" j l j

( J ? - ( j 1j i

4 A.1>L*J a J I p a)1o

. A^ I f j i ^ j

C -s fi- s ^ j i

1j i v ^

j J j J . V 2 .J

a 5 "f 4 1

-U>jlJJ

4 (J ^>- I j ^

jA

JLS I c .A b j j l J <1'h I I

^2^va>-jl C-JL^/j(jl~4j j

(JJ_Ip (J

j i

*Aj j

jl

* A -w * j l

j^ J - W ^

j j

^ jJ I 'J J > -

A..XJ (jJ **^ P

4 -L.oj j l

4 (JJJJSbl*,^!) I ^ J j'4 '

-/ ^Ijl

6 ^^

j p j J ^ p C jN j j i r

4 X)S>

A*A*j

(^^
'L}

4 j j I p A^s;b>- < j^J . -U b jj 1 < j j j J l " 0JJ-> *i iS J J

jU

j*- 4 JUj Jajl^J

lx^ IjO a jI^

(JJoll j i

a5\j

j5 " ljil

4wUjl j L j 3 i g j j l J > - J.P 4.J *AjlJ )*4j b < j j P ] .AUU ^ J J l f ( jljl A>-j5j Llol

I j j i i J j j > j l l )15" U j )) L j
j i

^ J ii j l j

J J jljj

^ y

2 J A A jr f l; (J j~ i I J j C U - 1

4 j

J i- ^ 1

* J jl

a5 " 4

cJ>^j

(J?- <5ajl^*>l j . *4j5" JsjL -j

l i j l j i

A U

A S " ( _ ^ U ;lls lj

jA

jlw \.j

4 0 * ^ 1 U J -5 - ? - ( 1 / ^

1J ^ J > "

U ^ *' 51

j^ p . J jJ b f

J jl7

jU jt j . J J k j f

aj j

4 A :^ f

jr: J o

A
j j

4 J .-^ . l j

'j j ^ J ^ * V ^ j

. [ 1 j ^ r j [ '^ ']

C.A^ ^ i l l j C -^ lr* ^ a1o1>Ip1 ( ^ V = ) ( J p ^ ^

A jp b

_ l5 "

d r' Cr-5 j Jp -Uj y

j j ^ l J jU > - j l j

[4 C - ^ U x L

[< J u * ^ c>J

d rj

jj> -L 4 ^j^< flJLJb^f JIj [1j j ' a5"^S"] * U o l T c J j C jjU I o j l ^ l j o jl ^ . 1

J\ [ r U. Aj]

f U . Aj j j > - 4 A l i f j b j j > - j . d r / Wi j ' J 4 C^-1a:sIjJIj O i l j l

^

I^

A pc^) \

ojy,

X*)

oj

(_ ^ IA *JI

*\9 ^ .w L jl

\&>-j j aJJJ-uJ vy sy^Jp cl/ ^ ^(j?1^ J

c\*s*\j>-A.i Lo^

Ijjl

2 j j I?-Ij

{ j te \ S C

obob

i J > \* j j l

p
^ ^ j{ l

obi

a S ^ - I ^ I (j ' ,^ ^ ^ ,^ = ^ '

_/b

lJJ

t_ jj..k J

jljA

J ' 4- ^

J ^ - ?

Cj

_j

"* ^ J.

^ "b**<^_)_

*' -/ lj( j'- ^ l^ '

A -.< ^ jlJ ,a j .

c ^ j.c

{Jf

c^bi.jlj^ i^-.^?-' _jl

<j3 b-l""jl j \ j

I j

LwOb

. J b i j ; J v = > liJ X ^ - d l i ^ O y A* j b t j l j

3r

it lp - U * * ! ^

C ^ \ ? - lv 2 ^ 0 ^ U ^ j J C - * j3 b c J j a

(3 ^ ^ *

A $ ~ ^ y U b b > - j i j Ci

j***\ j\ *!

j>

o^si L~JI

a S " o I ^ a J j I j^ ~ j

bo

$ j Z "J
j

O illv - y

* O l"V

- l i J l j I ^ j ^ Ia a i v

^j j j >

^v2"A^
l i

(_^1a j >- c L 5^ . * ^ y J '

j/ y

t'r'i?^

J 4^+~Sj^-"

t MV Jp

3 / jJ I

***-. -ib
*
^ "
3

J *J l ^ > -'

Al^.

.3

jj- w ^ jU ^ . ^ L J

( j U a l^ A ^ " " A p x * * j J

. ^ [c ^ * < Ia ^ Lx) a ? - j j aM1 - j j ' y ' i l J p

^ ^ 'lA j I

i U

J *\-^.-

^.pA 23j i

A_^A.j J p

J S ^ ^

lj 2*.?c.4> C^lo-X^

jijV

wji*/2.] 1J

Jj

j J i ; - 3 r l _ j y J

AJ^ Jl

A^

^ l^ S .1

?Cm5>

. ^ > - J 1 Jj**" J IaI^v-*J

jU

( VYJ f ^
. 0*JX>*j t-jl>cJ

j i r u

)); J U J a I J U

^
A r )U .J| ojS ^J j^
Apc^JJI l y p jjjl - Y

4P <i1^-iv?

\ Ji-vi i j C j j C p j l j

3J\S\J

*
j-*J l jlIj>-Nl

.. # cj

j i

pb^J

jU jI I lA (J Q-f-l
j " ) . -j.*Jl

(j-4

^ Xa.i-1 : SJlj j j s .II 4^1p J.JI II J j j j . i c 4.JI djj.*l

JU .

jJ jj

i r j i j ^ * v i;l

. tl>-^llj SJLxJlj -l^p-^llj *1^ Jl(J 4ttl jjP

<J1p J>JI b l j

j>\

jb * V l jlxA j l j . 5si^.. 4jU

t ^ J l

3j U J l jll^ - l j .

3j l 3>Jl
y.i j l j

j i Ij l^vvX'^/ ^Ijsll j 4.w/!j ;> lj j l j C

4-^v3l^ 4.-1l

A_^>.^- A-A1

c ^ llJ l ia.!

y>-

^ 4 aLv*aJI

4,U T 4^9j

c^JI J ^.^-1 | s-\>-Ji\j e-\j--J I

. l^-l^aJl

^ ( 1 * ^ ( ^ 1 ^^A*jl

J j J IAi y ^ ^^wxl 9j
( it l) . .

t - j b ' i M ^ j v a i J t_ jL a - V l A l j j l J ( \ u ) 4 j U ^ .]|

c_jl:.*! .i l jj' (j^-* ^5^Jl

^ l j u jI qLJI
^

AbJjA

4 i l ( ^

\ ^.Lj ) a \ Y y

^jjJt pp ( W

ijiw

C ^ A * .* ) ^lA^u, y 'k * ~ (jb>=.J C~JoA 4 0 l j 4 >j5:j j A j \ij-

^ U s j^

( L:lj'fl'l
u ^ 1 4

c-^ ' ) y 4

tr ' ^ ' J,l 4

* .~*\ u a51;-j

/ )

y jL p

J5^A.|4Aj4 .j

4 i S j [}> ) ^ U J i l ^ ' J ' ^ - ]

(J y ^

( 4 L j U

c ? j j T ^ ^ r 0 ^JJ^(l-S--1-nsJ ^ ' ,^ " ' j 4 s A (j l ^ b

p^UJIjjl ( ^L-i / j} l v ' ' >

) j & j ; L^Jo-U

V **

U ( 4 *\ a )

4 JjAJ I<)Vp C ^ l s 4^

. C^"l4 ^ jZs-Zf AijS. J I ( Y Y" (jo ) C^J^I

5CJI

J->

jbbl (

^ L jlj'

( jM
.

cm .1

l=*
jla

j b p t t5_^r

l^J ^1-P jbl S

J-1 ^

L ^

j-*

Ab (jjlji ( r r u ^>)y o l j j y j ^

Jlj^ l

^ r

j j j

(_yj

J.l_*** Jp o^lv2.Jl 5 . (3 \11a!1 <jj aA)

, ^v>-Jl J ^"Jl Aiil^*o

l* ^ ) ^ '

ij?xJIC-.*vJ ; j .)v2JIawIxp j
C .-J :

Jl - c(_$r

y f" j

jw-1 JUJ aI:>Lp i_3*v?l J j a j *j l-*l

^JI JiIjlp, ^ (jw i-l [ J ]

^

>bH ^ j J l

(_C

(Jj'*

O a%>\ * (Jl C ^Cj U ^ *X^^ ^ca>wJ1

^,4

ja

mjdl j,~J : Jtf c (j^ij^l ^L^ll^l ^jJI

ja

>Jlc-.^J : JUc

A^^Pxll

- >JI Cm^maJ : <JU> < .1JLll

<
^y^l^j-4 S^^tlIC-^j JlS c U^j 3 / ^'*,l-fill(jl

4. t jp -^lj ^J ^j ^*A^J

(J ^ ljl- P ^

J>-|1I* .... V1 B3 l C^

jJA

J*Mjl

3 1

J p ^*Jl (J _Jj (.yvJl (j-^ ^ lj -^b3 : J ^ - 4 SyxJl ^* na] j ^ l j (_y^ Jl

_JlU (JI y J p
jp'yi JJl

yxl ib j j ' J ^ j j ^ J

a A3^?xJl^j.v.\J . AUlJj-m'J

t <4 %ijj asJ*m>-I c

a^I^*J * 4 <J? ( jl 3/, J p

J & AJ "SxSlt^JlU (_J(jf

A^l^i^J

j^l a^-^mII -'y*yJp(l/^^t^iil j&IJl j 3>i ^j j Ji ^j*""^!

<JLAjjZ~\*i0 j \ J . U -ij li5vjl ^ J~ > -J (. dA^i J A^-iy -Lj^/lj -L i^ 'i/lj * 'Ij^IJa^mJ

lj ^>*.*+2.] Q'*'^') [
c^I*awJI^^^.^..*m JI^^v^

l ! 9^* jAbl C
^

3 1b^"

A^P Ailljv A'

I

^1^ ^

( 3 ^ l * J - j I AaIj

. (jlix lljId illij ^-Jljlvajlj 3^3^ -aI^ ^J>b*s>lj j l y l l 3<-lj j J U j aIj Z ' z
*il*>IxS^ U j ^ j3\j lj . ^jwUll *j y (j^bJIj^>- ;
A^li? L / 5.i*J l j

* ja^ )

jlj

^I'-o-mI ) ' sIm^'WJIp c Jls jj

\y C^_Ia*J A-1p aMI^-Iv3 CAl J 9*uj JU< Jb*

cr ^ J l j j > V j . 3^3-UaJI >b aIscajU [+\

C>

aJU c ^*m?x3 aJp ^ikj l J ! 3JUaJI J l jji; l j i lj . J>p:aII J j j

aIijIj 3 J^aJl J l j a)IjZ'sjC J^ y J S jU ^ ^ b 'V 3 /X ll Al Jb>-J

, (y v(_j ) saI3-*^! ^IjjI j- 3sJ f J ; 5o U

XT ^ jU l l
.

lj .

ojS 'S

: Jvi - y

\\

A jljl a S " !jjU li? J ljP - lj (. $j S J

J C *A^"

Aj _ j j J

C-.**<loilxl j l o l C-sAS-

Ja l i ^ S " b

4j

Aj :>y

j l j ; 4S""

A l i l j ^ j j^ L ) j L w l ^ > -

O j ^Pj ^aS^C-v^I^J-U A^"Ij ^A 11?j C-US^JjJi C*J>- j I (JJIjj Aj ljljl$ > -j^ C o U c J b j j ^ jj 1

a S " " jl? l> - ^ J j b j l [ c l ^ " * ' ]

( jb x j l j j l j ? - I j b

A^ U j V

a S^ C -^ I

jl*

lS ^ iS s iJ j

Ijl

c _ J J l J I

Ij ^ a ^ j/ I C ^ lo j

l )) C-j^aI? IjIx 3j 5 *j C/-*j

b J jU jIj aj Ij ;

j l j j

^ rU - j J ^ o

J ^ I J ap^\j

>-

^ lj> - (j^ ljS b

{ <0-*-!

j / l A _ J jp _/

o 'j> - J

^ X jj

J J b a>- (j\j (d j*
( ^ 'J 3 j f j

. J - ^ J A>- o U J l> - Aj I j - l J j l

J U b -ji O ^ l j l Aj

jjjL A A j

*a ! ^

j U

j i

J j= > -jl A>-jS*l J J j 'b

( j I AS^Jjb j l j

J ,^ U -

:*'0

'j j r ' j

J j l ja ^ . ; j j j b d j b

{J >- a "J^iIj Ij
jlJ j^ - * J

J j j j l j i

j*~ I

i L S J l j5v j U

a! ^

J^j l * * < lj > - Aj i_$JJ

. J ,jl* y

J jr ^

O jl^ lj

<(J U j A jjU l j! c ^JUj jl~ j

I j ^ J ljJl J,U Jj aJU*^

lJ t *Xa-> lj j

Ij

dlS""

C(JA*J <ll-l-i j l C

J jU j jl*>-l aS"Axjjj^AJ

lj> -

j> -

j l

[ J - i 1 j U - IjcJa^ v? j r j

J j A^ j b i j CJ b ^ C * * l j

j l j j j ^ aLM jj
J j Aj S

jl$>*4jl 5sj j l lj

j/ l

C ^ j b A-sj'jP

ir

^ i.J I

. J**>j 4>-

;
Ic'0I aj j J

^ I^ L

4 J X ~ jIj j.m j iA{

Jj IjIj' (j *.A* \ ^SjJIjaII? -Uj

Ij ^Ja^ v ?

cPJJ.
,

a] I j

a w I^ - I^ j

<0
^U^lj(J.Jt 5sil< -jljjl j l k L l i ^ j j

^UV I

\ u * ' i y y

^ ^ il
J p jr ^ 'c ^ J

^ j-^
0 r* M

r a5' ^

| (jv l _ \

'

*jjri

Jp

<yj>-Zj)^jj\jp-j} IJA *<**JJ' J sJ ^ a O yji ^ k S 'jJ . j OJ.A y S i c S j f

f^J, ^*-* j/\.v0

J oLiXpl (3 (1/ ^ ^

O j <J

J J . ^ - 4 . - A j ^ J p 0 j\^ z \\ j

< -b j

aa>Jb . jlj <U_*JIy- c JibU

4 * A r .^ -l

C J L ^ k

lj

( jfij j l j

^ > ~J^

^ L A l ^c-Jl UNy j bd--.^ ^Jp 4}I^*>L<j .

jl k L * (llSj ^a>f- lJ jM l^ ia (j\^.L v.U j^^^V l^p -' jl / l \j

J U ^jj
4 I jl a J l l L * - " ^ C

b >*JJ J"*~^ ^

l" ^J

J.J2.1 ^ j ~+p - j

C - o V jJ

b j. & P - I 4 j j b - i ! C -o l^

a * 0 1^

I 4> -

| ^ 4 S C - J

A_-,wV

A'}

0 -i^ S C - . * ! j s

1 --* . o j L

LJi

* ^'*1

^4 j J

4S^

l A ^ ~

C-./

1v.

o 1 ^ *

O L jI

4 j 4 ^ J Iw U ^

0 O

( jl

^- I

o t i o L j jl S ' j^ S I

( J L^"~ *

j MJ ^ ^ l 4 a ^ l j 4 j

- A - W ^ l - 0^

4 J!^ ^ -

V A A a A ^ ~ A j (( 4 - - ^

4 j[S j' j

^ ^ j

^Lt-I

^ -^b/^

4S""

j> -

AA j i

l JJ

-i-b J,ap>U- <J.-*ljJ C jj- b p - *a s*m\j 4S"^a [|(_^lj J ^ y ~ 1j

J^b ^ J 1?-

(_bji l j l ^ i J <JSobX~l y Jb j J.^> ^IaSj CJj CUl*-4 . . . j\ ^j^P- Ab*\j

j*>

-l

J- jJ-- Jbj j a^ <3\'b-'>I y 11? 0b j l j S - l O iS - JjLa^ J > -U (J

(_JflI^-J (J,J ij*) J*Ax.\j . s js y> J J*b

^jbJ$ 4a\**< 4apIj ja\1? f j j

j \j*-^P

^ jA*iy aA\p ^jl?L C->\^

t C

- l 4 : -IS

4 X * j l j . ;

4 S "C - 9 j

/J -5

4^.Lv(j 1^~ -L J L * j <*_~x.-bJ j j l jS J J

j

^ J l> - j c ^

^ s^L>m

<lS j>- j>-

4 S ^ d - j i

I J I S U . J jJ liA j^

OjaJ-UI.4 0 I

> ^ . i j ^ j J > j i C ( J A * j j 4 j I > c a **< j \ 5 * - V j J i 1 ^ C > - 4 j ^ J 1C A X j? ' ( J l j ? - ! C - . j I p j 4 5 ^

4 -t* J w \.;l j

C1

4ajL5<

^ lj> - jy . j

j j

j ^

,- r J

C -* o

j !

l?- 4j Ul>- 4 ^ b l

U Ij j

I^ a U ?

(1 /^

4P 4 il- ^ ^ J

0J 1J' l

1 >I2>- cJfij j Z J j C -^ jj j b
j

^ . '' ^

b p

( j 11

Cbj^^>-

4 T - J L I> - j^

(jljl
( ^ . ii?

o T ^ l; t ju T la ;; y jL b j Aa j{^

G E N E R A L SPA CE E D U C A T IO N

A U N IV E R S IT Y E D U C A T IO N

AND

THE

SPACE

AGE

Science and technology are the fastest grow ing activities throughout
the w orld o f today and the

univeisities ought to

be considered as the

prim e source o f new know ledge and the high ly trained personnel, - so vitai
and essential elements to the advancem ent o f m odern aerospace techno
logy.
Som Basic Facts D eserve A ttention
1 T h e aerospace technology com plex taken from the prelim inary and
theoretical or the m athem atical stages to the more com plicated developm ent and production phase could nt have been a success without scientific

background,

initiatives

and

talents o f know ledgeable academ ic staff

and university scientists w ith profound fundam ental know ledge, experience
and technological resources, - w ithout such assets no advancem ent could
be expected. O nce again we are confronted by the well known dilem m a
that science and scientists are unintentionally leading the scientific dcvelopm ent and technical projects o f the w orld and in this respect they are
form ulating, wliether w illingly or otherwise,

the destiny o f future genera-

tions o f m ankind.
2_

K n ow ledge, Experience and Inform ation are the background and the

nervous system o f the com m unity com plex called

(< U niversity - G overnm ent - Industry
w h ic h govern s, Controls a n d gu id es

the most

im p o r ta n t

developm ent

186
projects and activities of the countries. In the pst few years only in U S A
som 200 universities were involvd in the space projects absorbing som

1500

tens o f thousands o f researchers on

research projects.

Universities in the developed countries in such adventurous projects

as sending mn to M oon or M ars are rel partners to an y hum n achievement in the corresponding fields.

Since

the

im plications o f such projects

are o f utmost im portance to the developing countries, - som description

and analyses o f the role o f universities m ight be useful.

I t c a n n o t b e denied that botli in the developed or in the developing

countries the most knowledgeable and talented sections o f a com m unity

are naturally concentrated in the academ ic centers and universities. Based
on this concept only large scientific projects should be carried out under
the guidance and leadership o f university
staff. Universities are the technological

professors

backgrounds

or

senior

research

o f the nations and

without this cooperation and collaboration very little can be ach ieved and
this has been proved in the recent

successful space missions. W h ile the

trainm g o f graduate engineers and scientists in the new scientific fields of

technologies are the greatest responsibilities o f the universities, the role o f
the senior staff and professors in a consultant or advisory cap acity to industry and governments, in particular to space research projects, cannot
be under estimated.

Science policies o f the countries are usually designed, form ulated,

processed and duly analyzed in Institutes of highei education. T h is has been

proved in

N A S A contracts

with

A m erican

U niversities

and Research

Laboratories and O rganizations. It is the obligation o f the universities to

m eet the generl future research requirem cnts o f the com m unities either
in personnel or

project p lanning

and

based

on such

concepts

all the

research facilities should be provided at graduate levels, p a rticu la rly in

the field o f aerospace technology.

187
6 U niversity grants would facilitate the flexib ility o f the research pro
j e c t s , - a fact evideneed through N A S A grants to space research problems,
while guaranteeing

the full

support and advisory capacity o f the profes

sors in handling problems where new challenges are posed by space exploraon and research and the coherent intricated problems.
- l'he im pact o f m odern space Sciences such as astronom y, astrophysics,
celestial m echanics, cosmology, cosmogony, radio astronom y,

laser

astro-

nomy, plasma physics, astrophysical plasma, astrodynam ics, astro-therm odynam ics, astroelectronics, astrobotany, astrobiology, astrobacteriology, astropsychology,

astrophobia,

space medicine,

astrohypnology,

astroprobabihty,

astrotopology ,

space hygiene, space chemistry, space law, space ecology,

space hypersonics, space ultrasonics, space m etallurgy, space bionics,

space

gerontology, m agnetobiology etc. nowadays constituting the m ajor educational

curricula o f the universities, can b e ju d g e d by the num ber o f papers, thesis
and articles

constantly appearing

in m any countries, they represent a vivid

exam ple o f the world academ ic interest to the developm ent o f such Sciences
w hich will prom ote the generl cultural standards o f com m unity life in
the developed and the developing countries. It is o f utmost im portance to
visualize that the m odern facilities fr data processing and com puter tech
nology nowadays at the disposal o f the corresponding researchers has increased the efficiency o f research results by factors o f hundreds and the
com petency o f the researchers by factors o f thousands.
8 It is o f grcat interest to conccivc that the inspiration o f the youth
in the developed countries to work on space program s in universities and
research institutes m ay be more crucial and

decisive than in the devel

oping countries.

9 ) Space

exploration and research, although at the m om ent very lim ited

to the developing countries and m uch on a smaller scale than the developed
countries,

bt the

driving

element in the countries in the developm ent

are the inspiration o f the young generations to tackle the m odern global

188
problems on a global scale and the coherent cunosity to find the unknowns
surrounding them.

10

It is practically impossible to effect successfully any space project 111

a developing country w ithout basing it in m ajor p art w ithin the fram ework o f the universities and scientific instilutes, although governm ents and
privt industries w ill be seriously leading the fin an cial aspect o f the pro
ject, bt the driving talents are the university professors

and

experts.

I f success is to be achieved,
G overnm ent-U niversity-Industry C om plex
must be vitally concerned w ith all aspect and p articu larly the m an agerial
phase o f the programs and w ithout the assistance o f u niversity leadership
very little can be achieved or expected.

B -

IN T E R N A T IO N A L

TRAINIIJG FACILITIES IN SPACE

SCIENCES

i PROPOSALS BY SOM EXPERTS

R ecent proposals submitted by several

governm ents

to

the U n ited

Nations Commission on the Peaceful Uses o f O u ter Space indicates how

international cooperation m ight be o f utmost valu e in training and ducation on space problems and space results w hich plays such an im portant role in m odern civilized communitics. A fter an alyzin g the situation
it has been found that the lack of sufficient trained personnel and experts
was probably the m ajor factor preventm g m any countries fiom starting
their own space programs or participating in such international projects.
T here are als numerous opportunities fr the samller countries to cooperate
in space projects on a bilateral basis with an y one o f the space-powers in
w hich full scale international cooperation is decrned o f utm ost value.
T h e opportunities already available in various countries fr education

189
and training in subjects related to

peaceful uses o f outer space deserves

consideration.
Offers by the U S and quite a num ber o f E uropean countries to pro\ide a lim ited num ber o f free fellowships and training courses to applicants
from developing states recom m ended by U N is being welcom ed.
It is adm itted that each country has its ow n specific space educational
and training program s com patible w ith the com m unity means and requirements. A\ hile it is nt possible to devise a unique or com prehensive p ro
gram fr all, bt the necessary

training courses

could

be system atically

an alyzed and recom m ended.

2 ANALYSIS OF TRAINING POSSIBILITIES

1)

T ra in in g courses to be offered at the graduate and post-graduate

levels in space sciences and the related technological developm ents.

2)
3)
4)
5j

A ctiv e participation in space science projects and research

T ra in in g in optical and radio tracking means and facilities.
T ra in in g in pay-load construction and testing.
T rain in g in data processing and analysis.

6 ) T ra in in g in space application disciplines p articu larly in meteorology, navigation, earth

resources, education,

com m unication, cartography,

geodesy etc.

3 SOURCES

OF TRAINING POSSIBILITIES

N ow ad ays through intem ational

training courses and

cooperations m an y educational and

training program s

are available on

a bilateral or

m ultilateral, rginl and intem ational basis, and a com pleto list o f such

190
facilities and the curricula offered in different centers and in different co u n
tries is availab le through U N Authorities.
A m ongst the most im portant o f such centers are the follow ing:

1)

T h e E uropean Space R esearch O rgan izatio n E S R O , offers educa-

tional program s w hich include scientific p rogiam fellowships fr experienced

researchers to work in European Sp ace Institutes.

2)

European U niversity Student Fellowship fr post-graduate training

in the space disciplines, as well as summ er schools in space Sciences and

technology and the special colloquia an d symposia.

3)

T h e U S N ational A eronautics and Space A d m in istration program s

offer the follow ing educational and research facilities:

a International U niversity G raduate Courses on Space Sciences.
b Post-D octoral Fellowhips on Space Sciences.
c Post D octoral and Senior Post-D octoral Resident R esearch Associates

d Fellowships and training in connection w ith N A S A cooperative

projects w ith other countries.

) Soviet U n ion and East E uropean Program s includin g symposia ,

seminars and summ er schools etc.

5)

Space Science C en ter in T h u m b a E quatorial R ockt L a u n ch in g Sta-

tion in India.
6 ) L atin A m erican School on Space Science and Sp ace Physics in
B ariloche, A rgentina.

7)

W orld M eteorological O rgan ization facilities in w h ich p eriod ic w ork-

shops on m eteorological satellites are organized.

8 ) C om m unication Satellites Techniques organized b y the In tern a tional Telecom m unication Union.

191
c REGION AL

TRAINING CENTERS IN SPACE SCIENCES

R gi n l training centers liave been organized to

offer such

courses

which are o f great im portance to the developing countries w ith due notice
to their specific requirem ents.
Som o f these facilities could be cited:

O l p articu lar interest is the new ly founded E xperim ental Satellite

C om m unication E arth Station in A h m ad -A b ad , In d ia w ith the assistance

o f the special fund o f U N developm ent program . T h e station promises

to

f l the already existing gap b y providing one o f the most im p ortan t needs
o f the developing countries.
This station w ill provide practical training courses in operating and
m aintaining ground stations and offers two distinct and different training
courses:

a A highly advanced course fr scientists and engineers dealing w ith

space com m unication systems.
b T rain in g courses fr m aintenance personnel w hich w ill cover all
aspects o f instrumonration, the equipm ent and processing used in
com m unication satellite ground stations.
As a com plem entary program

fr the two forem entioned projects,

arrangem ents have been m ade w ith U S fr the experim ental stations to
carry on tests on the various experim ental phases o f the courses w ith satellites launched b y the U S .

2)

T h e G overnm ent o f Poland has proposed an in tem ation al training

schem e as the first step towards active intem ational space collaborations.
N otin g that a shortage o f technical specialists was p rob ab ly the most im
portant handicap. or the simple barrier fr som countries fr participation in space projects, this proposal has been m et w ith the greatest interst.

192
Considering the fact that regai dless o f w hether education and train in g
o f this kind is carried out on a bilateral, rginl or intern ational basis,
it appears that centers established fr this objective in the near fu tu re can
assist m aterially in assuring greater
tries w hich are already

pai ticipation b y the developin g cou n

m ore or less active or w ill soon ap pear on the

horizon.
R eports from T E R L S ( T h u m b a ) and
training facilities provided reveal

C E L P A ( M a r de l Plate) on

continued sponsorship o f these ranges

o f possibilities, - likewise reports indicate the ava ila b ility o f the San M a rc o
and K o u ro u ranges fr cooperative projects and training.
Som universities have organized departm ents o f Space Sciences. T h e
im pact o f space exploration on educational curricula

in

secondary school

education, the com plexity and pioneering natr o f space efforts has dem anded research and developm ents in nearly every engineering and scien
tific disciplines.
NASA

T ech n o lo gy

U tilization

Program is the most active element

in the T ech n o lo gy Transfer.

T h is program being responsible to bring the technological developments
q u ickly to the attention o f the people in industiies, governm ents an d uni
versities. Space A g e is providing the developing countries w ith m eans and
facilities to ju m p over several steps in the traditional lad d er lead in g from
m anual m aci otechnologies to the autom ated m icrom ethods.
In order to m aterialize such concepts, specialized techniques are to be
adopted

and consequently

new

education

and

training

in

the various

disciplines are im perative.

T his is o f particular interest to the developing countries w'here
suffer from shortage o f personnel and expertized staff.

they

193
D SPECIAL

IN T E R N A T IO N A L

E D U C A T IO N A L

FACILITIES

A p a rt from the facilities available w ithin the fram e-w ork o f n ation al
space activities, in tem ation al and rginl organizations als have program s
fr education and training in the fields o f the peaceful uses o f outer space
such as :
1 U N IT E D N A T IO N S

Facilities available at the U n ited N ations

sponsored T h u m b a

E qua-

torial R ockt L au n ch in g Station ( T E R L S ) in India.

IN T E R N A T IO N A L

T E L E C O M M U N IC A T IO N

U N IO N

a O rganizes Seminars
b Prepares m anuals on subjects o f special interest to developing coun
tries.
c

Provides fellowships and

expert instructors through

the U n ited

N ations D evelopm ent Program ( U N D P ).

d A cts as the executing agency fr fifteen training centers, U N D P Special F und Projects, - scattered throughout the world.
e

Provides assistance in the provision o f training facilities at the

experim ental satellite earth station at A hm ed - A b a d , India.

3_

W ORLD

M E T E O R O L O G IC A L

O R G A N IZ A T IO N

O rganizes seminars on the interpretation and use o f data obtained by

m eteorological satellites.
4

U N IT E D

N A T IO N S

E D U C A T IO N A L ,

S G IE N T IF IC

AND

CU LTURAL

ORGANIZATION

U ndertakes a w ide rang o f activities concerned w ith

the education

and training o f scientists at all levels, including sum m er schools fr yo u n g

astronomers.

194
5

IN T E R N A T IO N A L A T O M IC E N E R G Y A G E N C Y

Provides training

in fields o f relevance to outer space research such

as nuclear physics, nuclear reactors, health physics and w aste disposal.

E U R O P E A N SPACE R E SE A R C H O R G A N IZ A T IO N

a Provides fellowships fr nationals o f m em ber States.

b O rganizes scientific round-table conferences, sum m er schools and
colloquia.
7

IN T E R - A M E R IC A N C O M M IT T E E F R S P A C E R E S E A R C H

a Has concerned itself with exchange o f in foim ation , jo in t program s

o f research, teaching and educational matters.
b Has organized a L a tin -A m erican School on Space Physics.

P R E SE N T F A C IL IT IE S

A R E IN A D E Q U A T E

A v a ila b le facilities are unfortunatelv rarely suited to the needs o f the

developing countries.
Future training program s m ay therefore require to be undertaken under
the aegis o f the U nited Nations through a com m ittee or commission whose
task w ould consist prim arily in :
a Go-ordinating the training facilities offered by the States leading
in the space efforts.

b E xam ining the present training needs and p rovidin g the necessary
expertized personnel in this dom ain, if requested.

c Supervising the training program s and suggesting new directions

o f training, should the need arise.

d O rgan izin g U nited Nations sponsored conferences, sym posia and

training couises.

195
Publishing or organizing the publications o f directories, bibliographies, abstracts and reviews related p articu larly to space training
(fellowships, courses, congresses, conferences, etc) .
P roviding fellowships and travel grants.

E - S P A C E CONTRIBUTIGNS TO AGRICULTURAL REFORMS

1-

TH E

C R IT E R IA
TO

TO

APPLY

A G R IC U L T U R A L

T h e econom ic developm ent

M ODERN

S P A C E S C IE N C E S

PR O BLEM S.

o f m an y countries depends p rim arily on

agricultural reforms, research and efficient use o f natural resources. N aturally such agricultural reforms and developm ent projects involves planning,
designing and program m ing w h ich necessitates collection o f inform ation,
interpretation and data

processing and

the

most

efficient

utilization o f

the results w ith due consideration to the basic requirem ents. Such programs
w ould be only effective, if proper adm inistrative methods and procedures
are applied, such means and im plem ents w ould be the earth resources
satellites fam ily.

In the field o f agricu lture there are quite a num ber of

specific applications which deserve consideration and only a b rief discussion

o f their merts presents cases o f utm ost interest.

A In mosoon areas such as countries in South-E ast A sia, the crop

yields are to a large extent dependent on the in itial rain fall p reced in g the
m onsoon period. This tim e-interval varies over several weeks in different
regions and the rainfall pattern occupies areas up to 20 square kilometers.
T his rainfall is always characterized b y a considerable surface tem perature
decrease. D elineating such areas through m app in g du rin g the critical rain
fall period can substantially increase the reliability o f crop yield predictions and significantly

im prove

crop conditions. Better yield predications

are expected in areas subjected to tem perature rises up to

40

C several

197
da^s to a week after the corn tassels inhibit pollination. D ehncation o f
such areas where tasseling occurs and recording tem peratures in such areas
w ill provide better yield predictions.

R cm o tesensois in satellites could be used to detect crop infesta-

tions injuiies b y insects and plnt diseases, effects o f soil m oisture, salinity,
chem ical com position and soil textu ie and ingredients, furtherm ore and
o f vitai

im portance is

the fact that

the proper irrigation tim e could be

determ ined.

C Countries with excess or surplus food reserves and agricu ltural

products are constantly searching a bettei and a m ore efficient utilization
of such w ealth resources. This could be achieved through fin d in g a better
m arkt or transform ing the agricultural products int new products that
could easily be consumed. O n the contrary countries with deficiencies on
food supplies and agricu ltural products are als constantly searching means
and facilities fr m ore and better

an d efficient production. In both these

contradictory and rather extrem e situations remote-sensors o bio-sensors

on satellites can greatly and trem endously accelerate the collection o f data,
help processing and an alyzin g the results fr the required objectives which
w ould ultim ately prom ote the national econom y, driv far m ore efficient
and advantageous incom e from Capital uivestm ent and a still far m ore
m aterial and psychological benefit to the deprived masses o f population
and in urgent need fr even the most elem entary necessities o f life.
D In the m ore highly advanced productive agricu ltu ral nations, the
most im portant and m ain contribution o f the earth resources satellites w ould
be a tim ely inform ation on soil, w ater, m eteorological elements and atmospheric conditions w hich could be u ltim ately fed through the com puters
fr perfect and accurate p lanning o f the future projects. In such cases the
producers have to treat the problems m athem atically and the statistical
data w ill guide them on their future plans and objectives.

198
Such com puterized techniques will allow them to choose the best crop
yield conditions,
live-stock and

the best ingredients o f a balanced

anim al husbandry, choice o f

food-ration

fr the

certain artificial com pounds

to yield better rich protein value m ilk and better protein valu e fr the
m eat. T h e associated and really coherent benefits o f such autom ated data
processing techniques could be used both fr the developm ent plannings and
als equally well fr the resources m anagem ent.
E Poor soil drainage has been always the greatest h an dicap and a
constant barrier fr a successful agricu ltural concern,. T h e case has precedence in A rgentia region called Pam pas, w here the soil drain age d u rin g a
greater part o f the grow ing season is extrem ely poor and the drainage
properties o f the area had never been studied before and never m apped
from the point o f view o f the practical agricultural requirem ents. R em otesensors on

satellites can afford a

standing waters

significant contribution

to m ap all the

im m ediately after a heavy rainfall and few days after.

G om parison o f the space-photographs and maps o f the area

im m edi

ately after and then with a time interval o f a few days w ould indicate where
the most serious drainage problem exists, such determ inations can only be
m ade by the contributions o f these remote sensors which assess the ground
porosity or otherwise and assist in m apping the areas w here im m ediate
actions are required, such Solutions could nt be obtained otherwise.

2-

A P P L I C A T I O N S O F B IO A N D R E M O T E
SEN SO R

S A T E L L IT E S

It is notew orthy to consider that the rem ote biosensor suiveys by such
satellites are capable o f providing a g ie a t deal o f inform ation on a wide
spectrum in the fields o f agriculture such as soil classification, crop conditions, w ild life, ichthyology, horticulture, anim al husbandry, foiestry, etc.
Som o f these

A -

SOIL

results could be b riefly expressed as follows:

C L A SSIFIC A T IO N

AND SOIL

C O M P O S IT IO N

Biosensors can help us on the classification and categorization o f the

various soils suitable or otherwise fr cultivation. T h is recognition is of
great econom ic im portance and their qualitative and qu antitative analysis
and understanding offers the highest priority in an y a g ricu ltu ral concern.
Biosensors can help us to determ ine the chem ical com position, m etallic or
non-m etallic constituents such as the percentage

presence o f the various

salts and base m etl elements o f C a, K , P, Fe, M n and M g w hich are

the predom inant factors in crop qu ality control.

B -

SO IL C A PA B ILITIES

AND C R O P

YIELDS

Biosensors can help us to determ ine the soil capabilities fr the various
crop yields

depending

on

their

chem ical

com position

and

contents,

texture and grains, the ability or cap acity to retain hum idity and w ater
contents and the degree to which evaporation could be allow ed and even

200

w ith their tem perature and the degree o f salinity. T h e ability o f such soils
to harboui m icro-organism s responsible fr plnt grow th and an unders
tanding o f their characteristics is o f great im p ortan ce to agriculturalists.
M odifictions

o f the dom inant factors fr the crop yield, com p atible w ith

the existing conditions, w ill m axim ize the farm ing efficiency.
Sim ilarly biosensors can help us determ ine the specific alterations to
the fauna and fl ra o f ceitain regions w ith a view to m axim ize the far
m ing and agricultural efficiency and thus draw the most possible advan tage
on Capital investment. This applies equ ally to the best environm ental possibilities fr anim al husbandry and h o iticu ltu ral problem s w hich in certain
regions, specially in the sem i-arid regions, presents the most difficu lt p ro b
lems.

C FLOOD CO N TR O L

Biosensors can

help

M EASURES

us determ ine flood

occurence.

Considering

the

m aterial loss o f such invading floods to crops, forestry, cultivation etc. nt

to m ention the most im portant w hich is due to land erosion,

the contiol

o f such flo o d disasters is o f great and vitai im portance to countries often

invaded b y such natural disasters.
Estimates reveal dam ages o f the order o f inillions and m illions, which
cannot be com pensated nor easily restord. T h e case is a g g ra va ted by the
fact that such n atu ial catastrophes are nt on ly a m aterial loss, bt on
occasions, a source o f loss to hum n life and property. T herefore, an u n
derstanding o f the causes and effects through these m odern forecasts and
prediction techniques will be o f utmost m aterial and p sych ological valu c
to millions and millions o f the inhabitants o f the developing countries
D COM BAT

AG AIN ST

C R O P DISEASES

Biosensors can help us determ ine the unhealthy crop conditions and
devise a m ethodic means o f com bat against such crop diseases. This deserves

o V jc W

^Jl C-

jU l

4J2UI 0

j)(_5 (_.II Aj ^ ' Jl ,L*]I

c J

-JI

o J ^ r jt

<Lj^U)l J l ^ J l j4lSsil wL*]l

j A j

JsJ.S (JSt0^" O'1*' ^"* 4

J l JjSU ll ^^\jVI
axII

I ^* jt-f-

ijf

JJI

A*a I j A

Aj j^^lzW

1^4

^l-s^

kpl

^ J l l ^U Jp (

aP^jI

'j A

4J U

Ua

< J IJ l a J a ^ 2 * j

_/.P J l

( J ^ J 11 cv,^- O V _}a JfTJ I>J.4 4 ] U.Aj . JljJI

l (J
Ua

^2>-lill wl:S^(J

^-?^-^ l j 4_Jl ^]pU cUa vJL-jp ISI

((2a^2.; J .3 ( 3

(j^AAl'lj ^_/~Jlj c_Aa$\IIj

^SvU U j jjJb (^ii J^Jlj

j * 'i

I^ ^ z a j j

( j P ja I

l J _ ,* !!

^5^1 I j A \ \

4_jl V I JplJ-l

ytdl . ^ jJ lj jJ > * J I

J*'?

ISI

jU J l^

Jj jU lj Jl r

^ j - ^ i l _}A l T (
ll^JI oJ^- J jV

^ U J I <l^ l ^Aj 4 i_^J~l

jl

' Jl

Cj A

^N^cJ

^AiLJplj (Jj^UII d^JJj OiJ^^Vl

Jia" ^ I ^ J aa-I (JjJ a'l U a ^4 lj^ -2 -j^ l ^ ^ 1 Jaj.

J jA

^lc J,l (_^j:*-lj (jJ jJ I J'J.l (Jl ajlvipl '>^15

<>1aIJI J ^ l iijIju; Jl *V jJ aj>-j!l ^

o V j > j J J

J i - J l j l

[f^ A j'j

Aj

fjp 1-*^j^rJ

jUxll ^J*J*jV'j oLxSj^l ^4 jjlJill (Juli

l^-^il j ^ l l jJ p V I ^

V I

4j I j^P(J

l 3 j ^ ! l CJJl jja^JI Jj-4 (JU ll u j ^ j (j'Jll 4XjjJ j

. j "j l Cj^j 1 ->S'j\].j jjUJI

^ L lllj ^ t^ jV b

Ja 1 U j,p ^ 2 x * 4>-jj ^tsll ^>sJ U a

^LU ^J^jl

4J^

lj l$\4_j b U j (J\.oUjl

ja.iIj \ \ & (_Jl (_AJ.IJ^a^I ^"UxJIJI

jaIIIoJ.a

jJ

^ a U 1^4j

jj-Aj I^jI c< J I U a l^Awj'y < jIj3I l i o U jJ U J l

>

S jL * j

1O V

l J l SjAJI 4>-jI j>*J

J>~

4ki;M j 1JLxSsJ 15"4P

^~^'w
\ll ^jA

y ^ < j M j j J 4_jj Ua>VI oU ^^jP

AlS"J

uUS

Jj* 2jV

AZ-a*)} AS sj> ~

J ll

J X J ! jl*!I U K J I S j / ' i l l J-l aJa J .

^4

LWIJl ^ y V l ja4 Jl Ua U ^ J

l vJUr;P -15 4-jl j A j >cJ\J Hall I v j ^ j

l jj^ jj^ ^ l llj

M Jj

> -\ j

i__jl^4 J j l j A (_il lAj^ - J 4A -IjA A_j M

i 2 j? r j)\

JISnJI -^-JA <JpI

jjl^ U lj y&lillj

^jjU/ Ajjj^iSi (_^jiii

J jM l (j\) ^AJ-I

l ou

. (j?*il j $sil

^vip j s -** m i i^io.^- *y ^si ^^jai

. ^llaU JaJLUj j i 4 o j4J aS\>-JJ.A jS s ilj c Lj I aJp td-^._*J ISA

jA

l.^Jb-1 : <jAjJa; lAMJ

j jUiM lvdA

_J*A^ ^ r 4 J * A ^ l |!>\5s]l j l ^pI ^

j v a . > w J i c i j . p.^j ojji^ xii ^ .a ij ^uJUj ^.-iso ( ^ iijA j i 'j ^ i i i j j * y i (jAl

jp

^.^ji (j\j j^um i d ^ i? aJjIj ^

O;S"

M 1aJ

p -fi^ -A j

^ (j"*

^A^ p'

J-AUiM ^-Ail IAj . aL^-A J l Jj W s jj aJI j>-ta~U

Ju.*X.vJJ Ia jI J b I O l j j > - ^2-S- l S j l p!>\JIj

* I^Aj I Aj ^j_,<2_>- (_il jA d ^ A j

4 (_JJ*-*AI j-M I

O^IAA J jij\ *A ^ J . p.^11 Aj f ( j l j J J j f T

(j*"l! j - 4 ^ J -S2n>" C_^AJ1^A

j A i j A j C-j^IIO^j J j \ j ) \ j a jiv 2.il

iiUxiii .M j'yi A$iwA i^.4 j j i ^pj J 5-b-j jS a ji c a^ d ^iy

< i.jua
,

^.^AJl j ^.^,jl <. *m* ^ <s\ ( j l d i l j lSAdlil ^jA a^Ip ^a

4 A-Jp A4*}L-j W lOljl^3

Ml ^ ^ i l j L-MI j
fj\j ^<*1^-10*1 IAa j 4 d \ij j b

j i p a j J

l ^ ji

,L x/yi lA*i<A

^*IpJI J l JU jilj (j- 42>- C^iljA jt-^J ^\JI < ^ > -\ ^ j

j A J CaJI lA jv? J Jy^A I (_j 1a! L^"J I

Le

Aj-lxllj

dl Ij Aj iAJ f^J I A^j2^jji I AjJ J^b J p (_^j^v>iljAj

< S J J * \

JlSsi!J U ^ I A j i l JUl^il S j ilji

i aJI ^ . (( l$

ajA j'y )) \ JI^ Ja)jJ^ aJIJjld lU jp

dSsjy j i Jl^ ii!j J Ijil A j j ^ . a!^ jI J p L ^ M l j J jM I

d ^ i i jS sj I (j4 J p I c^ U JpM I JsM L j^ c J U iM l oljJUJl

> T J > A 0J> V I r ^ i l "l JdL>- d 53

Ail^iVb <^3J! -

U a;A ^ jJU j J IS

I j c . a ^ 'U J l iU M b aJ ^ A I jIjJI

Aj Aj| _ f

fj* aIIc ^rl;dljA <Up ^a ^ j i a d lj ; jl*d V b U2-J.I j^ll

. ^jSvC U ^waIj j\*JJ l^P <_Aj * j ' j V jj-^

(_J'*IJ^I ^^^^il^jP^j,2>t.!l
l J ,l \-> j^ J

(J>l

t-vjl d S ^ U
0 *b / je li

4 lj

dJU> J jU

3 3*-1^2.;

>-1 dj'VjfO

aIIS"" (JJ j

^ _}* U^-4 (Jj'b/I ^j*JI j l ^j

<JJ

a] lo.fZ-4 ( J l J l j

^yi")!I

. ^C"Ip-X.il J J*j\ (J& aIIjI

(Jl ^JLo l (J l O V j j 4*3 aJ

. 4J I U a L i d (_j

^J'

V*^*J <^

^-tAU^VI j U

S jj

d ^ u j ^ d ^p r
jaj

aJ I

dJj j

I j ^ ^ lU

2j J ^ J

4 l ^ | ^JdJb

*d*H

1 d-*^! j

(_j>-\

j U1

l j !j

4*J>dS j jA J jS " U U

^ 5!

c jU J I ^ I S JIj

J ^ V l ^Jp U j

" jU lj

U>lvA>*il

J 1 d S s li ^ I

^S\Ul jU - j ^ll

j jA

JJ jj'J^ll j*\ ^d-4 (_y j U

4_^Ull < w l^!l

j l ^ . d^l>J L^Ll

4VJ>JlS\^

Z |J *.l;>-

*d**ll aUS\1I ^joIj*^ l U j \ . J ! j 1^*1 5jj^ > ^.Jil

JJ

c ?-jWI ^Jp (JpMI ^J:!l ^

-j

c j l^ t V l j Ip

IrO-^* 1 f i jL J> *^U - -.S\L

jj^ ? ^ j ill
#j

(J 4iP ^.**11

^lill j^.j j j S v j l <-d

4j

j l ( j J ^ J I J a I ^Up S j j l l j j - 4^ ^ - 4 j l ( j ^ j I f j p U j S j l l

j ^ v i U a ^ J -j .

d-

^ j*~

y* IbN *S\>> JnJ 1^~a j l ^JpIj . Jxill (Jjli^ll ^Jp

jU jU ^ jc j^ J S jjv

(_$U4 (J^- U d ^ l

jUpVl^Jv^^- jjS ^ J l l ^ l j^'yi

U j-

CSJ-.-JI; SL^.U.1 jA (_j U ^ V l J_$J J A./**JUA_j a^-l; d ^ U ^ -4

j I 15 C ^Ja

dp

jsIJ t ^iUll (J (jrd^Ull A^d-lll

jSslI JlS3 llJ Sd) j d l l 0jll

j A j l ^ l i 'y j jj^Jll j d

jA J J j l

'Lj Za _ Y
^xJI d^jsj I

U a^

^*3

4? - jd l

jA j

. J j l j j^-J J - i l j -a ^J

jl - ^
j i lj^

Y"

^Jl _ 1 ijUJ ljUxj|lj((rjUl^j)) jl _ o

Aj IJ Ij <UJI J^9 Ij I ^ j I jl - V

<l J - I
d S J ik ; J ;

jP (_w\Sl ^ *llj Sj:M J * ^ - V i ( j j 4-jl M I 4 (J j j J a O-Xj

l j J J -I

U a j\(J 0jAI

o M j ll

Ij

J p 4(j-'^Xdkl *lS\J-1J a9j~^2.)'i A j p

< j\J L ii1 ^

^*11

. l^JlS^ujlyMl ( -:jA J p Sji-l (** 'jM^ ^ (^~ 4 <Jl^l

M *jM Io A p L a . ^ jIX aJ J l * j A))l(_ 11^5" (1) I ^]pl . J l J I l J I (1)l*l jjjP' ^*s2.A*
jH X J k ^ - l j < j M l pIj^M I <-ta'(j-* d j j

j i I j * l l Ja^j J l ^ j <1)1 J l

cIjUjUL* J l I j J - 4 J - p ^ J ^ ^ M S \ilj V ' ; J.

x j , 4 aJI I*a Ix^J .

O l j^

J J lr -N I

iA

V j ^ l J - /l <a I ^ j J 15JMI

^jA ^l^jfC) )l

IX

&

. J t l IJU i ^ v

.(Sfcr-l i t i j l p K d t 3J*&>- A-Jl j- a Ij U X p A jl j A j C ^L xp-1

J * * il j^ sll y } Jwaxll J.-iSnII^*.!*!! ^t>lSsll <

31 > j1^.j (X*/3" j 4 ^*11j SjX iJlj SpIjM 1
J 7 i j . JS\, l ^11j * l l
jIyu j L I p I j aJI f
3j

^^3

'l j j l Aj <X?xX9 4j > -N I j I j^ X - I C - .J j ^ J l ^ V l (jjl> t^ -l

(J j M l J 3 *J lj j >-1 j L I p I j

U^a ^

(j-vJliJI 3j j v ^

aJ j$ >

Kif ^
jlj

U V lJ p

a_*^-I j j- ^ J I

jljj~ l

^ {\

t^JJI j a

J j j l l J p j^ k d l J jll
I ^ . J l j 3 1 fjf"

( j^ 'ij j? - ' / i j

IJ> Ix (_^pI^Xv!I ^il*!l

(j'y

J_**ll J ^ M l ^-311 j A

I3>jiJ J

j i jP ~

d ^ l i jIp

^.1S^!

^ |j j j ^ ^ i
jj4 ^

jlS s jl l^lp-J j V l

4 j l ^ M l j l^a-dl > -jjjl

UU

j^ k l*
j^ ~ ^
< 'p~

j - J 3 j ->'5 J'l J '^ ?'^l ( j 1*

J j M l j A J C Ij-\>-I ; ( j j l (j\5 j J ? J l

*-Ji S j j . j U ^ ^ i j j j ^ i i jip- j i
<

^-311

A lP

^ A j j ^ 'a l l j Ip -j

(l)l M l 4 a ^ j ^ I U j j v ? _ / U j ^lUII

l IJ.A jA ^ .y i . j l ^ k M l j j j J l l J l T " ^ j ^ I J - I ^ .IlS clI

If .) A^wjJ # - L x M l 1^9 ^ . - j l o l l

(J,A 1-vjl JJA*v>ll d^l-1 jIpj 4

- y

d jjy J ^ }

a IU

I ^A

'.yk M I

^ I ^A (_j>-Ml ^/ljl 3jX j . j\i]

^jlAS Ij Ltj| U e.l*^?tj| OjP j| _ Y

^jl?e?eJ| _ Y1

y -

*jU I U (_5^d^

<^ j* !lj

4*UI J a I j

jCU

( 1j* il

J ^ X -U j

Lx^. <J a

c^JJlj . -Uallj 3jU JI J li~ aJ oj!L*x.U U J p Ji.il ^j j j lSJV c 2JU-IdislJ

Jl

j-4j-Uil aIJ J

a!^ Jj' i 4Jl

<iJsii J^ cJ-^j

S jj

<Up- dIil^Ilv/5 J J J J p aJ _}j <1)IV^ 4 SjvJI Jp ^MJIaJp J U o t A ^ I

U~A JjjJl j 4 J l l JjlM j J l j-4^Alilj . ALu j j^ P j <JUj (J l * j j
JUj

<)l l Jl5 j *

J l J^j* J''j

AJ

. jj-fU l jlk a 'V

j^ J

^ Aa 'J^S' ^ ^\*JIaJp

J-'j

^ J ' V l U j J ' j ^"1

^_j| <^-*>**11 41*

Jl_? iJ^\_?x^l}lA

,^-jUIj
jjUJIaJI

J l ^^ l x^

AX j l ^ l l

JU j

|? tV V
>
L_JiSs^ jSsJ l j P

a ' ^ S U a * <1)1 J p

jS s iS j *

tV
\M
J l* J A ljlp <1)1 J p j---X-4

l j j l * J 4 uJviS^J ^aI-jI p-fJlJ-4

lj A-Ux^ ^j /2.>-J <l)j^\iljp JjJilj Jl J*Vl j . S i ^ j A ^<'4J J*' ^IJ| Lilp

< .A^ l r t l

li 4 J jjr lll j

^ ^ liJ Ij^
^yS.A.1

JlxJ

Ly ? J Vl

(^Jlilj . ^A_/5J jUp aJpU J p t JlSv ^ja.A.

W
til
p (_5 A^_^>dl J p lj*_LXi
jSv) <1)1 ( j * J j

Uj

Ip

U^A 'jUil (1)1 C_3Jp C ilJ . ^t>l^ilj Sjlv2.il 4a1p LL*. |*~1pJ Aj aj* Ij
Jp

Lj-i

JJ=> (_5A JU SjjSU II SJUjA

Ij 4-^.Jpj <|^ ^

^^

i Ua

<jli c a^'VI

J ' JrH-? S j ^ * *

0S a j j * j i
<1)1

L a ;

tJv2j'V

)/ j 4

j p <J j>*.\a U jI U a j

^ J * > J A J (J ^ y ^

J-^'Vl J l Jp'V' j-4 Uxv*

<,J^^ Aj JauXI) a Jji

^ j,^ a v2> c a I j ^

J ^ J j'V l

jj-^-ii d.Ssii
*V I 4 AaJJvA>*J

^j^^vap^xilj^sii jUj'V J lj'V lJ I Aaa^JIj DIx^ ^jlj ^iil^^j-^lhtil jS \ii 0 ULU14

4 JilvJl Jl jU l j-4 ji-I A_Jl Aa J j l4 j*w>-lj . ^X aIxSIJ J^-'Vl S^Lj < ,?-JJ Jj
jsJ4j 4ja-Vi J l a5!^i J2.j Jp'V' j-4 U*a^ jc xiiJ-i jc^.^1 j^;u j\j J^>lii
Jlx^l ^ixoJ _ r

ffrUJI _ \

j l >2ix~j - i

- y

lS j* s I _

j l ^Aj iJ^- J li Jp JLidl l^ ^Lk-j 4;SJ- <_^>-1 clxJ l ^ j

J l ^ l O ljL lp l U y L - j OlgJ-1

<Xfilllj

l;

O l^ J j-l l*0 (jliSsSI Jljr1

' ^!

l - ^ JUI

0 lj 4V*'4 (J j^ l 0 I

A^-USl 4pLv^JI(_$ ^-*^1^

t-U^jVl _/Lj iliSslIj jb c llj u iJ b '(J lillj 4 .o j> -jll

^jA (_.All J ^ 'b /l

lJo- ( j4 JlJl **AbJl

C jj\J A ^ j

Jl 'r'JH

(j-^ 3-^

J"'*3'^

^J

J 1 J & ^ t (_$'*" 4J-0 .S"N 1 J l jlS \ll 4 > -jjJ I

J -ll 4jjU x^! 4jU<4

(_A^SslIJ

(1)1 Jl

J^l

(1)1

^ I 44***Ull <Ljj\]I

4JI jUIU J p c

^ J.va>- JjN l JS*ll jl* c ij-uiJjM

^jA

Obl-Ui^Nl

yv2d*Jl;

4> j-XXa *L )^1 J p

C 4 jjIJ s N I 4 jjjv ?

I JAj

4 ] jd.1

1J.A

jn t,lj

<
1Ij j 1

d jr l

4V ^ l j >
^a lkJl j a lx Lw\jix

Jj^xdl

iijIjU ^ y L J j jA IX 4j Lj J l j A J V

jA

4^^11a j

*LyNl ^ U -

Jl

*J j^ l

Aj Ijivi1

t S\ll S
. -l^4

1^9 ^ j -Uj 4j\ii^is C^jjJ^Ssj IJ -U jN 1Jp

Uj iiw ij

Jl

1 ^ ^ a a j a LSj ^ j-AJl J -o *J p oSd.}

4 J lJjU :^ J ^jU li O V j l j l ^ ^ |-j* * J I

4-JjjJl j*.^IjL1SJ J ^ J 4--* (J-ApxXI J jV j^JU Jl

(1)1

Jl ^A-VjUPj ^ *!J l

CJJjUj ^ U J p 4<u?-l^JVl (Jj^,J-I>_jiIp^3 ^Uv J ^^>^11 (jJ-lJaI 4JI jlilUij

. ^AlLll Ja I L J ^ Q^-* 4>^j . 4jL*Ij 4 j J j * - J 4pIv2.JI 4_i5 ^4 i <Jbj| J p
J^ 4 J jAllill Ja I d^l f
:

. }y.A JI (1)1 J p

p * J ' ur>^ ' 4 Y^ f ' K ^

J|J-NI li 4 J;

J^P IAJ . J j j l l

^Jl Ja I ^ | ju 4j( ^p|

^ IJ Ij

(( ^

l J li
^

: J^^Ji

J jj

4-JliJI _ aJt^j j .i jt j

J j , , |'))

_ ^

A j'S

jd o

(jA

A^Ukl

4 A-~*Jl^lki 14A/xSsSI^y*-)

js illjk

d^J^J l^*l,<l>-j 1^**-aJ ^4"'14 J '

1d ^ k ^

l<-^ 4

A**-a1j4Ia j

^ j'*

^ LtfJ

l' i L k I d k " J p tiLkX* J J J d ^ s b ; "fijN l j k j j Ia j J; J l^-^J-J O I j k J- d k

'^"

c k j k j k j . ^1 j k l j A ilj]ld -> l j:k .l j l^J^-woj a I-- J p S j j k l d ^ J Ak Uk, U fJ iT

A jllj'V l S ji-1 <uiU

^ k i,

;p

c ((j J a SI lJ^j b J j 1 l )) i J U j a) j 5 O l j l d l

ja

. Sj L p j > j L

C_J^A JU*j J

SjU l t^ > jlj C kwll J j U j l l J ^ l

J J > * j d * U J 4 **,kj5l O V jA ^ c lI ^ w lJ ^ O j j - ^ k l j ^ J l JJl j l l l l j U j j P

(_j j * j J

A jJ j * k p

^ jA J

l^-

^Jl

J p k j ^ - k l J JL*:J1 4 I j d *1 k x p M k
J - J I jjA
d 4

pj k

$j a j U

JIXpj

x i^

jV

Ij^ J

. 0^Av2j

d ^ t a j 4 _*l*ll J j X *

l ^ k * J 4__j J x

d5\ J p

O jS s j l

j ! l A jk-lJl lr ^

U J l d -k ^ J j

\f

1j.A ^ P

Jajb JlS O .) j W l

^ J p -4 ( j b ^ l J l j ^ l j

*UaX * l T .

j j * * 2 . X j ^ d ^ ]^
C lk j'4

,a

U V 1

^15j
a

c J ^ ljk il

b * * l j ^ Jul I-4

A^sJII p k A ]lc P ljL i'y i -k jjl5 (-J J jL x j

15j j Ia X p J ^ * j l J l J

jl

^ - d ^ i NJ J

Ia j J 4J J l * l > j A ^ J J I jIa J I

< P j lkJ ^j.C- IS J) .jl.5

J l i k M l J p I aa

l l ji p ' y I d ^ k j . J l s r j l 'd '* i

j ] 4 i k - j A ^ M j J Jl> lj> 3l j j

\c- <X^s^~ j

AaJIaP^-I Aj j p ^ I

p jllil

A9j*> lp

^ J a -J

(- - 9 j j i - 1 S j J

!*Aa: j J J k ld A ^ k fl^ k 1j l
^ji!l j L p

^ k k ili

b r A J l j V l S ji-1 <u.^U

4 ^ *> J l Jj

J J l^ k J -1

^j-^2i ' J l S d l _> W I

l^ k * j j

-J lS v ^ V l ^il <va!I

L 1'^] J 4"kwi (^aJ1 j j l k l j k ' j A d ^ ^

(J ^ j-Xll A

-/V * ci
. J * ^ j

(5 j k J - y
_

Ai A3J J 7*

(k*]l

J ^ W 2- 1J <-^b>sU

I d A ^ |kJ * k lj,4 a]

jl

\r v

(<*

>.j 1 C 4-1^ll 4-*p'yij

J-4 1}t j

< jj^ s ]\

l^* 4 ^ * J . (_S J?"^j

&

l AjjU.A^I ^j\jl~\j\jk) J j l J * ^ l <j4V j 4jj * jd l.i5 jljll b

&

JJ-J^I
(J^

jiU C4.-5J - l ' j j * a ) | j l l j * .

J 4
1)111j,J\1j^JxJ j_j J ^ ^ H a ^ ^ ^ ( j-*'*^

ij,l lg,*k)j <iJ l l^.^

jl^ k ^ /l -^ l4 J p j j } jLJJI

d jw

Jp ^kJ j l ^

. ^ J d lj 4] L*J I _J Jlv4 i j p JJI L AAygS\ j j *a iljA I-aj . jr j-k J- ljl*-^l Jjl-X*

J a Ij^ i

4 _ ij^ -l jj^ a jl ii.^ld j>"l d j J l

*^P 4- 91; 0j j 4^

j-*I

4 4-4J I

^^4-X^Cj i

J ;l ^ J ^ jl .^J
^j I a I j
^^

4j J 4 UlSJjj U k j (j\-jlill j k - i l l l j l

L--A J-*J .

IjA j 4

(j-^ ,j

^1 1 frI^AI j,JnIj ^Ia*^

J l IJ L j j -U-k-l I IJo-i-cjl C 5_/

1-4 l.LUX4j ^ a d l j 4Jl^ j*JS+A(J IjJ^.k J l oljjJ'vA.I jljl^.9 .

JJV^ >J . > -9jp U J p ^ j l j s

J ^t>Lj|

I ^ L U jli -LxjMUlJl ftlij lJ p J J I 4_Ju*lIJJ4^s]IjA

kkVl

'J***3 ^lj'dl i^JlJ^S'(_j L* lJ p C4_-IaP (__J"I

J SjjSM lI 4l'l jP lx ll J j

k JxA* _J*jJ Ij CwaX>-l -A 4-J I j j l o b 'y i ^

l_J" 5 A^*.aj J j^ \^ JA) Ja IjJ I 4

.aJIj (_J^\aai^Ij 1^-1p ^Jv*~J I fi-lp-AX
xl ^.a ti.^-1
j j J l fi jj^^s-~jk

4 4lJJplX.lloA

S-l9V l j j U ^ ^ l j ^<^l ^-1 J ^ ^ j )) "J k ; -j J iS* 4;^l I

I-Ip I; 4.JI_/Vl 4Sjd-lj<Ssk 4-IIU

A J-*]l j l Ia ^

ki .

. IJ a I iXp IJ p J-AJ *A-ll 4^1S^ l^- ^ aA J J I (d j^d-lj

J J 4 0 J k d - l j jlljd l(j^ J ^4 j r j l p l j j
<j\; 49l~*lJ* J ^ l j U . 4jJljdC bJ

4Sdd-l'iksi"4A>UJ-^- L ' j

14->.lkl I4.-j UJ-1 Cj

J p Ia :> J j

j_^A^JI _ ^
Ua _ Y

4 JljJl A J U j

d * \ ^

4_ _ * k

lil J ^

*^9

d * {kj & ' * ' >

, _J b i l

J p

C (*

4J

l* i

l k

jJ I

'

^ j l q

<1)1 ' k o ' b

C P V I

.A j

a ill

d $ \ ]S

S jk - l

$ Jk -l d ^ k j

d ^ k

4j

A^ l

4j S

-U p x

j l l

lS

tA t*

^ k

^ J jj

^ j

4jw

j i l

JU a II

Jp

j k k

j>^

J p

1(_

J U ll

j V

d S s iij

0^1

jl l

i j-

A jJ lk j

jl^ k *

4 .4 j k
S j l

J d o jo k

l> J I

Jj j I

(_ jll

j-^ > J

J i J l

( J ^ k

j l

l j

k ^ l

j^ k l

O ^ ^ p ll

,y

^ U JI -

J p

'i / b k l

(1)1 ^ A j

1a > ' ( 3

j* l l J a J I

4
d S

a JU I!

j^ = j

J d

j l

J j>

^ jlj>
^

tjLyaJI - 0
.C.kJU (4 a^ ) j I^j
^ jU .j

jA

14

J >

ta llj

_a**Jl I L*jl>-jJI Ijd lk J p d 4 * Jp

JUI

^ U l ^ Jd U

l ^ - 4^

^ X

^/l d S s b J

k .^ L j

jU

J Ik p Jl

1 Aj

j i

4k

^ Jj k

j j

oj J k a J l j

J jU a p 'l

S ^ J - I jA

d - ;^ J

( J

a Jp

^ jl S s l I

j l

j k

JlSSI A

C jk lc k f

jr ^ " 4J a

1a ! I

* j

J J l_ j

J l

J p

aU j*1
* Ja j

^ b 'l jjv

t * k Ja1**1j

j j $ k l j

a! I

d -b k c Jl

J jL m I I i w l ^ k j A j

jL k lI I

6^1

J a I

J iL d l J l

> -j

l nA ^O

AA^

J jV

l J a

i j d p - ' V

_ ,f jl l

J jn ^ I

C iJ

_} i J l d

4 4_ v < l k - k

4 SJL>tJ.I -Jk

aJ

Jji .l l

o J - p J p

J l k - J ^ l J k * J ^

l l

. a I l | J p

_ i d l l A X jC j

j j J I

J j l j

J _ * * jjll j j ^

. Tyj

4J^

(_ j k J , l c - j b S \ l l

j- v S .l

< j b S v l l J l ^ ^ l J * 4 ( J

H jc i

1(dkju

A
jlj

- V

\r

J lci

JA ^ d J

*^

^3 3 A Lb*4

U^f"

J '
-bS"4_^>-b^ j

O Ij^ A -4j 4_^j J>-(*Jl;^51jj>t,o d ^ A k ^ j l p j l l l p

j> -

(_Jojljl< _ _ jb ^

Jav^pIj J j l d

Ij ^ j

* J lla ^ b j

i-pIj d 1

4J 3a j

L
* d-AA^.-4

XJ l k 4 j \*mj

a j ^ a a oJaPPLxj j k l

jb ld J ^

j**> A aX X 3

ollj I j b I a5"*< ~ 3jj> - ^p

J ji j > - d O j - j l I

3j > -

, JlA3 < J ^ k - j l

^ J ja ^ -lk <-pbS"Aj l

<0Uj ^A^tA^aj J o j 5v!"

J j j l ^ J 4__aa0 j i
A jlk b k

A
?Xa
a
%
Jj

j j i

b U j J i

i j k

0j U *

A o * Y*

j * S "l _J t _ w * k ( J a j j l ^
O b>- j k

<
ap - j

l ^b^ AS* 4 aJ ik -4 ^ J J 4
* - jl

^ I^ A a a JI d ^ k

C a a ^ JIv d

l j j l

aS j j - b k "

^>j P T 3 a s j ^ J 5 l j J

J j I a I jI U - )) (1 )Ij1 a j

Aaa- ^ a j Ap^aaJ C a jU S " k j j j l

J j k

^ jJ J jjj

*4 > c^ J J s j

A > im +) ( j I . 4_aawI J

^ X ~ X

^ J > - J 4 vj J ' j > - J d j N U j j l ^ A J A ^ J jI J O J ^ P

b l y l k j j (( Aj j p

a) b *'J J I

J J i

j i

t C w lo J d C o b k ( J a J J a
C - * " I i__pJ j - 4 k d

APj ^.3-

j & ll ;

i j > - A*} C w . l J j Ip ^ C C n ^ - 4

.
j Id^AASsP

4 c J j^ k * '

4 ( _ J j j . i . ( Ja a I ^ Aj J a ^

l j j

i j l ja

3J j

Jd b (_

d - k a l5sJ j I^ d J J / 4 AjjkUkAj JJ-kl* ^aaSCp *A?x*J

AYA

j i

. C d * Ja* A d j A t \ J d j ^ a p ^ j J I C d 4 P j ^ . ; . j l ^ j ^ J ^ j j j j j - 4 A J lk b k A * * \
A ^

k j

J -i

jly

J a ^ I ^ jj

^aaS^P

A
>caa,j A
j

^>\j

^ J il A k u * J U A ^ d A k C w . J _ f . J j

A) I j b T

(jk :^

J jjI j

d lijj

A?^d d j / bj

. J O j f aIj

\a { S S

CAA-lal5biJI^ iS jZ 'jA

>

iS 'y

a ^ j I ( ( j - ^ i l l

.LJLj oU _ylljl)): aj^J;aj 1j .

. Jl_/I <2^L~.4J U j
J4,J ^ l j4l_/.Jji (j-^-Aj j I J ^p%H
(s*Af ^ x**

CjL l j . J j^SCjU

C^jl^Slj j l j . } (Jl_/1

(_*J

2 dj- jJ lj lj 2j\$j\j

^ jV 1j ^ j j 1\J L)1-^ 3
.

JL-LS^

j2 A^jli>- wlAX^*jli j

5 jljj^ it J J j4

J A*S*{j\

J.Al**4 O j j I A^Ad-;j^ 2j>- & jU >J I \j>I

{* ' j J j \ tjZ-J. ^

' L$J

*A^ jl>-J

CJSJb- Jl jM VJS"aS"Ja.j jlJU X\itJ Sj I j * I j j k j (j\ C-*-loJ.^I

,

j U 4!j Ij

{ *** 0

(J,U

aSJ

J j l j ( (j / J) Xf\iJ. ^J ^ J j "*? J

\j* ^ 0

KJ^ -T^1

j l i ^ j w i j (j^>- 1j I (jAj'jfj?'
lj j 1

{* 2 >-ja\

v^>-L J jlj ^ Xy? 4j,

J l j M ^ u j l i U Z~A jip AS"yl*-*>l }J-}j4

j 1j l yj O jJiP^l ,C~>-j4 1J.J.J J ijS -"

ij

j' o L l 1>-jj jlp

{j 1j . i j

J j l jl5 jlS s ^

C*^xj vJlSs^

. c^1(_?Uj1
AjIoS*^ j l j ^ L/ 1 (3^*^-? -UlAX^ob j%~jl
J ^ lj JJU:^.Jb
jlx

aJL-jj ^ j j

^J'5^;'4 j^-j

^1

<jp

1
) -)

j T ^lr>l j aL ijU j^ e ^jj 4 l j

lk
*^,
- 'J ^ - r'.

^ ^ '3 '

OijSsJ*

aS^JJ4& j l ^ 4^

I p 4> i j q |! aj j j ^

c <s\^>-\ &*&:

;s^

al^M1J3^*aj jJLpjlC-5";>- ^:S"aS\jL>- Jl j l C^La>-aS"

C mjJ

J.jIj ,

*AjIj **

jl

J ^ ^ J. ^

^1 ' yj T J U f j >\&sjZ Lj ( j ^ - J ^ lj
+i f j j j jZ

J l j 4j

* ^ jljj 3

^(3**^ S * * <~~~^'j :>~ ^

^

aS

. iJ j ^j|J^J J lj \ v J*J,

>

C-S^?-j . <^-iJ* a

a^Ij
Lj

(Jj^ A^iZ ' < S * ^ ,

\rr

J lci

(Jp ^

d l j i l dJlwj J J k u

o J J

(( d

I ))

( d p j j a ^ j - 4J I X C w

i jA _

^ J

3 1

A ^Ij 4 d f j ( >

lj? b

b l

< i J d

A S k JU j ( j l

^3^~

b S ^ ( jl d

d I

J ^ b

( j^ b

. ( j d p Aj ^ j b ( j ^ J * d > - ^lj jS^iZ C j L j U . C d i J> -k (_ p b k j^

4d -

((( J l

jlS*" J l j l )) j j * l ^.j a I C j d l j ^

^ (^ jlj

A ld S o j l d j j

jl J j

< - p U '^ I J > jI j J

j J

j j

* jU I

Aj

j j

4c

4 J I ^ L *ilj

bj Ij I

( jjjiv - d j jl ( J I J

aS~

-4j

d ^ j ^ - d <jbS""^lj j l A$\Jb>-

J l

j ' l C d d - aS"J a

I Jj j 3

d j Aj . ^ j d d

AJbj d C i k j i d C s .- 4

J j l j - d

J *

j j j j d

J l d

j l

j jk j

Ij

I J

. (. d i S"i_' . i va"
H
^ 4 *J

L / J J. ^ j k

I j l k

j l j

J l j

J c

( j l

d k

jlp

j3

: c d d $ j A **jl j j k l j c $ > * cA -^ r .J Jbx aj J l p j l c d c k j

. d * lj

t*j ^ j jip

j l j * aSJJ-I Ad^k

dJ-* j l j (J*J j i p jx jU
l / j j

J l j l

j S j C k * j J d * dJa j I j ; S j-l aJIU _ y

. C d ^ S l j j i p j (Jd* j b * j i A kC d (^ d .J j l j : Sjdl Aa U

^iljp j l c

aS"C a*I(_^Ja_j

V V ja ^ b

j l Sjdl AaUj C

(^ Ia J j *4 j d l C k

aS J - I

y*

AaIIU j

C d C iU .J j k j J U j

j k d j j jA d j 4 I J l ^ j f ; J . ^ j b j l l p j d j d j U ^ a J > . j C J j > - j

(^b-P J-> j S j ? (Jil

aT c

cd9 j

(jl^ A ^ X

j ^

C j j ^ a j c V j b d j A k d jj

jp a

ifiT j j j

j j j * k j;. j

j T ^ j i A ^ jb > -. x S ^ j c J d j T j j ^ J U j d J j ' J J
j U S v ^ V lj jl^ a jJ /lj

<JjIj^>- ^
jd d c lj^ ^

i j s t V j ^ c_ d c^k jJkys

*4jT d j J ^

C a

C jU l j u

4 j- l} * "

J**

*^>^a

A ^ \ j ^ - A)

< U lj -

, i P ^ J ^^^<*1*,^j'

A *

X*

jl^

(^' J ^

^ -J U c ^ j ^ * * 1 ^

j* a i

jir a J U jb

4j 4/013

&

4; c - ^ l ^ i j L L V * i ;

^ i

4Pt**0

* A^n+**)
. Ao *r

ft

J ^ .

o j U 5* V

^ J U c ^ l j J (i

( ji* ^

J 5 X J A a lj & &

. C ^ l j j ' U j l ^ l j 4 > - l J > - Aj t ^ U j l k p

. Ao * f o jlr' V

. C ^ l o ^ I ( _ j!jp Ja^^kj O l j A j I

( j * o - 4j c _ A k :^ 4*lJ

J l* (

o \ Zi j j j j

d */^ jj Z

"\*

jja l

A)

<uU

j \ a IAj > lk > - 4 / * lj(j- l

. APtamJ
. Ao

*r

> jj> - ^ p ^ J l k / c j ^

Jk> k ' J ( j - 1 ^

{Jjj*~j {J ^J* ^

c C-~+~.x> ^ jix -* 0

. A O * V* d j U - 4 P j * . ^ C

i (. J a l i 4S""C m *jU,*U

J,?*'-

^\aj

. A o

* r

A T

o jl*

^ jZ > j' ^ y b \ (_Ij ' J>-U fj>

J l> -

* J

C J

c S

'jj-

o lS w ib

b j

ilj^ a l

<u U

C - ~ j I < u lj

* 4^C<4*0
.

A o

Oj l

* V

* 4 P

C J

s j \ j j j > u ~li

L S * jlS * j

. j j S

A o

* T

o jlc *

*a

* r

a o

4P j^

J L

jo lf ;

c ^ 'j^ jo

j ^

ui - & ^

"

C**ol<i*U

< ^ ij_ p

4j

<
jlla>-

u>wu

& *

j~~i Ai

o ji 5 ,

. LT j

. \ 4 j < u U

4vob _

*U

A^S***)
.

A o

* r

o j l 5,

< * ? *

c J

<

w 4 -

U<ulJ 4j

O U j l s ^ &

< - * J J j P j ^ X j j j U y > v . U ^ j i ^ j U j <Jyu C w - l ^ j U ^ I

, 4 >C,avO

. Ao * Y ojl-c^ A c -j^ c^.L, ^ I j ^

^ .J _ ^

( J jP / j j J^a *\
.

A n

<Ljliil

I^- /j i^.>- 4X**- ^ \ ) j A

. A o * r jU * V j ^ J ^
. Y^Y*

o jU *

. A T \ * a j l^ ^ S

l_/ I j
0^1 j

o j> 4 ; i -jlJ a > - j

jip

^Jb? \

vp

V jX _ Y
; o l5 w ib J

/ (J j'

j l .Juv^ix; (_^U
j i

a J L -j J

f i - V
o

L" j

aJI^ j

4 lij;

^ 1
J

(_ b l ^ L * ~ i

# 4px**v,^

. AO * Y *jlo- 4 P j* .^ (J-* C ^ lj^

. Ao *
. AY *

* o j[ ^

(J ^ t - t o l5w ;lp
j j JUa JI

Y
Y

&j A

o i l j ^ l 4j c -jlk ^ - j P (^ U ? U J j |*IliJ J U - ^ J - 5^
cA^r.

j ^5yO*4JL*j j 4] L * jjj- l . C - * v l 4 i i j j ^ I A Y A O U ^ j W

_)b

(_}^

* * ' 1 ( _ i bc^Aj J

j ^>
*,,b ^

. C X L flO jjl ^ i b vJ lL *
. C -L^ _ aj j

Ij ^Aj *0J L

{ j S Xi a i b J ^ J ^ b S ^ j - l j i aS^(_$IJ?L* ^Xj

. J^pIj ^Aj * o j L
l2^**,Ij (Jx Ip

J JL*1

. J-i>P Ij J P

sb* o

,^ .^ jIj
,

b)I

. Ao * o *ojbc J *
. U^SL*/?^

V'Y'^ *ojb

. AY* * ajlr*
. oAoA

fc

o jb *

{J^ s -

oJ>b^

A* A J L

C-*!aiIj C * p Ij

oJ L

<bJbjl i }

c'j j t *

~~ ^

O L i l b J b J iib

jJL

o lS L J b

. Jb^

apj * . f LS.xj

c lS\Xj b

. aX C . * Y o U bjbr j A^o b jlr'

otLJb o

cSjP / g a u j l . r
IO

. (JIL a ^ ^ j

j,_o^-

x!jj i

. A^^W.)
.

Ao * r *jU^

. Y^Y1*

APJ^.jf

; J a ( \ jjZ M\A \

jb L ^

a * -j -14

: o U ^ _
J bbj IJ j A j * L I i 5 \ j aS^(JLj
.

(_La <u IJj

^ y * - y < S^ , bS" jl <_Iap

C-LoX* I IjjijIjS" 0^^> _ Y^ lSbijb

Sj'iG.'* x b

AXb

_ Y Y 'V ^ - Y* jIji^ p lf> -J L-^ bS"<s Ic'a Ij

L b (j^xJI^ 1 ^

a" l> I

ijb

jl

^ j^ ^ J

A j^

cJ^5*- <jM y .

^ J -> j ^

^l,A,4 L-j^l? j l aS" -jjJ

C ^ -w Ia .^

jl - f ^

' j ^ --^ l

( i.5 s j

(_pL-j PJ.P ^ P ^J-A3J-4 J j l

j l u b v i ys>

a S ^ O ^ I ^ I

p .Ap

^ p ( >Ij j p <_lo_y I p (

Pwl*X^ P (1 4-4

p j> -

a ^ ~ J a > -jJ , j

A^aJL^j

j*

A A jj^ a > J ( * *

0" l -? A-1l ^ 4~^*^Aj pblpl ^J,P

L*

l J l> - ;f^

d -s * * l

o A ^ J jA j O j- J

j O

J l ^

L _ j j J*~) j l

( J L ;lp

/ Ij O A$\Xj l( J l>- *Ax5sJj

jS \) 2 C

~>liJ j

lo - L ^ lj

(A j

I j l A?x.~J c j^ J j l

aS* l j I j j j l

3 -^ 1 q &PtJA C ^ a A,4.AJLjP aS"*

(j j l ^

j I xS"j

l^*-

J i. * X , > . * (_ ~ > lx S ^ j /

A j I S j

j jl J b * -

j ^ d ^ 1J ^UjIj (_jP lj jO

'-'lJ ' ^ ' "

O ^JIS* j j v ^

-* j ^

C -*IC -v < A l

0_/ b )

A > z .A ^ >

Ijo

C ^ N Ij j P

l ~ k l^ " j l j l ^ d

'

lJ

^ "*o A

. C -*lo iA .ii O jl-^ l 3_/ Ip <j I Aj

A$\J I

AxS\J . O ^ X j

jA jj

<j I

fi
J j l aS"

(JjUll . . . j

__ U S ^

wIax^ij j O

L p ^ I C - ^ I pj >

a)Ij?*j J jl? - J jA j* J U ; . . . j1 > -

e J a X v ^ ^ O l^ s - U j j P

- j-

(_aj ^

aS1C * J I j P j a I ? < ^ ^ 2 - 4 j p - j P

A o * V a p j ^ . ^ j p

i s b b j jS 3 I _^>-Tj j l^-4j

| j i y ^ l ^ 0 aS^ . (( d / A j i ^ j j (_j,l

^-.*low L

4Z A y

A
px^vj

iaj- (jL-4j ^ lf l j j l p I . A o ^ j Ij^ a p j ->.^ c

. t r * o j l ^ c o l5 ji.jb Y
. o J ji

P A \ * ^ajU^ 4 l i l

*-l5\XXjlp

^*jl / j j * **''* AA)\

P j_ j4 j0 (jljIp _ o I^ ',^'1-^ a$^_^l^*Ixa*>Ip iAXjI-4 I jQ I jo^ijld^^->j(_$b I p (-1^*41(3US**

X j b j c j l j ^ l ^ r ^ - ^ l^ ^ jr l J ^ l j l j l jO I j j S j j O - ^ l s P j j I A j j j ! (_jilJ~
j ' J AX>-Uj*I d jii

Aj

a\j I

A L J \ iA iS

j j (j<~l-rJ b 2-4

Ix-* O j ^ ( > J j P j I

. A0 *r

6J Ifi-

. Ao *

A C -^ -

^J<*

. AY A ^lfi-

4 ? CrVvJ

c ol^AA^b

r
: U **

. ^

4U>j) <3

^a/jI / ( . . . ^.Xp>

l ^lS\>-l ( j^ l j > - j

aJL-j

< -C-J:?-

Lj j

: a;

^ j= rj
- *

j+&

< J jj^

Ij

aJL*j

JI^
j-w
iJjijjll
j - J.; Ifit t^j

*" -'

s
-*/
s

J
-*

^I

. ^^IaaMSo

. 4?*t,vw0
. A * V* Ojlfi*' AP

4 ^ -b

. ( A ^i C ^ j ) A t A V

((

^,aa^ \

. AYV*jlfi5, (JS ^ 4 o & iJ b

- r

lJ^p / j ^ X i u W - 1 ^

. d-^lo^j^ (_!fiJlJ A Y T jfi I_/ I

OavI41a^*va**jjaIa15sJ(J^*;lj I (_aw2-j C-.AAibJ.p^j^(^^^U^^_)lxS"Jv?l
<_*v2- aSnJL>- ^.P I ^ J - J * J - * J .
I*X^~b ^ . * 0 I

Iaa.,^^

J-4A2>-(^>-l----k ^ j _ J jl) 4>t*Jjl

I ^*A>-1^ ^A b -blj) 6 f i ^ j~j2j A/ > ^

<-.' I (JIajIp^J . wIa'Ij kA?-l^j (JI-HP^J^j4S"(1aaa<I (_^Ij qv2; I (_fib_ I j l

(3^1^

{j>*~_/'

^vS.-4(_j l j .C Ka_aJb A,^.lSb I<_aA^Ifi AkfiJ

4-ULvlA(J>-jlt-bblS^jJj jk4^*<jA AlTbjlfi^^JJji^kA^ Ij^jp^I/ Ijfi

4 C1a.awIijI"/4

I ^ l ' T ^ j b (J1* aa^I

jh ^ jl& ij

I*Aj aS^LaaajI^ a ^^S~4_aaaU^^Jj

iS y
.

g,

. A * T

ojlc^

. Ao *

&

aa-j

^ -

b ljj^

( j M^

^
Y

. A Y A j A Y V o j \ ^ < j~ ^ p i o lS v lib

i3>

J ,*'*',jj J j
.

- M

^ jlS s J

b b l

i3 j

14]b j

J5s>-I A) j 5 \ > - A S " ( ^ / l

J j( _ o .i J j l ;

^.p j

b l* jp

. Jb0>A;i

A> J I i J ^ j l (_

( ( j^ )

( j^ jv _ J lk -

^Lc

"

"

a I? ^ jlp j

a ^ S " j > -

((

((

(1)U i Ij

4P

j U

l j j l

5J U

4j

j ^ '

A*ujJ./ Y

f l^ 3 l

4j I

^*j1pj b>- J a I (_A?b

Y ^

r ' o)

A j2 > - ^ \ a

aJU , * j f i j j

4 11b

(J-4^

^LS-4 J -5 J c b ^ a U ? ^

#C w > U p

JI

4] l-^j ^ ij 4S

_) I 4*J I.C )) 4j2j j * h A j I y * * A J _ ) 2 (i .b (_14] U^>j

4] l jJ> . J ' P J

- rA

i C. U ^ A u i)

a jl^ l 4] b j^ J v 4 Ij-^ j 4 d\. A l i J a > - l j 4] b j J j ' J j j ^

(J^JJ 4j J j i

4Pr.A^

J b J

4p
*X
,v
w
J

JI (J"4- 4j iS
*o

I j

j+ t A j

. (tv-

3 ^ ' (Jib^.C-*lAX5l;

(_JI>J1 J j *

j l j

iS IJ

*J l ^

. Y

J P

.
. A0 *V

Y *V

11

OUj

4^jI*>-

^jbj

* 1 ^ j l
^

. c J * j t y ay^

. A * V

O j b *'

& j h - C

.A o *i

* \

. o U y b * * * ' ^Ul V f ^

. A YA

((

. V V A o jl^ a

yt j i * l y T j

'^ r

oLol

o-bvob

^ jj^ saa o

OluJUl s.j,J>

_ y * 4j. S j**

^ jU

( jy lI ^ ^ jO

o i* j

i j i s ^ *1 j & j e - j J > - J a I

1Ij

4a S a a

fi,

4 S "

.C ^ b r iy j)

<j * J J

(^ U -

4] l-**1^)

c,5\J j i

j\

. C - ^ l o J j l 2 jb

c > ^

d S sL * j *

a^

Uj .

. w\*U O i b

; 5 ( j U ^ p j y A J i j u A S ^ j

o t a j'jS

s. X j

~as,

- t '%

Aa^'-Aj 5

iS 'j'^ r ^ ^ y *

*' j ^ J

IJ - i

- !^ & ^

2 j7 > - i->US^4j i*_jl'*.^ 2.A 4 S ^ ^ ^ l > -

J ^ t fA i J - 1 <~-f)

^-Aa-4 4 _ jb

Ai

A-4 ( j I j }

-L< ^ 0

.2 * 4 J

a j

(_*4 j / ^ J ( _ ^ l jl^ * l t !.^!') (. -U j_______ 4_>IxS^

- ^ S ^ jb

C ^ U jL * J ^ * - 4j l

/ $ \t

j 1p

4J

^ J * j 4jT l> - jf ,5 s j

( jllU

j ^

5j j ' 4

Iju - -4

y y -

( j\ * *

. . . p l^ lj j ^

4 L ~ * * .2 / J j ^ J a I

4 iy

u ^ U

J J l

a ;^

j- 5

I j 4 > j^ A j

4 ^ b y

j j

J ^ l

4 ^ - j a ;> - a S A jT ^ v o j)

ji

j i jA

: y y \ j?

^ .f 1 4 ^ ;T

O l J I AjA > - J

lj^

ji

o a ^ r

. ( ( -U U

C^p Ii

y.

1 5"y

Ijj I

(i

l j ' . 1*m^ -

^ j A

. ^ l o j (^JiiJij A * *\

U j P j P (_lAj l j

J P j l ^ S

0.^,2J y j - y . * (y ^ j \ y I |

jP jS * l j - J L i j d s j'.P A ^ y ^ j
p d d S ^ i J 4j C-p^ j I j <

ja

a>*.

p ^ t j p Ij

* -

1 (^-U^t>-

J J i^ l d ^ -jP

i^ jl ^ 1

^a Y

Pj~~

<4 ^ ) J

L $ "^ * I i * S &

. 4:ib i__.ju J

a^ j

<

A_*jIj ddvyA9 ^ j d

jo lS j ^isj l ^ i l d - ^ - j l A^AX^-L*

{j,\$

(_^IjI*p j p I j 3 U jp j ^ .* J i j l L j L - * j <.J lla-* u j> - j

,s p b l P y *J .-dl-C ^J':>' ^ j I (_ta(_j ^do j C^l$\d, A S ^ d d l_/ |jl<-U^d.>lp

A^**t,, -,^I (

0*I P ^ I y

I y f '
'.) / y l

jW j P~\ j $

J p lp ^ _KJj

jl J u

C.XJ d ^ i d j

C -p Iy

yf I

H S ' 4 ; 'J ' ^ J P ^

l ^ y y 2 - 4< Pj > - Ly > \> - y > j j b

A * * jP I (jx - ^ y j l 3 j 3 S 3

. dJ C ^ j
. JuMj l

AYV

V '

-5J J ^ I j o X ^ J

*yi - j l j * ^ ^

. A *\ * jl^ 4 P j ^ c
. A * o

y ^ J ~ f,

(jv ^ ^ ta j d a p ^ r t p d j j l j I p j l ^ l b

. C .^ Io p 3 S O

. P jU J jU l

l yl * 3 ^ A^<^*j I , P

s ' J * ^ ^J ,

3 J ^ "3

^ * * 3

^ I l l a ^ j l ( ^ j l ^ J j P j l -5j 3

1^

p o Y Y %j \ &
jl^

Ij

&

d ^ ^ U x lj

d 'jj*-' (jA V 1
((

c < d U I "o ^ d J b - r
o15s-*~jIp

y A j \ ) / CUpU**

J~^3

^
&

.C ***lo d y * J y A j j C ~ * A j J ((. . . 4 p U I C b jjl)) : Aj! j w i J j P aJ d j ^ 1

. A H

d jV l

f j * j *

. A *\ a jb r '

i \ jy * ( j ^
. \ Y U
.

. A1*

a j l ^ c a l & b - Y

a T V'o \ i j Y1 \ A c ^ lA jlr ' < y *> - ^

J,^Xlj j l

x^ j i * /

*A /^ i (( A ^1 )) O

a^/

*~ P

C.

L J l^ S

^ 1 l?U/j j

o w

( r\*,3

A^*< aj A A \ 0

j. -

j a*l C - j ^ i Y 1 U

j i

lj2 < * a

: e K jk ta 1
J'p

^ ijp

'^P

J * } 1? J p

o i*a!

Ij J ^

O jl U , o

l ^ Ij

^ ji - i r t

^ p l^ L j*

. -Uj jS"C->l*L 1J

^ j j i ^ i L v j ^ j i j i ljA * l YA
. i

-r

a j Ver*1 ap j**^- <jI, d*A^*wjb 1

^ -jl / j l j

1 ^ t^ ~

1*$>

0**<1

(1l*^"(|/ 1 . C-***' 1a>A*a Ij C-JL*,*ij 1 j v * 1_/ 1J

. A^C,wJ
.

A * P 0j l * 5, APj* . < J ^ I j j - <JJ b \

(a X ij
.

A r AV

U j S"a* ^ ^U1 c Y'Y'l

a jljr*

((

\j*

'jbrf

(< jj\5 ^ i)

. Ao * T a j [ A

jZi)

(J^SnP c alSwJta

4 jb

aJi Sdi Jt a r

. AoA
. A Y^

= J wli! j j i

^ j m T ?

\ \J j a J ^ _

) (JJ-^J j l I ATC-; J.>ax^-U j -ijA a S jU 1^(3 j is " *,

Cjj.,^^- y Z ji l o i ; j i -

6?

jly2>-l

jS

Aj

I ^ .w A jj C^^l^>-y%)

IjC -J -b -

(3 ^

^ j* 3 J

^ J ^ ^ S -A

* l j A

, 4PX*vO
.

Ao V

e > j\

3 ' j j -

. (o -U J C ~ ^ i ) AY^AV

_)^*S^ I

3 ^'(*'^m(3 Aa

aIi

((

^-*1^

((

((

. C ^ U : 3 y J,>- JlaI <J*3 j %tjy J ^ 3s-\^ ( 3 ^ 3 r O

<'j AX-1 j ^ ~ )) * ^*o 3,^ ^

< 3 ^ / ((J^b^

YA

p *Aj

J T j 1^-ljiA-

4j. 'j ^ i L * j j/J

* 4>t**0

. A * V* jl-c^

a p j ^j^-

^ jl i

( 3 ' <j ^ ^

C *J i

0.-^1 j Z 'j i j ^ r j b ( 3 y b j o j C * * -l(J lijP

J ?

3J

. j l f-~*3 ^ AY'A w2-j ^ ^

Ao * V- c A P j ^ . ^
. A o i

A Y V o jlir*

(J-4 c ^ lj J - ^

t olSvAjb

j& jjA a J U j j

. J b ^ . 14 y * : 4{ * 3 ^
,jy =

j J J-a * j -

3^3

- ' *

 i JP rj

/ j k

JpJ

(J b ( J ^ _;** ^JA l/J

J >

(jP

J.

| 4>t.^*J

Y^f *

jl^ 4P /*'"

. ^ r T ^ j U * Co l ^ i J b - Y
.

A Y \ *jlc^ ^ S

sp

c olS^iJb

( -I C *ru ^ ! l d k jl Ul)

i3 j p

- Y*l

,>*i a*** ^ jp 1^-ii y 11 y

j l (J b ^S !j(*L*j^A>-_jA

I j\~+J (.JA*,^

^--

aJIaV^) , V_wj|a*,Ai15sJ jJ^,4C-/J>A>-J15

j> - I j\3 j ^4

C . A^

C-*J.A?jA jw J J i (Jj j>-J ( j l j&J ^ S i (J*JJ'

1*^'J *V*

j> - j

/ j *>

.
IK, ^

. 42.AJ a] L -J : aj

dSSS" J l 4^*(

y I 4j IJ 4.J

( aJ 4/4

/* * ^ A * 1 O jU '1 4~j *^- j l A ? x j^ j U*- j (JL*,^

. (_^l 4P^<o-^- j 4
. Apx^mJ
.

jlc *

jo-- C j V l

. A * 1 \ j l i * A P ^ 4 J k

/ (>Up jhl^

4*AMw\,4
u -^ f -

^
Y

-T V

4 y

A fi * r o j\

\ t

<_Ij

. Ao t

((

((

^A^A

((

(t

AP Ja--

\-

jJ X

((

Y
Y

^ jli/ j.t > U ljb I w .r Y

(jljC I l^ jl ^!5s>-l

. i_jL

. 4^X.wJ
. A * V <?jW* a p j-4.^ (_|'a c
(a J d j C-vw^) AY'AV o j { ^

((

' AYA o jl^

c ol^*-jb

) Y

/ d T jU t J i > - r r
. jX*~*JIj oAljjv*l ^Lj

aj:

UAj

jA

A^-ljb d-^ J-5 (--J J>~ ^

A * r j b * a p j ^

. (oJo C -A^ j^ i) A Y A V

. AYA

a j b 5,

dbjA

Y
V

c o lS ld ib

T i

j A ' <j ^ . (

c i^ 4
* 4^t.wJ

. A Y o j b 5, a
. Y^r*

. AY*\

a jl^

^ ^
:

p
((
p

-4

Ij j d

J J

c o l5 w ib
jjj

l?

^
A*XjA/4

_ Y

A(J'~-k"
^
(J,j> /

a )L*^

lj^

4J l i 4lk,a O J ? - j

I j ( _ ^ li ( jl ia ^ O A > - a { j \^ > 2

loJjii w -Xj ((A^X^J I)) ^Ij aU^ jjr 1

(S ^ ^

0**ik"

<*JLaj - M

-L.^.^.3 0 I ( j l

j l

aSn; l*> -

jO . (JL^ I aI-
* 4>6*wi

. AO * V1 OjU^ AP

(j.-i-4

JJ

c/**^

( S * - ) ^ I ^ * ,a
.

A * r o ji^ a p j ^ cj

c^'jj-^ c r^ r ^

^ j i j / C-;1A3

. AO * \* *ojl.C"*'~ cAP^^.^
,
.

A0A

- y*

c J * cj? Ij

ajlo1 apj^O-c

AYV

. A a * t ji^ ^pj*. c
. C-

c ^ ijj- crJ^* r

Jl \j I C-^^.3 o^jjlSsJj \" ^ 1 jl^ 1c lSvAita t

c^jk / Aki <Loj - Y^

AYA U ^ j \ njo

\ j T j c-Ui

J l kJJl l;l :

c -* -!^ j
IA l ji

A*>eJ l_/ I JAa^ISsJC-J-A^^r!j\~~A:jX> Ij4.SL*j

J l J j J JJ~ + *

IxS

j I 2j>-

\>-

<Ja+w2.*

A^Jjjaji IJ I eJdJl; L_-U- . C -^ l -i jJT j \+J l ' ; 4 ^ J

..-*|loO^SjS"",5 2 ^~ lj'JP

4i>xwwJ

3^ J

AaJ>Aaj ^J^.X^. aJLj { j \ (_jlj

C-^^lo-iJ> IjO I

j & j d.jlp

O.

*UM <jl^j))

tjIxS"^lJ j,* jS Ja>- Ij IaAP j*-^- j l (_! a j Ij p j . P^UjTI?-

. ^j . J( j f
-**1(pjt*;
.

I ^iTi^

Jjloj j*>* aI^'I aJLj

jl

2 ^lj

(_>jl-<wl ij lxS"(j\^p A j

~\j

a]Lj fjf I j/> aS" C-^sfl-b Ijg

I aS^OP i -JUj . C-.-xlC-.i2. i j j x l^.>"

/" J

. 4^c**0
. Ao * Y ojlc^ ap^-.p- ^4 l s A j

. A *Y 1

. a y a j

^*As'

**1

Y
*A ----

ois;

^Jp j l 2j-^-a aILxj l y-*> aS^YY*\ jIc^ ( C-Lol oSs^jI^ t

1 a11,V^^ <w-*^

^ j AS^l 4.-lxa3 i

l0

g,

. ^ j l i / <3J j * <L>J - W

j , vJI^IaxIj

J^i

ij}

*AjSnjIj Cxlo~LxO.}jJ I j l j J.IA..* ^.9 J J 5*-J * ^r'(l/ ^ C A ^ ^ J Jjj*P *jU ^ > -l J J ^ J. I

...

iAUjl Alj ( j *Jz >-U lj<^->*Jj <A>* jU -L x J

^l l l^l***))

, A^t-wO
. Ao

* Y ojlfi^

. A * i

ap ^^.^-

(_^ljj

(jv -o s f m A ^ )

t U o b -r

jU^S^ A**4* ^'ll Y Y 1 Ojlc*1 A-j s - C->Lol O^s^Ji

. A Y ^ j A Y A C jl^ Q '& t ' o l^ lo ^

j jA .a

(J'
< jj
j

j j l tA p lj9 ^ j-w ^ 3 t>L^4irtil _ ^

y a o j l * j i ^>\~s j i . j i j w A r *

^ ^ j j -*

. C><-*1fl Aa.*J
. A^CwJ

AO * Y j U '

. u r *

. ^ ^Y

oyia

^J.a C^ljJ^ (j-J f ^

4 P j^

j V u ^ V j ^ - y

4P j-o .^

j n

t \ r j i :

j/L ^

o i^ J b -

( J , * 1 / ( J l - i T *<da>- Lj l ? - ^ 6

(_j'^'^ j 'bLib _/.+*&}

0 ^ 1 j.>- ,j

. A^c-wj
. A<5 * V j L 4 P J *

Y^Y*

((

((

( ^ l j j j ^ J lif \

jjfU ^ A ^ j^ -Y

. AYl djli^ (j-S^p c olSLioh ^

. J

<J3 j >

/ <

IJ

d ***ld .5 jJ j l

C .P

ILI j l j
c

^JUj :

A>' i j

<l wj = ^ l? tjl

j> -

* j j >-

^ j > -j

<dL>j .. > *l

< iy b L j o

jS'[jA '(j o^ j- *jS J l x l ^ l ^ l y j a ^ v ^ i-'LSj j

Iji

X i l ; j l S ^ ^ i j j>-j.5 4S"\jJAjJ J O ^ U j L b j J l H J j U ^ - I j

^ 4 ^ j ' J-^J I j L ( i y

a> I p

I p j ^ jl O l j v V * j L . j l j

. 4^b jL

<Jsj^2j

Jp Ij

(_Ja^ v2-* . J j l c

. C *** 41?*

Jv p

^ ..'S 'j

i j > - 4 J ? j j A ^ s ii C >L$\j j j U ^

o l S ~ jl j

4 . o * 0 4 L l 5 s J

(J j v 2 . j

1_j i-I^m

4 U jI p j

.
.

. eX ij

A * V* ojlfi^
A fA V

e4 P j ^

. A r*

((

^p

,^ 5 'J j

^-^Lol

V1

44x3 - ^ ^

. 1

Apj^.-

/ < W Ij ( ^ )

-4^*jb 1

o jl^

c o lS w Jta ^ J f c r V

^ ,jli /

. A *Y

4^s.**0

J< (_$l j j b

^ Ssp

j l , jS" 4*^?* *1,1 Y1Y *\

4 J l* w j

j- x A ^ - j j j 1*p t

*4*3 > .J

y>

j^-o C * o l ^ l

4 ^ ^ j3 _ \ Y

; 4r%^vJ

. A * Y

jl^

4 P j^ .^

( * * C 1^

(^1jj~ '1

4 jl^ 3 ) ; 4 !

c ' - ^ ' c '^ ' C J ' ^

j ^ * 4*

' 4-

i3

^Y

4{ d^L^-4 j^4^" C-^jb

tj[., jj>-

Y^Y * ?

4J^-o-^ J ^ u r -

. AY"V ' j l ^ < j~ ^ p c

o l^ b

4^*<j >J*
^

J |J

^'' *^5**

(_yWffi'

4*;J I

. L j& /

JoJ.^ ^ \> - a) L*^ Ij i j l ( j b AS^bb*'! 1 ^

.

I A

I a! b j

cJlj'l b j^

A * V 6j b * 1 (J-4 c ljj**' < j* * ^ ^

. A Y 1 jlc * {j 'C - c l5 w ib ^ J j ^ . - _ Y

. ( i y > / A S U t _ <1

< b *jj> - p l c l j ( ( -Ij )} 'Zj?- ^ tt C-Jp (_^X>.>-jl

(Jl

<l

IjALvj 'fj\ (Jjllj^

.

. C J ^ Ic p Ij? - j J l j - ^

Ij

U_,5\>-jl j J**J (_J I ^>5

C~**l ax^ t) (_jj>-

j j ^ b ^ j'v5J'4^ .b 'J A^5< ^1

. ox>b l 5 s I ^ I j j j aS" CJ^jI(A2J2JI I I ) CJjJ:>-

a!b j j l j b aH*^j j j 'I

. A o * Y* 0j l ^ * 1 *APj^.S^ C
. Y^r *

ojl-C^

(_lJ_J-^

*P J-ob jb'Lw f.**' *Av j j J,4 Y

c W 5 / fJJ
l_/ I j

. C J ^ Ijl^ ^ /? '

JJl^l?U ^ j I ^ p

(j b S ^ j l j 1

J fji

j L C-.^l(_$l^.i?lx^

. <JJ^I aX/^j AY'A ( j l i l l ^ j Y 1 ^ j l l j i

Ib-Aj ^

J^ j" ^ A I

f j ^

^ jb

J ^ jl

I aJsj?

J - b aJ^Iaj i l j u l j * I JSb& A$^(J^>" l s ' j l j b l j ^ b j $ j ( J b - ^ j*

_ / c l ^ 5! j

Ij o l J j

( w j l ^yt.9^ a J j I ( _ _ J J j i _ J IxT^>l

(J-4*>.**wA*

j lp I ^ j j

j l; J l j >

' j ^ 0 4 ' C J^;*-J JJ-*!-4 J - p j J j i J J ,P j l k U

4 jid ^ J ^
A^

l* i

flb l^ 1

j j ^ I C - a ^ j . \5 ^ J ^ l b l ( _ j a>e.aIj j r J j (_-k,j ^ b _ j

^ 5^ J*J I^J

C ^l?"

^ IjS ^ A

. UjS"* Ax' ^\*\ APj-*- FYA Ojbj*' O L o l oSsbb 0

.

AY^ *ojl^

c olStb

jA * -1

. ^ jU
. ^jioj>-

O bbhpl 0 j b j j O

/ MspI - 1
j

. A * Y* jb- apj^.^- c

*aJL*j

(jjljj-^1

. ^ j l i / U b ^ *<dUj b C i l i i l - V
. C - i y o l ^ A j i . a AY^
b/-J^J

jb jlj-'Tc ^ i ^ s i O l a i ^ ' o j b j i

^ ^ b ^ j

I ^v

Ij a ] ^_jb/ ^

Lo ^ oA,****0j I^ b

L$Jj^}A;

(jI Ajdjb^l jwAJl*rfM/ lj

1

^0

0 bj

a!l*^^)^^Aab

^2

^bS-*^ -*- lls^ 0^^~

A.^fcAx^_^

(^

. l^A>- I j -IMj jlol jS"Ij lS"*b)L; jb -4J-4 j* lj j>- OlUbpl O b i j j j O b I j l

0J 2

j \ j^J

O j _^l ITjbj Ijjl cj-.~ -^Ip I_/ j ( J ^ j > j

]r ' C

aSnJI ^Sbj

<_^Sb iiSv>-jS" aJL-j j l j . u bS ^ I . C~^l0jlj O U lrl j

. Jli 2j

2 j o 2 UXPI ljAP O jJ j

Aijj

^JJ.

2J>- bbpl ^ b j

A$"O^-l

I A?xa*j
. A * Y ojbr *a p j -*.~

. A* t
.

O U ^ A ^ fU m
.

((

((

c^ljjA

^ l; ' *aJ- ^ '' - ?

AY*\ *ojbr* ^r-^p ol^-Jl

: ^bjol

. ^bfl

a IU j : 4j j- ^j>-J

A o * Y *0j

* a

lA

c (J-4 tS Ij j - 5<

. olSvi-Jb C .^ j4 - S 0A 0A *o jlA apj^sX c

(j^ p /

O b -t> \ k ^ l -

. AXIj

Cj>b*! I 1 j 'j Aj

(j 3 ^

APx.am.)

oj

. A o *Y
. Y^Y -

IA

cJ

(_I j j J

j V L f - V ^ - Y
:

. AY^ *ojlA 0^S\p c olsaJU

c5Y - ^
i' b

^ jl. >

j - ^

j l j k

j L il

j l

t_ p J v a ,.A

C - o W w x b - * jlb l) )

jjls

A^*< ^ j l ' T

j^ j

; J j

5,

L *

A $ s jb > - j ' ^ k l

A<

(V

jlj^ l - &

< > h S " ^

j j k

A 0* <

o j U *

^ jU * a] L - j ^ 'i A

a _ p j_ ^

Add

2983

j A

jUj^ ^*j . . . Aa3jv^ jljk l jl J-. Ij

^

. A * Y 0jlb 1 APj.*^ ;

j j k

J a* j j j . . . O j b j

. (( J/

. 5 C / J I J$i \

^ l ^ - j ^ j k j l < J . * jl* P

(_^I aJj?- A$v) I j

*_j

<1^.A I I ^--1

/
a

3 j> -:A

i j ^ '^ ~

j l ^

jbjj^11^UI JXj'U L t ^ r U a L v I aS^j

i- " '^ ' J A '

A J^S "

c jL > - l

4^ " >> L * J j I j ^

j Ijl ^j^jkj

C^lj 4*' *-*Jb ^

((

((

((

((

((

((

((

((

(( Y*

U b^

o j^ .

(A^ jj) Add f

6837

A .'ji

* o U :* * < 1 ^ 1 j ' j * p \ > - C - ^ > ^ S ^ ' U . H k ^

a \ JI j > t J J J ' o I j a * ^ S j f ~ \

*4-S\J

(Jj*.4 ^Ia^ I jl (jjU^.wjJ-^l A*1js- jS"1Ij . Ajljj- lj A4JJ4j - 1 JjIj j

. j 1d-^Aj 1^T
j l I A.** cJ j * - 4 (J-4 ^ *

A-'Ij *AjI J)>

J..Jj l l aJ'j

( J jp / ^ L a J I
.

C^aj 1A.**jj J5*"_J'AZ

S*^'

.^ jl j

a S ^ .j j j j l j - l v 3

. >X<A^Pjt-

C o ljj
jS\J

1 ^ l 1;

A'i J j 1 lA Aj* l A

^ ^ 3 IA w Ia j^ J s I v lJ L j J I j a S \j 1 .A ^ l . C - ^ I J j I j l f - 1

(_j

oj^ H - S

(jl _J aS (-^wjljU-1
# 4 P x *aO

A o *T

Ajl-C" APj^.^- ^.4 L $\j J^ < j~ '^

l* 4^HrtrS*J^|l _ Y

. ( j ^P / j A*J^|l

. . .

1 :jA > - j y u j l

s *

( j - 4 )) i

. 4^x**0

. AY*l

jIj^ 1

. Ao * V

O jlc *

. Y^r*

APJ

t J - 4 Ci'jj-^ < j~ k f
cj S U ^

! lS s -i < S j > j a

aJ lk^ l

*A *-J ^ _ Y
S

"

c$-J'3 / jJU^ j l jm 1 r

_t**-

1 AJ*i

AX^i 4J j' jO A Y A l**1J0 (j ^P ja**/0 jl.C jl^.l j JJ-4J J U jj

. 4^Xvm)
Y y l

0 ; 'J' * a a j * . :

c O U jS ^ a a ^ ^ U 1 O l o l

*-a

0jl'4>-US"*AaJ2A o*-L>

^ J ^ o I j ^ J j I aj J l j ? - l j

(_^ jL *w J^ ^ P ^ A l s l Aj > A jjIS s j ^ *1 a IjS a S \jU > - 1_ / j

j^ \> j

A ^ j l

W ' - V S

j 1

^ 1,4IS
""

4j

d>bol l^,jb A) lb

j .^.5 V 'Y 'l O^ljJ** AS*j&- *\

j"* (( j u J r 4* ^ ^ U i )) i wp

4 p ^ -i ^ i . w

4* ^ ^ u i
. JL$I j f h

(^ l^ S s P j o ^ IC * aj Y 'o^

m T ol5vo b

< " j * 4IbliS"j A Y A j A Y V j AY*\ clAjlc ~ J J o X i^ a II? J.l^ *-U? ^ 4p

(-

JA

'^*~ 4pJ&.- j> I ^ * w-! j-'r? '> aA J ^ . ^--*t^!*Ai ''XJ

.

A f j Y ' Y Y b j Yb

l^ U j I ^

^l. O ,fll& Jb C - ^

m j f o U

j V V A * Yt M j \ * V T j o Y i i j

b - 6 ISs^j b )) o

**-

4$" ^ L - l s .^ jl *** J o l i l a < b b oJU

. >\Z>
(J L p

**j * u

V J lb g T

. *A*'

j^s

j \ l 4.'1**>jIj (JllS"^A (_J

(Jj ^

l>- C-^j4J^ lft4Pj^-^-

A \ * O jU * 4P t < ^ ^

i J b . ^ /

o ^ > C-w^j^.9 Y

olSb

4 T o l^ J ib t jS b -b 4 jlb l;f > lA 4 P j^ / A

2 ,.,

. . . o jljb

. . . Ojl.C'1 d^LisI )) I^J^P C-*^-

* j> N Y 1

...

c_$Ia

ojIj**1

!'* k

4p j *. \ *

)) l_j-> x*^- 4$*

4$.-US-"(_^ Alv^l Ij4lS\J ^ I

^Ij (^/ ^Lp ( j ^ 5 *k"u?(_5_^^-4 4^5.*m )) oIj-*p d b l j ^ I I j l -j >~ jA ^**4 j 5\j

I4j l^- I*4^x ;

^
J l j > - I ^ 1 J-

^ ^
**mj 4s^ U?
j l jlT 4
.

lj

4.*+j2.A j l
j

j S^j S^S

^fvb^(_5

_ 4
j I

lS" 4^J I ^5vO 4I^>

i L (^ I a 4Pj ^

Uila I j I wl>-b 4S^0J,b< JiiJ

I

T j l t^l4>c*J

I^J13 * 2 - ,*3lj
I

4,.

c.

<_AaXv^.; ^bjl^w 4>- 0 _ j ^ l J1j *

. X i ( ^ j b ^ j>- l ^ j - ^ j - ^ j l ^ ^ j l c *'*-*^^ -^J-5 I ^IjJ I

lj c->IxS^^AjIJIj *A^jl^>I \j *J>ja *S"2*\aa ^ j j a

4 Lj jlJ J ^ * S 2 j [ >- A Z J j i j i j < X j L i ^ >>-

j \ j S " j> - d S "

0J***<'j ^ ia j ^ U l L - j 1 j <jIiS"((J > - j ^ I w I p I 3 J~-*^l)) <

4^id.**l.^.*S<Jjl JjjISv) j

IL j .d - * * l J ? j l * < *

. d - * - oJ- I j

d.Avs.pr' d v 1 j l I

j l i^ ^ > -Ij _/l \ S - j &

(j

j l ( _ jlj I 4j l^ J

jlj

j>

llj

Jj J j ( j j j j ' j l

d -*^ J ^ j

Z.:j

-*z.*>s*+2.)j

4$^A j I j

(_j_j

i J^_o

lSvl j ^ I j 4 T d - d J _/ X j (j \

3a< ^> j ) I

, J*S; J

* ( j j 1 J jIj

I ( jl

I o jl. il jlJb

aS

jll^*1Iv3

j { j

&

J*Mj 4 1 j b i

' ^ J

Iju

'

d*.vO

. J j i jS

V" ^

3 j j

j-^\p-

.+

^ij

w ? j I j i ^ \ > j i i S

\ > $ j j \

( _ ^ i j A o * r

l^ - l> - j o d i C ^ j I S " * l _ ! o L > U j

I_/j * d

o ji^

J j J j.5 j S ^ 2 . ~ s

4 p j^ ^ -

4S^

c i ^ j ( J - 1"^5 A o * t *Ojlc*

j d d ^ j J L u _ / l J i> - J ^ l j ^ ^ J ^ ^ I j

_t . ^u l a c - t *
jj j ^ u A

J > *

4$^

- 5 (( J ^ S j J

j O j J j ^ j S " d - j l X i Al. i

4jl^-ld^ A Y A V

^ JltD l y t C ^ J - (Jj>

tJalj-*

4Pj^.^

-j ^ I j l j T j I

' ^ J o j b

. ;> * 3 j o J o 0 1j o

j J j-ijJ jL ~ J Ja>- J?U- j l

j UI

j d-*.*0 1^* I 4j o J j j I S s J 4$"( _ j A 4 P j ^ ^

< d .ib

^ _ * l^
ij

J'T}

j d-djlj> -

o jlc ^ 4Pj-**-^- Y 1

4 P j^ .^ 45^0 J J

Ojlc*1

A- j

- -

4 '^ jj

^ 3-^"

4P j l ^ . > - j A

. JJ^ -lJj;

.5
jI U l* J - ^ 'j o

4p ^ ^ J J I . l j ^ o l S v i J b

|^p d-.^- d .^ > - ( j u f . j

A o A eo j l r '

4 p ^ o

(d*sb J b : j l o l 5 s d ; I J j j i j j ^ ^ \ j J ^ * *

^ JrW*J j S

^1

4j
^^ ^sXAj

aIaxJ aS\_*.L(1) I _/ j-* j (l)Lj (pAj a S ^ j^ L l b i

*??Jil/

d)l j

J ^ " -

jl* * * I J

>-j

J _ . ~ A a I 2 j Ij ( _ j p j

a;

i j

j-^ A i

jlp ^ l

11^> I

J - L * . _/

a S " A j I

j l ^ - ^ l'-',J J '* 2-}

. j

Lp j ^

C ^ j* & > -

^ '3 .^ 1

^g&X-J J

j! J J (_ ^ (l)L j

< l)L l C -o !J a

l j j Aj

j:>
L

j L T ^ J

C -> _ j

J p

J j b

* ^ i r

-^'4'

^ '^ '4

j\+ * \ J ^

j l l j

c^l

J J^

jJ U p

i L J ^ -

( j Ij

ji

a T ^ j b

y j

j L o

l^ i'j- .
j

( J I a^ J

J-5 ci'

IjS

ja T I;

L J

)l *Aj j j - a L "

I 1* >*<J ^ 0

l,C

\j~~*

J.^j

C -> jL p ((lj))

A ^ i-J b

_/ AJ j l J

j j

l;

a ; 1 : ^ T aj

upIj

jS "

^ r J i/ jjL lj

^ . : A AJ ^

^.i

l j J ip

-j

^ J i

o j\> - h

L^j

J j'

j l I

j(

Le

j ^

jli^ p

jL

(i .5 \ j A j j P j ^

^ l j Aj

: j l

< S$j> -

^ L j^

J -

(_ ^ jj

3 J> - [S- J> -

a S 0 l> -

\^ j

J jP

j l P

lJ

jL j

Ij y z . 7 - j_ jj
^ L

^ j M

J l j l i l JJ O U j ^ > JJ

x i

j^ r

( j^ p IJ,

: j\ j*

a / L -j

C J b

Aj

cIa^IJ jS*

" ^

^ jJ s i^ -jl

j j lj a a S C ; ^ !

c J j

p O IjI^ (_ ^ jS j^ L a S P j

^ y 'S ^ J
(J ,jL J

a^i

^ -b

i ^ b ^ j l

4ai> ^ -L L J-i.pl;

I d)l*-

j^ -^ 7 j-^

0 J jl5 lJ

^ j jj j J>\

l^l

^ j s j [J^ j _s

J? i

J a j J i

X L j

I J

aS" Ij j j j O j ^ j - ^ a j A ^ L i J l j I j L j ( ( l j ) )

4^<>b* J:*j ' J j p

.

C -J j j A

A>- C L j j

&+

^ " 'S *~ ~ J^~

4>J !a > - cAl J

((, A ^ - ^ S J a U s L J I X p I

lL > V

a I2 JJ A S " ( j _ J I ^C'*'

lJ (_>X^>-J L li j l>- 4 2 .J aS\jL;*- ( Jl)l Jil_j j l

.

A ^ ' ' " ^ J 5*" ^

<r ' i A*

C*-UjlJ>- AjisU l j* Ij I aS"*jji^

^v 2J

I _ j> -

Al^~

L- j^*-

^ j^ J

A>- -U j b jl^ A *

j^ jA

4(- - ^ " ( j - ^ J j j /

wIaIJ

\j j

J p

O liJ j*

i i L

(J lis l^

i J L

I 4-dy'

jj

^A

lyS

J j ^ S*

((frlJl d -d ^114 2 I bl)) <d.jJ?~ ^ y j

d-^d>- j l J ~ -j

J bbl

4 d 4S"(J I*4*kS, d $ 4 T O J b

(j-^ ^ J ))

( jd

( jd d b

d"~d-*d^.vAj
j

J jL
^

od I

O JO -J J d d

dob

: <UAJ ))
^

tv

lS sX J S ^ p ^ (_j**> 4j <d> J P

^ ilp ^ lji I j j l ((jj^S\j]>U jbl JLdj/lj jl.v2.jj/lj *.d l ^N-J

X~* a A+* ( d

I J ^ j S * ( _ j J . v ^ - j j J v A a j ^ . X . d ^ j l p ^ . ^ j J j1 ^ J ( _ jj l^ - l j . i

^jpd^ d"

4j ijd ^ j

jALI d J jjv 5 j l j j ld I j

4jb<j

4^-

C O^j-4j

jU jI jl

d *d

d * d y '^ J I JJ-^-b J

. d * * b lj j l

j j j

4S "

j l v o jjv ^ jA

<

jlS""d->j

j/jl

j.^

( jb S " d J j j v 5 ( j l j j

4 d (jU

J .:

^ J jb

jU j l ^bv?bj Ijv-oj ^ jj IJa,J

J J- J J ( jlx S ^

4$"

45" 0-^J 4X>-b^ j-* * -* ^S\*Aj ^^b>- LJJ'J 4jj\J

d - d ^ jT U j j 1^ J J A

C0^b 4j j\ j j j * ^

4.C^S" 4j I

Jj

J J j JV 3 d J b j

**5' ^ j ^ J J 4 * J j. 4

I d j^ "

d->jjv * (j-1 (_$j/j*A 4j\.-4 4j 4 S""Jjb ^jd>-

j J v ^ j i ( j d j e4 2 j* jd

<dd\;>-jb j j ^ jb v ij j / j d^ _^4> j j j-*J

l
45 nj

j v ^ j i L?^J^d-J J jv ^ 4 > c jb .> - C

I 4j t^Aj

J^J

* (j^ ^

(1**^

<3$j > - 2 j> * j

IJa^ 4laj^^>*j j l I J a j 4 1
.

d J ^ 4' d j b j

^1 j j ? - . o

j
,; j

( jd l

oijd

ljJ * J

. jb j^ j

jl

jd

4 k flJ ( J ^ ^ X ^ - I 4 > - j d , d S T j i j j l > d ' j ' J

jf jjb j

(S^J{
f~ ~ A

0j ^ j j i

j b j l j

Ijo il^

j"^

( j l d 4 4j j T

43

4 d jj

d b l- '

jjd

d ^ J-i

a;db
J

^ jj^

J * .*

d -jjld l j l j j j l d l d (JjI?- o jb ^ - 4^sjb>-c 4 ] I ^Jpj 4x1p

j l - ^ d j j x>ji-

i j j

jl

j l j j

d - ; b j d J ^ d > - 4j
j-*j'&

14 I 2 AJ j I ^Jv5l4d<j*d (_jd ^|S\/iA

1;

cJ j

jb j

4^J 5 ^

> d l j b j ^ J.

(j^ jr '

,JUO

a b j> - J j9 ^ A T r b ^ ,

J 4;b 0 ^

ji

J-jlJlP j d - > l J

_/*)

l (_^-oI Xj>- >J

J l * - 4 4.o (_'*>J
^j>.S4^j

lx>- J J ,

(-p LSv 4-o J

k X ^ n j ^ tAS"* A * ) j

OlJb

. ^J>-

* oJ> l_j

J j UiP

a^- 4$"^aao'^ja.5 ^Ajdj (-5'ti-^./

J 1*^

4$* i-L;lj(_^ j^ J ?

^ 2 .> -^ )\a

4^\j L>-

j J & j l J (_j j l ^>-1^4

C^"W
^(J*

<JJ

j j> "

J* ' J

j'^L^ <3J

4^JI>-^_aIjj.">

OjJ.o 1j

^_a,*Ip.A- Jp I Aj^-o

< j 3*" j]p ^lj Jl l j

ljljJ(_ j l j l

*aa*'.,^

d^jLl 4xS\jjr Uj l^o J t J J^

J J d j i c j j J ( j * J J J <J^Jx*I j J 3
(_Jaj^S" .AjIjP IaJ

J ; l-*'*'4

j 1 J-Ad _/> 1j i < _ < P j - 4 J* 1

1 4-jl Ij4 X^sjJpl . - -j! ^ ^a>J" t>1J jJ

d iljp j S \ ) i j

1 4 JIa^j J\-o
! O a o IJ > -

) i u jj-J -l J a I l)L J JjP

J-J.P

1 ^ -1

<
! j j -

J l

^jUll

jjA ^ j!^

(j'J.ll

^^-^-aS^*__/a!1_^ J^aII

ti^l-ij^j^S^'yi^Uis^AAjl f A^j j l V l .

Jy\P

ISI

a j j j

l>-j .5

^P ))

c^*l>Jl

-pU^I

a a.KT,

2_*j; j l

C ^ r_ - Jaj 4 5 jU :ll ^ [ ^ > j ) J \ j O U ^ J l j - J

O-ol Ij-f J l C 4 jji)l 4 jjp V I jr

iJ jlo d l

( j U l l ^ ^A^LIplj

Jj^ lall

J ik ll J 1?Xaa-1 c (Ji^iall IJla (j/* 1ja>aZ

. . . f l J V I l ] j l ^ J l "V Ju 0
. . . 4k2;!l l;l cdu>- ^ J

C j j \ aP

Ap^jj ^^ASslI ^P xaU C IJ.A

(j^j^U . J I a I j 4.Jj>-_^1

^olp^

(_!.1^-

C
tv >

^rl 4j O ^ I^ JS sX ^ 4j ^ IS J * j

C-ao^Jw, 4^ 1' ^ Jjols' I <

J j j> - ^j.P 4j J j 4; / jJ lj/U p 5

ojlij.5 45\J^/Ij . wloija J j l * j l jlx iS 'j

. wUj I (_

^U(J,1 (j;jXa1j c jjJ > jJ l .'ail ^Jl aU^pI

J l d^si ^

a I U j Jl I j J *j

^ u .y i j i

jl ^U;J

j a U j i t*

c-^a id A ^ b o j

l>tXjlj^

*.A

((^^-.^li ^j|iw^ I ^ 4P,1*aJ1

a)

i )) 4j i

, s j p s * +** j
. li J i j l ^ i ^

. pbb1 g,\^\>-j

\1 S \:u

. U iliw . - r
. LSI1 ^
(j\

AAi^Ja j l J j U J ta^S"lb< ij.*2 ) \ J ij* 2 0

. C z ^ jp - ^P -lj-P ^ j* j b j ^ - ~ *1
. C-ju^JaI s\J Ip j ( j^ L ^ lt i U ~ b V

4 ^ jl

i j j I^

L r ^ J ^ 2 . p - j\ y

JjlS^ j L i j J > - j l ( j ^ J { j k c / ^ j '

wLpa^J I j $\j s 4*xJ . J j I j ^ ^ l^ <3j j>-^j.P i>Ij j l Ij b jj? *-^ -X ljj* lv^ !*-IjjS"(_
. JJb(_ ('y b l^ ) pbj (_Jj^- u b j j p - ^,P b <Uv^l-4 J j I I j b j j > A $ ^ J jjjj ( jP J j-^a-4 J 4*o - > i
L/ L P ^

L * Ij l

0j ^ p l

<3 a L ^ I S

b jj> - J ^ l

y>-

( j j i p lj i j i ( j ^ .

j\ S " jj\k^> j^ l(_ $ l^ -l~ p - j I j j ^ aSv^jUm^j ULpLc*'! 1 * j * j j

. J jU jijZ "C -~ t 3 j j > ^ j j p - ^ c - < - ^ Ijj a5j

jjjj-^

t* * jb j > j , *

.^ j

.5j>< jj p !> ir

^ '- 5 y r y

aJL-w
- jj

^.p j ^ j b j l < ^ j j i r

J j> - j

c _ ^ ^ l cj1b _ y ? j - 4

^ J l^ '*MJ '^J.

t , ^ j | ^ j j J,blj;j? ^j^" ^ l
j (J l_ *l JjIAj ^l-;

i^ 'T Z >~

4*j

J I jT j

**bj ls*w -j b j

iS^^-y

l~r'*^J'4

C ^ iy -J

Ij j

. C - s ^ U iib C -4 .^ ^,p

J j I ^ ^ / jb **J t w - j l ^ j ^ l j b I - ^ l ( j j l - ^ 5

'Jb^^j>~ ^ l j I

(J^]j> j l ^lJ ^

l ^j

( j j l l j ^ U ^ ^laJ ^jPj-^zp- j i 4Ul (j-v^j.5 .J * .

* j l j * jp jlx J J j

^ l ^ ' j ' ^y~

p r'
C - ^ io ^ l S -

JU ~ j 4 ^ JS O b j > - j 4 j ' ^ *

l^ T U j

3^3

"J J * ^ *

j** l ^ J d jL

Jp \^>

c , uJjkS" d i ;j,4 j l j ^l Jp Uj wLaOjI; . JLaVJ i j

iLL-1 J ^ J r l j - 5
.

(^ jO b L lljj

J I j jA jl

O ^ j u J , j^ 2 ; j

$j> - (Jj J

\5s>caAj J J * o lo ijj

aa<j1A } (3 ^

^ U a c s Ij* ^

xd

-A jS " jljfi j U A * b * - O j L o - j
jb jS " ' d

^J l Jp 1 ^ j Z _p J/ 1^3 1j (J jI j j d y a l l i j

j^ U . j4Xd^jj IjM aIa*!

0^)

cJ J ^ c J

}.o Q^jSsl I d j AIjlP I(_JV3 1

.; s A \ V a ;* - a ^ j ^ j a j j T j i * o ^ A jJbjA t y ^ lk aS" Ija U x p I a J U j

i ^ > - 13^._i*j )) <j*j-\>-4j aJ j ^ j p i j a .

a j Z d^. <-

*pl^"_J_l_aAaO l -Aid j j - k ^

. td.*oi4Iav,^ aLIai

ejbjA

-lvvA-va- J d ^ S lj ^ j A l eJkJ

4*^a>- Jp I j i Ij aAa5< CjJjjP ^ d->l jA 4j ^kb*- (jw^ .

4 $ d lj (^ ^ J^ jA -P j ^
jld

u '^ r . ^A J J "

0^,a (3_?

i 4a^j ^ j i j a 4* j i

--jALo C -v d ((Jj./?'1 )) aS^^ISoa j a jr ^ ljp

d l J A \ 0jAIa^2,4^ d * . J

. a J A jjI
3.1j j i oA ' l j l - 5 -'"*"' J> Z * a

Aj > -

jl l

C i ^ J J * < jk

1j^ jI x jS * J p I

.,. < jA

^JJ4

$ j > - (({j\) j j d v f i l l

a\]Ix>- JpdJl J*l-sP 1

IoAjj

IjA

-?*J <

j S *&\J I C ^ _ j d

J_J I a I

Jk> A 4; ^

d b

. X j 1 ^ i_ / j l j 1

*33 V

l9 *4

A j j^ k j^

I j l

jo

-^JES (J;^ ^ *A' ^ 4

>s

J lV b

l / . j ^ (Jj J l

jL

J j I^-4

J3~* J
*

t
'j j * . j j ' ^

j l

b^*^; V ^

jf^ > -

0L *

(-3'PcJ J Ji^

Y J J J jlJ jn ^ o jb j > >

<^A2r*

2 - L 5 interiorisation du sem en hermneutique soufie iranienne, in : Eranos Jahrbu ch X X V I , Zrich 1958, PP45 7 * i8 7

&S

A ^ b j i

M to

A>.i-I i s i j *

A A Y *1 (Jl~J

i^ jZ "

~ j j j jJ I

Ji 4

a AVI

OijS^A^b*,*

_/ O^JJ A A f O

(Jbu

I J>"J A^1

. ^il*ll tl J . t-U-lj

^_<^ j .4 ^ I j b ^ I
J b " t'b lb a j

I jT y

J i

A * *Z

<j ^ > -

j >

- j

.* j j ^ L 3 . C

5 oAOljIj J

js

(j-l i b l j j S b *
v ,* > i^ A a I

^ a ll^ U ? :

c ^ ^ s K i
(_^ltab>- j l J ^_^\c^l

J - * C ^ ^ . C - -L ^ j j \ > Iv_>

_*ja\Z (_j 2 )>-J Jj'l A * b O

jb O jb l
(J -^ l ijj I j

ojM p

l*Ajl? l ^1^; j \ ^ k l 4^" ZL*+ I 0^4J

(_<p lc > J (_t,'a,'l,'

b j

^*U^j C o * a ^ _/

A^J I J

^ J J 1*

^ ji

j^ > -

S ; 2j> - jj

(J ,

j5 " J .jjl ASb^i

y l ^ l l i J ^ * 1* ^ I l 7

j> -jI A

J ^ P c ( jl^ is p l J j j l / ^
iS

l- ^ J

t >'j. ^

. X Z j t j

C -^ l v *^ j

tJ-^ ( J lS b j j

A.**-_/ < .s-ly2>

>

IjA I I ? b - A t < g I ^ 4

0J b - j S ^ - U J J ^ ' _/*Ij * l'J

J ;v a ^ j

J ^ A lII a jJ

^>. A$^^JJ L ? l ^

t T j } ' j : ]j

. - ^ * ^ 1 ^ J ^ J.

-^

^ ,^ 5 -j

^ J lj

o^j->

^ j

^ j} t,\Z >

J*\

Aj U j l

aS" a A * ^ A * A

v,^'^,'^'v;? A ,b jl

r_^ll v ^

^ >-b_/

i.

IjO l^ j

o:>-/'H
I U ^ I ap lSsj I j

^A_4

j j b l ; ->jj'

j yo- J (_ *}L l.b

J i ^ J '^-*--{J b^c/.

C*?-U*A J j w

J ,^ 2 .p -J ^

J ^ 7*- J-5 C Jd

: >
aS*^ j | J l > - 15nX-^" j

jJ I ^ L / ?

wL-. I j

j^-4! ^ j - 4

^1-^

C * i J ^ > - 0 J>- A
jl

jj,

j'u - i J j

C . ^ S j l j

jU ^ - ^ jj- 4

J j p O l^ ' r ^
i r ^

j - S J * > 1 l j > 4 a j

I^ -a

1 a / j b ^ j j x S C ^ - l I j j ^ * , ' U l ?

^ iJJ-^ j ' /

a-

' j J ' j r 1^

Wt&
j 'i . l - j > - j\ S ^ f j ' '

&

-*s**

( j 'j - r J l * j j S * j f

L?^ ^'U^I 3 jl3jl>-^a J? -> j\JLk; AS Jlj?>-l^>-l j i J f j IaoJs"Jjj3 (_^Ia4w-jj

^2j iiJ ,^o l_ jh S jj^ ^ O liw2,*j j Ij Ijl k i . tA.**Ij X 1jt-i j ^A

C^A-ljljTjlJ I l lS jj' jlSslj

w

JL* 3j< Ij j3 l j jA
(Jwl

Aj

<w**"3

C^l J J>-U / j\f' & ^ J*I^L$J

p>~\

U j l /^.JI/ vL^j aSvJS***I4.*s?U j jl^j .Aj I (_

I j^_J

4Jlia^ ^ jj-4 J?U jl 4?xjT

--/

<j I jl^j*^ J * -**Ij JljJ<l ^jIp JiA<^a>tIj 3j> - j j j^ l J

(_l^.^3Lvw^^C^J A*jIjJS- 4Ip

jW 6^

J 3^JC_*>**0 ^ l-

<*aj<JL..xOj 3 ^ p I]?! j/1 jl^ " ^ jj . ^j J - U j / jjI^ !

jU

J . C-U3 js

} 4^>-l3_ j Jw2,>sIj ^ j S \)2 lU% >- 3jr1 aS"

'j O .+ b

V . ^ { J ^ J J l p ^ j U j J a j Jp p i p j i
Co^UfUS"^

j ] p / j I I j 3 j C J I j

(_l^ol3 j3 #1

O
J

l
0:>J

.6 ^

I js * - j

J\ j.
j-^^rj

3 x\pI

j (_J3l.v2 _,a ^^* J_)J.j*4 ' ^ p

jL * o

J2>- Ij L>-!

^_**x_l

C O l.A ^^ j jIj I l.3* A

<
^>- i_~>-U ; Ja^j > _ J y 4^ j l

I j j I Jlk^xJSj3
3^Sl^x

I( j- J l ^

I JAj

C -U ^ l^

Oy^J* k

J^K

' ' l_/ j . -I.*xj(_/ ^

* A f *

J U ij, i

jj^.ill

-? ^

k?*

<_,?-1^3

Ij i jr^J

C^.*xloJlJ> Ja^v3 a AY*\

J J l j - 4' eA3p U > 4 j j Ij J C L s ^ '^ v s l

***'1AAv<l3 c-Ia3- A35Ij T jl^j^ Jl^x ^j Z*j 3jJ>-j3 ^

J l j l l{ A Y ' J l* j ^ b L p

X>

4 ^ ^J'*^ljJ-^*1 ^j-*'^^' A * Y* O jli^ AP

Jl^J (_>j J S j 3 bA^xlj^ (_^ 4 t_jU-ya.,4ijI 3j >- j ^ ^ *wJ

^-Idl I J>-U

^ .p .A A jU

C-*x3j3 ^pli^l c^_j >ijjJ (jIjj^ : *\ij j kJj

Ar* J u IjjI o l i j

J$" h*>J> fii

a)

j^ p

a:^ J S j

A Y 1* J U j 3

AS^ j l 3 ^ j
aSc j L

J^i

i I a i S v (j \ (_J J
\ a ^gAlS" 1

l^- \ lj ^

J|

JA

jI jx o

< jjj I

J J j f hA*Q>.taO

(^/

^ P j L * j j 'S jf t i

jl^ j* O b J

1^**1

. . .

(J/ ^ *

L i>^J^ ^

4^"*^ j ) l j i l ^ I j ^ j (_ *

, J^ j ^

^/l

I j^ j^ l '* "

:> jb

j l vo ^
.

^ L c u ?

^ 1 )) ^ j b

4 * * \b j j i

JU

J jI j

Ij 4 / ^ b

(2/1 j l j 1 j

J a ^ jj!

<^ J;*-d) I
^ j l - 1j

m 3 ^

({^ S v O

(A b 1j*^ J ^ I j * * .* * !

1 j J j > - wU>-^A 0 J a
*1J (1/1J 5

(^ U -b * j U j

j l ^ l * jl- J J " * ( J ; ^

. J,*Aj;_^ j l ^ ( _ / !_/
^

d/J

j ^ j l j4 S ^ / ( 2 / aS1(2/ 1 ^ o U 1 J ^ 4 S 3 1 o ^ 1j O - U ^

^iL; * j + j

^1 j > J - f ^ J

l j 4$^/"

o b iljt ^

o J jl* < jj ( j b U j

^J^T ^':{^

j l j l j 1 *4^j * 4 j \1 a

jl

O Jb ^ x

:>X

C ^ j L - J ^Lp>s,v^j j l ^ " 0

^v,&l J 1 L^l 1 ^wl^.^.jo 1z>

q a > 6 *^ 2 J j 1 5 " j J j I j ^ j

jl 5 " ( ji jl / r jU /
j j

(- > - \ ^

J a I j > - J I j . > U * ; <2/1

( _ j1 / O j^

C -~ ~ )l4 Ji> j ^ J p O j l S ' j j .

XJA s^ Lj

j ( J L vw ^ j I

^ -Iv 5 ( j l J^ -* ., i)b a S jL J * j 4 > - lj ^ J *+ A

41^j

^ ,> il^ > - l ^ J > " J ^ 4 S " J j. * P j4 2 ^ 1 p ^N~<J>J

j ^ C J A />(_(!) iS v *!

* * - * J L > j^ s i O L > - J i l ^ - j l 4 $ ^ L j />j > - j

< J j \ J a X> 1 j 4 : x J (j< l ( J , J

} j > -j 3 & ( jl ^ 5 " j

S^ l

J j J ^ \ ^t^bul J j2.)<

A jX X ^ J J

d/J)) < J I - W a j

l j( _

jP j ^ jS

.L p

(_JA'i^* ( S j ^

^)

( _ ^ U a ^ I j- j^ 0 ^ I a j 3 j ^ j - 5 j ; c l 4 ~ J i j

jxP"J I j J ^ t A ^ j (_^ J ^ C j IJ
A>\a j j

j j \ i

I 4>Ij j l

v V

I j T j'j j j

Jl

} j *s3.a j 2

c9

JJJ

' ^
';l-"'4J

^ J j'*
j

J a I j>-

o 2 j&

U j I jjl^ d / l

J / ^ :
j l " 1J

ljl^
*U j I j ^ j

4 l L o 4:\il

j^ ^
j* 0

5 ^ j' j

1^

^ la; u 3 sO_/

'jj'

^ ' / ^

4 ^ 1 4 ^ .J ^ j ^

Q j - ' 2^

J ^ 1

jb T ^ I
^

; '

tj-*-
An"'

UaTI j l o , * CT'**?' s ^

?\ j }

^j

lj(_ jj j O j

. jl^ U ?
j / l 4j

j j

4,4** U ij^ JJ ^ I j j ^

l j I jl^J 4 S " * ^ f i '

VJL**!JJ 4$*

C^J'
1*5\>-

aSsjb>-

j & j - ^ ^ j A

a S'J j

^*j

^ l^ - 1j<.^- l3U<2jjol

IjIj

L*1

O v j ^ jlJ

^ . ^ - jflp j\J O

j j

4.~S&j5 A)A>- <0,^1 ^ - J f ' j l ^ - I J CU-wxl

. JOj<_ Jlv>

<_$lj-*l *4.**i>l jlS\31 J>jjj O ^ -

j . s U b j ^ Ij j aXi>

*A<AaJ JT^S'vW

***

J j l j O j -l.^ V iw U _^ ^ ^ .- t a j

^) ^ aSnj I

(V
t ^
.Jj.5J j (_jlj l i j p ^ J j A 4 j( _ jl J ^ J

/ ' jlS s il j (_jij ( l i j p jS s O ( J ^ j l J O j L ? d.S\j j l

j a^.1?Ij 4^*A^aX/'I^S" U ; (J,l^x^ ^ S s > -

O j^ lj f S 3 J J .

\
(_jdj^f"lSj 'j
4^ j / 1 j &

O ^ jIj jS U

J-i t ^l j

(-j

^ Iv jIj

. -L * j i

> (JlS\J t ^ j l j O ( ^ I j O ^ ^ - 4

i j . - 4 jj* j ^l*A$jA 4$""

J5

jj

CJ% \>-j 5

j/i-V lw Ja J i ^ j l j v ^ j / A 1^<
A2.2 j ^ 1>- 4.*t)l..P J (jj-*1el? j/w \llju,a; 4?' ->-

J > - j ( jlj^ j wllltA>_} L^l^"j^ <

4j j -
.r

jS n j l 3 j l ^ j j A j l j Z ' ( j j l j l j ^L^.-. j

j\>j c>jl^r'^

1 <A*.\J>I^

>^j* j / .AII^aLpj ( ^ j l j

^
m
(_jl_^^ 4X^1Ij (_ |Ij-iI (J jv 3 1 J . L ' j i (jlj 1

( j l i j P j g y M J : j? J -5 ( j l ^ V ^ l 4 ^ / t> 1 J
. J j^ ^ r J jlj 4 ^

C ^ J ^ -4 C j L > - ^ U p

LmA* ^|p (^jlj j i j l j l i J CJ.*vl^/5l>- J j l *1

v J j j j v ^J l j ( J l j P O U J ^ i J Joi j X

1j l ^

4^j> (J 1

-.^<1S"(J1 lj _/ 1 w\jljp ^^a^j (j-^l-Lj

4j?,wli

J 4^^*JJ j li J^) jS\J^ (_^jU*J J

^^S.>- j / lj-5

^ > - j j _j

(_j^ . 0 * 1

flJJ ^ lj (jls~ ' |i (Jl>"j^

^ " L ? ' * " l j I j l _Ssa>caA j I j j ^ j j T l j * A*./*!/!^ 4S^J,jlo^_j l^-^JJ 65

4

j ^ l c > ^ ^ j U j o a o ijj^ ^ j ^ 1 p J i r j J / j ^

. jjl ^ jS ^ ^ lj

oJ<~ ^

j j

,ia ^ a J l

0*1^1J -'& i

j j ^ j ^ 1 L 1j ( j v b ! t^ ,5 \> - j> x,
Ai

4$^

(Jb

jjJ

o J a

J jv ? b S ^ C -^ lp

^qJJ

&j &a j > j l

Ia j 4^^

>^As

^ S\a1

4j 1.3' t\

jlp

1jb ^ jo

^ P |j> - l ^ > - j ^ ^ . i p j j^ l

O b ljp !

j j l La Ia

*<' L^. *4.,' ^ l^- 1 j

A*~li 0J

^ J

< jjJ p jl3 \ l b

4 ^ i

a IA 1 ^

^ I d l^

j*m J

j i

J ^ I b

(_^!J

(_ ^ b p

45 j j j

j l j b

j* 2 .> -

"*

^ U lp

"

\)

jjj

j^j

:> j^ -j ( j l

$ j> -

j^ a u j

j;aI J j

S j

jlJ u d x b

J a I a

4 ^

(-p b jl

b - V li

J b J A _/ 4 ? l> -l

b x

- \p V I))j

' ^

^ b l

0 J . P

jl^ is l

J j l^ ^ jJ

J j^ -j ^ j b

'p

I jo b jJ

jJ a ?

( j l ^ j i (. ^ L

^ l * l4j o j b ' ^ J j b * J b *

^ 5

U < jijjj

^ b * 4 j

J j '

( _ ^ l^ * s J > jS ^ b j J j b

* J j- L

4 p

^ b L ^ i

d ^ : ^ j> l5

-L ^ v >

aS***

S j

(_,4^Ji^

J l5

J aj

( 3 ^

J jl

( ( o L j^ /lS ^ - J I J

***

a ^ I j

A-a^^aJ

b-'.' j - A P l ^ j j j

jjU

4 ^ J * . I

JjU :dl^ ' J U d j b

bTjl jjj- ljj

I<^1^^.,%^,? 1 ^

l/^

4 jjX

d L / lA ljU b j

J i**

^A ^b

ISs j j

O L l a . ? - . J j S " j i j j

.
4 r J :I d b

aS ' jj j j j l ^

4 $ " '( _ j l z . ) j

J ftb ir A l J ^ j

lj- 5 j> -

JL b ! ^J ^L xa IIj 4; J v*/*J l^p 4j

^ T J J A ^ j J :/ T jA - J

jj>

j i s ^

c-a U ^ I

^ I b u jl

I ^S J L ^ w X jl j

j l p l

J5

L Xj j ( j C + J - ^ a I a I

j'Z s }

jj- * lj^

^ b b " !

^j

4 4 ~ 5 3 J - 'A I

j S s l ; 4 b b U < _ l^ c id -^ C ^ b j l J j 0 J^> I

S \ . J f X \ A J

m ^ d

J (j I

f
J

^ j^ k j

l j > - * j b j . } ^ Ip O

JLS" j I x ^ j > - j j ^ L >

ja

jT

4*^ 4 S ^ *A
i*

V
W
>-^ M;L-I J ,j^ ? 1 jJ i V J j

^ b w lj.5 d b i

( j

1 aSn] L > -

4,'l; j

Ij l

j> -'J * J I_/ ^3n j j j / l J 4 b

$ j

b fly A j i U - l j

jb

j 3J l

]>> J a I

O b

* ;U o lJ 1 ^ jb ^ o

4#4wl 4 /

i/^1-4PJ

L L ^ Is^ b ^

J j jj J p j

4S"(J 1 y

o jb jJ >

- U l j l j ? -j

* a I ^ lp J

xjljj

( _ .s l j I 4 ; I j b ^ b , *

j. 'S s I

4j

3aI ( J ^ J j a I j J a L a j

w/ J A

- - v14 ^

jS sAj

J a Ia * j A

^ Ja

*^ J^ "

J i* j

J jb

S ^ U b l ))

u y { X > j l ^
r ~~ c
\ ^ j b

j l

: ^ r ^ lv ? 4 j

4 sb l

c \y j

^Jp A j> -\j> " w^-3J.11J ( j u L - ^ l j ^ l 1 4<a AAo

j j

j l dJ>*nJ,

a_->j * A3 j * A ^ j ?

j j 1 4j

ja \1?j ^ -^ j^ jl^ -jl

1 ^ 4j i *_l^ 4 (^I^jJ-s^I (_^wUax>- 4 $ j

4*vS"4S^^**aj 1-U.^vjl i j l j ^

jj*lj j ^ !jl-t l> j l ^l-*l ^ -l j\ j^*<J

J*^P

4I*li (J-4^ L ^ l ^ l l^ ^ >'

^ L *>1 C^-JL>- . jlp j^ j l O l j^ - j j.Ssjj 0 4P 4$^0 *ul^jPj* J^l-^"^ l i j P j 4*vJ.

j - , f i p j l i ^ ^ I j *4jL*1>\ O ^ J j

>

J * ^ '^ A ^ \ (j^ > \^ ~ O S s :* - ^ * J 4 j U l 4^*i

l j jll *AaP^1^4J (^jljV **1 [ ^ 1J *A*^^1*4 J

J4

i j

3 a^- 4 a.j .A*>- jS \ i5

jv < ;

O jU j

J *X*v2j\*4 J ^1*1^
.

^ 3 ^^^ (_3j4*^

wlj^>jS" lj 1j*T 3

/U^A"* ^J^lSsj jJ^lj-41j 1^jsJ -Ujjl wXjij>(3

L ^ l^

(j~-'^-^'JJ

-*<*5 0J..O^j'u 4^.i

. .A-ilj^ iJjj\^Io jl 4 l^ jl (_ ^i Jl^- -1 4$"*^jLvOj

4S^j

jl 4 $^(0 *uAj1 ^^1**i1j^ <OS\?- j^ Ojljji lji.U-l^ jwAj jlfij 4^j l qv j"
ijj-4 1j 11 <_^lj^ ^l"4^pISvJ1j C-ilj l"*La.^ (j11 3 L?ljli lJ3

jlpl" { ^ *5 (41j^*

'*1^1 (j^j*-&.>--)5 l^j 4j jlsj ^jJ . (<**>1S*(Jljjr1 JJ i-U*ij j/Hj ^1^1 j

(j^^J ^*l^jlJ Tjlp 1
j-^>s,.^ j^*
^ 4 ^

jva^-ji 4 $slj

jlj

^ j S s i

j\*-

'l-'*'* 4*3 1j 4,~Ji jjljgia.,* l^J ^Sj ^Jj , 0*1 l j

/ ^ J. p 'r ^ - ^ l l

4 *^L>j^ I j 1 J J > -

ji^j

M3

J^J

c ^ O - I j ji J ^ 1 J.jljli
^ J j^

4l^l-4 ^ S ' ^ j j ' I ^ I p ^ h X 1j ^ ^ l j j ^

lj^ . 4

jl

^ .O

o lS jA 4 jjS j

^aJj ^j^l^a^l

Jal l 4J^>

Uj

l ^ j l j 4 ~ J j

jlJ .j j j i j l j j l 'L a

( j l j j l j ^ - 4 l;-4 ^ - ^ 1 j - ' " ^ l = * j 4 ^ j j o ^ J U J b ^ j j j ^ I j . 5 ^ i ; j 1 ^ p y , ^ ^ g " \ j

^ Jl

j l

> \?'i lj

j ! (( 4.J ljJ l )) *<Loj

^1-o.XAU

L5

\J

AJ)I*AaP4

b ^ J d )l^ ^ "] ^ ^ * 1 1 l

[.c3 .a

< 1 / -^

^ y * - - Cj

^ k jJ - l

Z '-^ (j ' 4'-c ^'

. \r n
4 ., tX . J ^ A > l v 2 . J J

jJUjli

A _aJ SJ

Jl

A k i

i^iib

ar ^

JaJI .^AI\ >\

c S j >

4 l- 3 l ,v 2 jV l

* .* k

* Ja ll

4 * aJ I

i^f

\ \

( j'^ J l J^ W ?

( J lu T

\ r \ t 4 (jLLiJ ^ftiji
( J > j^

\^ \o

4 ( j \

^ ujIUajI ^u>a-y2; Aj jS\i$ aIaajj wI>- Ij J ^1*11^ -Aa1I 4 (j> _jl

. c3 . a

(_-iljLj/% y

(j]

U k p l

^y a!1^*Av? ^ Y

,j\j~>- wU.-

(Jm I

\ Y

. n ^ .(3 .* \ m
.(3 * ^Y * Y 4 (_j * > * *A*A.k 4j$s5 . I^aaII
*AamaxJ^ 4 (1)1j f *

. ^ * j U ^ k > - ^ Ia A ^ x a J

3J > J ^

. . . (_ )I-\ a I *

J l j ? - l ( J O ly S > Jj

X U H

^ j ^y

"

A f . ^ . ^ . i Aj

| ^^S1j

aI I a a jj

Aa> - I j J

iw-J b * A . l

^0

4 tS jj^ *

^ j

l5sAA.;b

I j * U ^ - 4 c j b J l j > -

. < 3 . M n Y 4 ^ 0 Ij_L*aaI [ f <j>J . C i l i j j lj

4 L ^ jj^ 4

4^ u s k * < ^ & j

jJ[> Y ^YY * 4 )lj< f lSw>b 4 l^f* . 1)1j< f

*|JUil

k ^ ^Jp X.^ ^

C a ^ > _ ^ i . j V ^ ''-'O-^ *

. au y . \ r n - \ r A
V jk h S " A j

jl

\ 1

(_

iS j^ y

A-4-a.C^Aj ^ b b J l j

^ (3 A ^Y^o [ (J] l

J.A > .~

A a>

.^

ib b _ ^ u *

<1/.

^A

( j\ l liJ I A

^ j A * ^ .U

5 -J jl ^ L

'\ ^ \ j 'i \ j

)J > \h a

4 J js

C -A x J j ( 4A A P Aj . U -

j * * " ( tJ lx l jL

t j. ; I j

V jl

* L * J .b l^ l

< J iA ,4 jw \* 4

I ^ j

l^ . _ jli

.
Ja ?

4 > t-w J

a u

s - f c j^ a ,!l

A ^ -J

( J jV ( _ 5

.t5

b j

^ J l

< J A b j> - jli

c J j^

^ -

1 j

!_5 <a I ^ j A * *

(^ v ^ a ^ a II

IXs

4 * J jA !1

y .

( J . j V l (_tP^j U x i

j j - l ^j-4

< .jU J U I

A ^ a a J I {^^A*}\*&.)

v M

4 - J U j JI

\a J)

^ - A - J ^ j* 4 (

( J > j^

aaj-I (jJ ^ a S C 4_J j I < > U j.p o b J 5 r J u

, l y j l 4 - * > - j l ; > d l A -a Ij^ ! O U j A * l l j j J > i A 7 ^ A j j j b

l^ A . ?

.1

(J j

A ,a ^

jf <)I A a P

. a ^ y m

'J i f

A -/*

. m y ' o

(_ ^ iA 1

./l e
. (A-J^ *
,

<- J ^ 4 J

O L a A I * A $ \ A jb

a u

^Y T &

> A a jI j ^ q a i j j A

aA-J1 ^aX^\J l,

>

Y*

jl;f

c <_'l.g.A sA

_/ c 5

.A

.- u ^ - n . \ n r - \ r i i
J^ JL ?

s > "

. j

A5 \a) 12>

. j

^ j\ a a a ^ I *AaA' (_ J

\rr

. a

*Ja"
(

l ^ * j b

b -

o ' V l A i\ -- j

j^ J a

t ^ u r^ u

Y*

^ " - > T .^

&

. ^ p A ,* ^

jf

, ^ A lla

l^ *

. j 2 ' J w U -S -

J^ U A P X a J

(jJ.A 4?x*w.)

4 j l^ -

^-2

A j l Ia S

.a

4 ; l; l ^ ^ ] a > -

.^pt

.1 -

( (_^^J ^*^

*\

((

/\

[ o iJf: ] ^
CL*+j 2

. ^aJA^.^

C j )

l^nW
^

\ jy ~

i s ^ - jb

(_^

j^ J 4

a jI ^ L S ^

^ la > -

(_ ^ Ia 4 ? x a a j

.m n-^Y TY

<

j l j r " o

((

l ^

; b

((

. t

uUj L L *

^ |

^ uf
,
^J$ a ( J j J

w b J ^ - A p

c j p r j ^ ^ ^ jiAxil ^ j 4 a j

o L J S -"

c J o ^ t/ r * jl^ ^ ^

hr
* (

"

> U x i l j ^ - j A ? x ll P j ? - j ! I<j\j la * - ljN i l 4 <uj U j - U ^ j l j A ^ J I j

< - J j .j p

AAa

p j ? ~ 6 $ j b

nr M
^-4^ ^
jjS C

(1)1

-"-*

UjwU^j' Jj'l/l^J T^j>-j^ (Jj^'A ^^jAijl pj>*jAI pj* j5s> j l j * jAAjl (j^jAi'JA
U^AJill (___r\^_iSjl ^Ac^A \ j^t ^ i J J^ l{ (_?A)JI J\j?-j/lj 4 L.^aJ la^ljjl pjl4-J
^_5:TjAxJlpj;>-jllpj *
J J U ll X - P

jA

jl^

^ J J l P ^ i l l j ^ jlS \ll

( j x ^ j j l ^ * j i i - ( j ^ l _ / - A jJ l'y ^ JJU ll

P ^ iJ A i . J a ^ A U li . / - U L ' l j / 4

(_^ j - l l p ^-^1 c5 a jA S sll

( J ^ 'o i P j h

^jjAjlj

jia i

j> & jl
jr j'y

j ^ ^Jp

4 X > - lj

SpU ( J t

^ jJ L i c4 j t j

3jr ^

P j^ * j

ja

J > - (^ > -1 I j M

jll

jlA jjb

jjj/ l( _ $

( J ,> " jl^ l ^ J ^ A l

b ;lj

4a* U j J I x ^ j \

A;Ap

^jc^l ^jA^i
p jj

c Jj'^ l(_ 5 ^pj ' T j *

^Jp

(jA-xll

A jU

j A ? j l pj ^ ? jA l aA p
j- ii

A; j j

j> J iS s !l f^ lj^ - 1

^ 4 *)l J J ^

4 Is jl a]

^ j j A I l j j l l a j ^Jp J^Ap ^ j j A l l j j U a j j Cj j A k J l

la^lj S U

^jA

J ,jV l

j l > j l p ij? -j [ \

- U i ; J j V l ( j - ^ J (jA iJ l

jl

j U l j jA ip c * x j

j_ S l P j > " j U

id-i^lp

j j ^ i

^ hl

jikU J A J c ^pN CAili J>- 4-^ljll

U (J- A <-^A-jl. ( j^ - ^ j l A j ^ l l j jl^ x ll l j f ; J

^J> aA 1 j l

aAp

(J

o p j ^ j ^ i

Ujl (J>jVl (_^jlpjl Pj>*j^\1 tp^5 j j l

j l

- lb c a J p j j i s l l ( j x ^

j . h \ \ j a] 1^^

J T jU J l P b b > X j

J---^

j l

jA j ^ j ^ l

1p j i i ^ j j u i i x p

.
^ jN l

J ^ ^ l c jb ^ U

j 4

#-h.j c i ^ i j j 1 ^ ^ - j A ^ l l Pj^j-^-AA Tp ^ s j^ S C ^ j l

jlA jJ l^

1 jj5 \ A '

J i j 4o-\;>-lj pA-a^J A-llS*

lsAv^

[-aJjI l * > * jl> - bjw taM a

J . I 2J l p ] j ( j l i l l J l^ ^ - 'l/ l j j U a ; j 4 ^
.J

4 AJ-v?

j ^ : d l ( j ^ j\ is ) l

x - ^ j A c t _ L j j i \ a j s * . a j i r j i c 4a1p

ja

jV

A jj a jC - x "

^ : Jl-J j l i "

j ^ (j*4

jAj N ]j

J jV l( J

c aA p ^.AS^Jl
4

JA^A; J j ^ l j

4 Aj j l l a j j A S j i J.> -1 j p U ( J t *AS" I^jAJ (jx->jA,\il (j^_AS\JI

$ji

^1*11 ISC*^! 1; ^^Jl j U i j*Ull jlv/^b ^SJtll ( ?%~

(J-4^

C jI . > j; > j1I

^ U l l lS s ^ V b

^ . u . j* = U j.

t l ' i r

(*J4/*1<-VJ
^

j X ^ ?

^j m j f j \ jl -i 1 J J .A .4 i j SJ j i j > - J

S*^"1j l 1^J^' J lj jr ^ i j 4-J jA U^jVl 4?-j j ^UlI jlv'yL>

^ U * ll

jlS

j j j f J

^ V

J * l]

4 4

^ J

U j U

j ^

J ^ -V

^ . jjl

ij$ \ li

I.J

jj^ J

J J I

. j

j V

J * !l

4V l ^ * J J

jliC * 'V l'j ^ S v O H I

C 'l^ j^ " jl> lj

O lS r j'u f c f d l

t i^j ^jwii^ j i ^,a'yi(jAAji(j ^j>j^ j^i j ^ j * n isC*'yi^ (j .>111 ^j^ *

J L ,X j j i l - i j J a I I

-"^
*

w \ P t l j l j

j j^ s j

( j j u S " J p

4 f t - '4 ?

fc 4

44

cL_,Up 1>j ^l c l / _
.

c ^

j^'yi (j~j (J

o U jw U ll

t.Api_/>-l L a T 1*2jI O l llj iA>-1jll J^ 0jS\; j l Jj^-V

^j^vjlll

UJ \f.i

^ j^ l

A ^ J ^

j 3/ -

^4

^ l l l

^| i|J*

^0

4_j.fcJ

c O l l l j _1__ . ^ - 1 j l l

^*0

c-A-mJ!

^P

^j-^1 -Jp cjlSv*'*! 1UJjj J 4pJ. cJ. >11 -Up 4pliU 1Jp JJ^N U JS"~ 'y

^ t p - llU ;

^ _ * > > ljll ^ j > * j

'" ', l'"| _? ^ l x ^ - l A j c j l A ^ J b

^ J S O l J '- U

>

^ j ? - j

( j

^1

^II JlU'y c-U-aJI JlU | jjS^dll ^ jl ^ lj , * ^ jijl* 4j1p ; J jU . j U >11 J l OlJL

<Jlia.| j j i i will ^_Jl (Jl2-]jr'4 ^j l J

fj^- \c^ (>^1* Cl*' A (*j~^'~^ *^*-,kMll*-^j^

t j jS llx . J l jA^-j] 4j15\Jj IjJ p l^-li_.Xavj; j j S ll a

^ j* > j l l ^ j^ .

jl p b

f.

4_ p

'd/H

^
4 l (_ ^ j ^

Jj

(^><1 j l l

C jU V

j l J

>

tij^ l

*U

4a yi>.i^^Aj

^aIIU 4^j^* ^j-^-J* jUcpIj 4a1p^-$s1I<w1JjAj jJJ.a^2.JCjjj-IS-"

*
**
J - 4 >r-^'4 (JjI ^

J ll t i

c -t A A J I^

|
U ^_a A j

^ S " -j ^ i o

J > -J

. u/ C.
,aa\1 4 _ j I 4

**>
;

J _ jl J

CjU 5j,a1I xiSslJ jjS\X3 i J j ^ / l j o l j J 1 * j ll^ jav I*

| j^

^>-1

{ J T jl^ H ^ J> A a 1 Ij ^ ^ j j S ^ j x j 4X$^j S

j ^ 1 (j j

. . .

c O l llj

A_jV C 4a1p ^ - i x l l eJa; ja " t i -1 ^ 1

^ j^ .i/ * ^ -^ 1 c l j ^ l

j/

4 jlk b j
IM

j l jA j

jp x^PUl j V C!L.^J1>

. iv ^ * C a l j d b ^ ^ l j l S ^ c l

* A > - 'y

^1

i j

. 'J j'y i

^ ? -

1p J I ^

jw

' -ju I j O x j U

Jp

* L jJ

J j ^ } l ^

Ia 1 I^ j- ^ jj- 4 ^ 1 - J

lJ jV

*!--^--jlSv ^j^a! OLo^I ^_y*J ^ A j

^ O

ilv^ 4_-v*J,?" SJL- e l l j

c ^ ^ j l l o C l 5 s l l / ^ ( J ^*>IS\]I I j a j . U jI 4_^l$0l4^-j^Jp i ;lS " l j

(J

^J^s~w)l^- b j <Op ^J.L Tjbl 4_.a5\]I 4.?-^jll 4_I (.J-lv5 ^Opj .Lbl OlT4.>-^/

c olLU Oj L 4 ^ -jj . ^ *jjlll lbj ^Jp Jub ^ j^ I ! 2j j c

b y L l r L u ^ U ll < O ^ w'p ^ y jS" j l ; J j l l ^tASsil Ia ^y

jA

L CP^J^Li j t

^*>6*y2.)l

(^Jlyp j l j j ^ j j c y ^ U ll y G lG l O d
<

j$ >

4JI

y*"^

^ A ^ b c tjj.* ^ j l b _ p -y lT lj**< c0>- l^j

f y ~ j^ c j j y * l ( j d s d V j . \J> j l y p j j a j t 4)

bil G i

^v>&v2.1l (Jbl O p ^c~a.jy C ^ L I 4j I^-> b l * lS"* O Jl l G i jl^G L ^-I

ff yt

II

L U p ' y f lt 5 U p W '

jc > ' y y fj^

^H
j

S O - lj S3U y

. . (jG lj (_^3b y b j t f cJ L oS 3^j c l Sp T_}>y o - l j

lAA |J . j 3J > * J \

b Iy y 1^" ^ Ip b y ^ W P W '

43j J i ~ o~Up ^j- ^A j ] b t^>jJLll _/l

^^.j/4 J^-JloUj^bll^SClJjy
k

J\

3'** c?^'-i^> j

lijvall gUl*l

^(Jc

, L.Jjp jr1

Ia j a]

^a p j .3 cO k J I |IIp j

j ^~

l ^P b

O l L ^ J.! j

>\

^Jp 43*a^?

b ]j .

Gi jb L c r y ^ ( J p

bSL

c lC 'y i 4a; y

4.P J..3

^ y y r : ^J I JU U

X p <Jy V C 4^*.L J . ((Ia^11 ^*l> 4iP J^j ^iU bC*^! 4^j y

y^ jj c y yiS^Jp 43-1^3 J]lj.;p w2.j - . . T O l L
43yG llj d

J p 4*-1^ J b ^ i'^ p

L u r o l L

c r\ i

4^
jT

e p ^ ^ jljd jf L jlS s ^ V lL ^ b p ^ I 3 ljilJ t> -L jl'ls frM5l(2y; ld ^ ' .^^pj

t j j ^ 4J l c d t j i ' ^ l i j

(t--AJ^U

L^ 3 le J . o l L U A 'b o l L

e t i l ^ J J U ,0 y V j y V l ^ ; j 3 j^ -y 3 y ^ t l I l T o l L ^ I j l l p ^ j S ^

^j^a^^ l^j *-U.a*II^<* ^-V ^Jj,s^j

l j lj*Pcl(jol j*p u r UU UUll

jaI.*(Jj>-0 j^jUS , L_li UU 4; ll ^j>jll ^.XrO.11 X

^4s"^~*Cf'1J AjIJ ^^~^ l~^1^?'^
U ,^ 5 OlalL ^ .j l l ^xUll / d d->l -11Ij j><jll ^_^-ljll ^j^a* i
iAIU ^^>-1^jll ^^J^'4

0^ ^

i*-~)

C U j *4 j l j> -j* f- 1 a^j C ?-l j

j\i!l ^t^xv2.^ ^-4*^ J

l yC* (_>l (jf\j 1j l P

^jJj >-lj J^*V (%\jlyfr l li)

O l -11Ij u l l ^j ^a j

lll; (*>"ljll

i r l aJ^/

jkJIj ^*Sl ( Sj j j ' ^j ***1 -XIIlAI jk ll; ^J>-jll ljJj.<

0>-ljll j * ^ l dk' j^njI
U k ;j cJ k l; ^ j^ lij t*A ^ ^ ll^ jjj-k j j> -jll cjj_/>k j ^sj l ^ jU l li (Jj
> l f i J.4*ll J J>tjjl'y CJ2*ll J dli 7WJ ^XJ . ^ jjlll U kj J p J J ^
. jA lT* c Jajii Jjkll j j> t llJ J; i JlUSl j jU l (J J Aiw,Ll

stt

tv > tV 6>

A_A^.ll^jvj (jjll J ik ^ j c I *Jz i r' k l ^

M-kl d)l Ij

u<

^-dJ

^Q-l (1)j!xi 4-,^>-jl:>Jl 4_j\ll _*UiH (1)1 -JLiM A.willj -^jUJI

iljN l Jp
U1 ^ 1 J p l j

^=U

>

Ci<3l A_^v2.^1l (J J ^jUxll ci -5j ^ j l l

J-SC; S J M

S j ii i i j ' y i ^ j r c Lk.ii ^ j \ ? j i ( j
C>

Jj-^xlj . I j l j -4

C-

j^>j i i j.*ii i j s i j p j ^ j i ^ n ej e^j>>jii

ilj^ l^ l <
dSs^.11 i J V ! ^ (1)jSsj (1)1 1^-3

^ ,

fi*.

y/

fi

yj

jijll ^1j ) jl j l ; Ij>-y/ffj . i j ^ j l l

^P-Vl V i l^S'4'^! j;_^k; t^-lj;l _a^^-1 A_^lSsSl _AV^^II ^ jv^ j^ ^ A>*j)J.I

Ul;! dS^ (1)L; . T;l dl^all A_:l>lll -:v2ll j J ^ V l >jl; ^

ilj^ l ja

O U jV l ^ IJ I ^

C t-U-jl 4* U l il \ j y \ 1^,-a

i j l l (1)j ^ ; l ;*>1* c
1j

jl

\j ^\a)JIj jlSs^Vl

c -J ir U ll^ J S " : US l

C ISsaVI (jJ^k; U ;N l ^ a-j)s1I

lj ^ill_j ^ _^k!lj j>t_dSlj j>z. j-15^ t;U jpy j^ j J; IjU j} (i)j & y j 3 i

>\/\ 'jjix)

| AjV C(_,; IS^<l)Ujl JS^ il^?- (Jv2-;l>l . l i j j^;V ;US\H

; 1:^11 U ( d x j y A_;I^J d-^>l)>l ^^t_dllj ^>.^~lj J l r C tv;l (l)l^jll>LII U jV l

r UVi uk^ ^ a j c s^i^> _dj>- :>.j4 j i v ;i r u l j r ^ j 01 ^ ju

 iiijl^ J p (_?-4

( jf " ( J L . J l j

(JL j U 4 aL * ^ - Ij ^ .

^1 jJ ^ i l x - i l l ( ju ^ s ^ < j >

(Ir^j Jal>si

J jV

jAS^A-Jlp i

c ^JiUJI

j ^ j J I j (J J I _ /J U l <jw

. J U J Ij
Cj ^ V l

J ^ ! i >

(_ }-^ l

yy>"

J U L lj

^ } j 4 _.sJ>jiil O L - l ] l U k i l j

^ k **!jH ^-UJ

^j xa

i ^3 U jS (1)1 JbjA i J > * j 4 ^ 3 U>

^ J ^ *"4 ^ 3 aJ jS \j ( jl J jjA i C ^ j> > y a i j 3 O l j.Jl>

2>J> -

Jl ( .^-1J

J ^ .il (j^ ^ l i l i

. j > - 1 <3], ^lASsII (3

J^kV

j5*

L.iS^

L jIJ

^ ^ j-jk l
i$ y ~ j

L *.*

yA ^'

>-1 ^ . i r

A j Ij d P

j i )J

^ P

i 0 1jdP

i o ij

^ \J -I (_^ - . - 0

vO x^-

<
S5

^ ^ iS s II

( jIj^ S l

I- L i j

(^ > -jl> J l i J ^ * j l l j j p j j I ^ I ^ iS s o -j/li . (j- ^ - lj l ^ j V l j ^ > * ' j W I

^ p j j U^I

w \ > -lj ^ 1

( J _

j >

j ^

j ^

l ; * J ' j - ^ l l

j\Ai l l J *!! j I j J s j

> -ji> J l

3j

jA

i.S s j^ ( _ $

^ ( j l j - P j i *A?-Ijll

.j^ -V ljlj^

i$ 2 s

oA aJ

^ S

t lj Lj

L jL 'a ! ^ U

>

T ^

(jL i$ s J l(jj^ (jl j > V

Jp

^A jJ

Ij

( jv jU J * !

d 5 s ] j j C w b^lj
jlS ^ <!j a #
C (_5-'^'

^ IU ^ I ^

t_->j - i . l l JL^JI

t-jj^ ll
-^

- J Ij A i

t (j^ c r V

C O - w\>-lj _y>! J j > - i ( j ^ i ^ 1^1J

r 3}

jA l\

j l (_<prjl>- ij : " j'4(J p

0 ; > ^ l J 2 *H j j ^ ' y
a

j^ S O - ly ^ ^ J lj

( jl (-:^^; A jlj^ P j i j

( j l k l l c - ^ ^ jA ll ^ J ^ - 4 O^ ' J j ^ d I j J > j 4 ^ j l k l l - ^ t j A I I ^ ( _ j lk l l

i T -b - l j

L -V l

'j~ *

1j J.a * j \

^ a J .I j ^ jl> ft]l (J U j j j S \ j
c ^ U ^ il j V

( jl

Ij- A j C L_J5" L^Lo ( j w l X 4 (J^S^4dl

L . ^ 4 J b - lj J 3 s j(jIj^ p J S ( j ( j l
^ j^ i/a ^ U a ll e -^ ijA ll ( jl

jA \ ^ l y I j 3 0^1 j

j\ * I I J J k l l

'j l P U i L l (jC lS s il (j j (jl

uT

^ j J .A \j

c i^ ^ jS ^ j ^ > -jl? x 5 l ^j J a I ^ I ^ i l j i o^l^ > 1 ^ ^ (c^/*~d - 4?x*%j)

. ^

gf

^ -IS " J>:T L k j l j

J IIj I

p ^ -4
J - '4^ ci^^d

jl^ w ^ O p ^ j U

J ^ l

IJ ip

J $ > \^ .A > ~

U J

UIT

6$j3 jSnj I

JjUl i (3-^ ^J^1* ''^ dili J J*~ A

^ 1 ' ^ y J^* ^v2.J^ <JjAJJ

J 1 j > - j ! l ( j,; 4.\s.*a \J *)} J

^ fj*

; 1^ 3

j * A

j\ i

$1 j l l , J

J^TJ*

s j d x * j i r j i . o vj c j u l ( j u i i d ^ v y j . j * ij""\ ^ s i j i i j ^ / y i ^ j

3W - o.U ti-^if j ^ v i j l ^ j l j 4;1 j.] j l S ^ j 'J . lo-J.;

<Jij>0^ j U

ji l

}A l j *C O ! j i b

C aJl*J j l 4jl j j 4-dp

U jJjJ

i J >-jSU .P-lijlj $j ) a J | \S~i

j)b

<jj^djl ^jL j c 4jUliaj j< J.5 c l AS' U Jj JrOjLll I(jU.lSsi! C~JA Jc>-\j j\
.

I (Jj\r jAj

t 4jIjj ^j>- jl ^AJZj 4jIjJ i3^*3^ *7*^3

J^

b-U^ j ,. \ (_j ^jiJ aJ>j>-J 4dp ^Jp J l IwAU^v.^ 4.a>Ap j j ^

fjAAsi

4-cJpj o.3j;-j (J ^JXi jd j j t

U1

^_/xd (jljd

J| 4*Jpj olj>-j jA Ja (J

4_1p

. j i ^ i i

^j i j

cC->cJld jl ; ^ Jjjld jl JUJAjLjI _\,*;<J1jI jjb (. -pJj!l^j>-j) C-XlJ V

i.*td
4?x*j) ( J j S

C O l jjb

j\

^ c rJ

4JI U;l

O l jJ l>

c i J1

5j2 ( J j$\j<1)I

i . ? J j ! l ^ y$A *

^ C-

C*

fi-

Ij (_ji)l 4J l-wd ^J"^4J ^j-'dl ^j ^aA j A \^jm.aj^

f-A i ^j > - j \> A \ ^

<

j z j i j j ^ - V d ^ i - b \ j c jL jU L * ^ L r ^ v

bjsWj . ^>-jlfdJ^jwUll

>

* ja\

c ^ j i j j i ^ . j ' y i c ^ j^>-i j j *\

C dibij>-jll^Ax3^j^^aj Ol dllj ij>-jSl(,->-\j A J^ A

ti5 s JJS \

( ^ i

j l b I 1j - l i l .jaI J.^il l lj\ r

o I a J J i I a - I S ^ ^ - jI J p

ij?jl'^j|.j-J

JJ

o L M l J._3 3>* ^ J - ' V ^ r ' j

Ia_xj w\$ * d j A lA'A ?

d j> - 5 j js S y

j3 .ii

l* J.

Jld a3 } ^Ajl

j l ^ l sj>-y ? ^ A <\. .T UJJ jUJJk* jU d r

-b~1j I d j ' O j Jjj j j ^ 4j| lj j .Uv2A^J .a l 0 ^ > J p p_5jl

t _ _ J jp j * j - 1 ^ 3

y ^ j -

^>4 ; V j

C ^ > - j l ^ J l ^ J jl d k l J ^ j> - jU J l

J)LIU; i j P - jJ C : 3 j O l d lb 3>j>-^ I (_ ? -lj ^ j ^ i / - v ^ J a - l j j dj>-3> j j j j j j ^ -

jA .jd l'y J j d l j ^ j > t - J I (3 d*-^^lI^

j S s j , lAa- Iy j> -

4]j>~^ y j -

^ f*^ j

jb

fit

I v 2 j I L J w\ ^ ,4 ^ j

- l ^>Vy

4 - J j ^ l (_ j b l_J 4 L _ _ 0 - _ j b - b - \ p

J^

AA

)jJ j

l^ -jp

4 ^ J^ J j* ) l\

(_J-^"

^J5\jl

. - O

i jj 1 o N

4 i

\ jP f jA (

^ 4 (J jV lj^

(1)1

O l l ^ . G l

(1)1 {_ _/ V I

b l j S I J j V l (J b j - U l l O l l ^ G l I j j S s b

^A )

( l ) j 5 s j j l ^>4 ^p| c ^ V l

ij

j a

jl

^ b

!G

f*
C
. Ujj* * j\

4 ^>-jl>Jl^ jJ,*Llj ^sj-jUJb j>-jlb"* ct-

S" b Lj (jbUlljLiSOl lsblj
b c ^>-jl>Jbj>-j-db^j* !4)'j^nj 1 ^c-vs-jjb U A j I b j b ^ O - l ijjj$sj(1)I
(1)j v i ( l ) l ^ j l ; C . ^ - j U x J I i jp * J^.U i ^3 J A b

b j> -j *

\a j \ * A

Ajjj

(1)j S n j I ) I

v j l (JT ^-1J I b i I ^ J - l * l U J . P

^4 41a*j -b-lj

> l>JI ^ b

- f lj

* Jv a j

^ X a .1 1 J

(1)j $ s ;

- l

4 O L -i5 s il

j l

J i

I- J 4 A a I

iJ P T J - '

j l i^l/4 jjv J jI (3 -^ 0

jj^ .^

Ol

001*111

" v ^ jIj

^ -4

ij^ - J ^ jj- 4 ^

J AJ 4 b,* 4*3

_av^ j ^ a > - ^

^- j ^

f jU -

jll

j ^ :*'<y * j

(l)j5\J j l 4 l ^ j > . | ^ , h . * . J . j ^ J ^ L P - ^ jA J . ^ \ r

4 jjA .- 4 .- b .ilI b " * ^ ( j '4

-\]Ij

jl> -

-lj 4 j> - V l ( j L ili d .^ -

UxI,^j U j - u ^ o ^ j ( l ) j S \ j ( l ) l c l ^

C U j - l ^ ( 1 ) -lj b j> * J 4 j

ij

(1) j S \ j

i ^ j jS s jV ^ ^ jl^ lb

^ > < jl? x .i ! ^ j - i^ i l p j ^ . ^

ji ^

j> -^ \ ^ l i i i

* y j^

jp jja o lj i

> lT c ^ * - jl? J b j? - jb V

l j-fb G J I c9 j ^

_^ALl!lj ^J-iblI J ^ ?w Jl ( jf \J (J j a W Ij

^ j-fr lT \.+ p jj\p -

. t ^ jJ ( A /

( J - W 5j l i 4 a ] b j

cjy^> l ^jbs 4a) b j i U^ l y b 4^ d ' 1- C

(ju J S o l - b - l i^ s Jj> --5 j j * r ' SJ JbJl

4] J :*~^ J

< j^ 4 ^ S s a J I j J ^ S ^ j l b J I ^ j - U O )

- lil;

i j f

(^ g j \ j ') l 4 - J l

4 J _ j4 a 3 C C - > b j . 4 I

J^l <- - > * Ijll

4 ^ 'j .

} j

(jl 4 jj\_a^l -^bll

^ d ^ -4 O U _ li

j i ^ l l j j p Z l jAJ J yh\ o ^ p a 5 j 4 (3 - ^ 1 jX a > f j

4 O l -I j

o -ij

4dG)I

__/0 .lll j

(jj*-*

a J I^ j

(3

o- JJl U

Jl *<
)l^*o
" lf *

fi

'.j> jCS~<j\) A~SJ < J0 J * **V lC J & l Ij i J& 4 (^-LIIj A fjJJl -\

jS C l j J ^ - ^ J ( J.4*JI _/ y J l^ y X ( ( 3 ^ 1 i_4JyJ
w'.j j
.1 J jp

J~ * > y ^ I f - j, A:

U u p

i m

I j ^ f j j~ C

V ^ 'J

>

l jA

Ij

4 A ^ ^ p x jjl

'j*

^ j^ - J J ^ J y V l j j

<

U Jb

I c ^ l - H

A A~A>- ( J

J > - b

l ^

^ ^

2- P

x ^ a IIj

p " 7'* ( j ^ ^ l

l*

. ^

-/ 3^~\jA ^jl-4 (

^ ^ -^ c o -w a ]

'r

! I j

a*^- a ^ jX .1 1

11

^ jA

l^- 9 j

\*a .j 'y 44*4^* J f j

jj 4 -J J L

I^ p ^
3

- ^

4 l-4 (3-1^*j i > . j j d l jI_ J jJ --Ij J^-iSsI I 1-v.jl j

AA 4 ^ J 4 j l

a!

jS

j l ^

b y IT b l c J K I I ^_^ T ^ jlj

l^ j jV

51* J > P J

^J^ilj 4 A^l

l" I^ P ^ -l^ s i I f

j S SJ _ A > ! . * ; )

- j

4?x*w.')

dbslj I-lJ
^ j- U

J "

^ j l > - ^ ^ .P x ..Ij

. A ^ 4 > - jjJ J ^ l ^ V l j 4 - l ^ N l J l A ^ b

^
yf
|
i
^ j-^ x llj ^j^a^-lxjl A b o - (_5

(3-1^j A Le 4 3_15\il 44*4?- ^ P

Ij * I

3^

Cd ^ s li J

l Jj

J ^ ~ J J ~ - ^ C j }

il p

l'O -y ^'4

le

^lj-Vl I I j I / W - ^ c ( j ^ j ^ 'J (_^^Url re*^l

4^Nl

1J ^ " A J A X S j i j S a >
^a N

r V . ^ ' t. ]a*Alj
J'^

4 j

jt> y j

4 * j 5 s l l b J - tJ

I I ' j * ' * lo 4 l

l \* j

C J llS ^ jA

J
(_> I y**<* j S\j ^ jl

J j> S )l

I _ j^ l

'y C^-iSslI l-A j j x ' J J J i^ * l > j^ J j> -2 f jk j N l j cJ*JI y jll ^ *

' J j - J j t ' j > A ^ S j j

jj* '

l ^Jpl

4 l^ lp

J a ^ s j j

. ^>jlj ^j > - J l 4>

li,

aI s ^Ij

!!

^ -P

( _ ^ jl

jS * I

4 :> -

2jj A !

J 'jjf

*-^ o i

^ j

J^*> j

^ J * * A ( i j ' C jT ^ J ^ " A j> - j . *

\ ^ ~ } ^ f i i \ * j 4 j ^jf 1j

((

< x (_3 A v ^ i

^ m

j J

^ i^ " " ji

4^*

( _ / l* x < *

)) a I U

c J jl

J ^ b

ju

j c _ J ik j l (_ $ U ^ !> b > -

2 jj (j\

^JJi
**

.'jJ l j p )

**

U "J-P 4 J 'j ( - ( 3

l Ia
*

. J . J l ( _ (_ /* J J i, ^

^.9 j l ^ s a * . ) ^\^p1 Aj 4 l i ^ ^ l V V
^ * ( _ j i 'j* \^ > jJ b ^ & \'k * > { j
b J J ( j'l jl

4 ? X JV ? J^ 0 ^ > -

J J ^ '^ C j

'^ *^ >t

I\.* ( j" 1j^>\f>.A 4 ) j . s J } ' { j 1 A4*A

^ y a L jj o M j l ( j i j k y

-l L y ^ y t-y b

* l j vo j l

^ yj

o ^ b

O I

( ^ - I T o * y ^ y -'j ^ '- y t - b

J -5 J L j ^ y l J ^ j l Ij ^ j l i i y - l i i S j - ^ j l Ij^ -X j* lj wOb

0 Ij

jm ^

kA^lj

y * J

i j - C O j I j J j

OjIj j i

l-JU j
Ij

- l p j t X ^ J (_ J * " j l

4j. l ^

ib " ^

Ij

j S U X a A j (_ j S s j

J ~J>~J

ii^ S " y ( j ^

^wAMW>0 J l T _/

J k j^ j !

<^j

L _ y -y

vT ^ b

O L I

^ y 'jl

J > - y j J i j j '- 7 '^ i j

aS"i

O o l^ w

I ly p

iy r . j^ l

j i .a t S j AI ^S - 1j-^-/ 4
.

/ 'j

>y

^ i

jj^

lJ U

jS

( J li

- y H

i l

yl

JJ

J*p

w L

_? cJ1^^ ^

J ^ j i ^ 1*

J -5 o l ^ 2''4 l^jA

j %

j 0 . 2 Ij ( _ i y y y

^"l ^
J > - lj

Ij

J i r ^ j i iiy i y

J y j l J ^ j i ' J i U i ii^ S T ^ S lj y iJ ^ S T ji C O

w U L O

J .a a

U *** Ob

L j^..iS*j (_; o S " * y

o ly * - -

y b l

i*) J J A j l j Xp o Ss J j L ^
^

^AJ AjJ i J > * J l * >'.J ^ y ^A j*>- -Ssjj *Aj I ( J ilv ?

' A$s; I (Jl> -j - O b (_j S b i

w l J b i-

,^

I 4j>- . tA^Lj c ^ ^ j i '-' v s^ 5 ^

^ . o li

i j j A l l y j * Aj! JJ iJ>->jll ^XJ? i y

JZ \

(-^ d ^yJ

Aj

(J j *
j^ - j

J j'u r T J ^ f

>*

o U j J U ^ ^ y o b j > - i j U i y j
J j l ^ j U

J j : r j

l ^

j ^

'4

i y j j '

f J 4 ^ 4 A ^ O w x ^ J j i y j j o Ijy

J j!

( j , yb-l

(J y> -i

j L *)! | j

^|a*5I j<ja]I { *

j^ J

jy r ^ j

J * 2*^ y . J ^ -^
< Jy

j y J j c jy j l aJ C-w-I^JSp j* j f
^ * J l> - { J j>

*ji yJ U *

J j Caa^ICa S > j l
. C-amX; j
J

( J ; ^ J ^ cJ^W3 ^bXal

j\

. i j IjJ iy > -J ^pUx>l

jU

-^ X

iS j j

S IC ^ j

y - * ? j i aSj! A>-

6-V jL l p I ^j^2.?XaJj (j-**"

A^Caa** I'n1*^->- 0 1 j l

^-A^J j> - ( y ^ "J-5

C -S J -* *.* AXj y j * j l C-~<:,JU-jl ^ j l > -

l y A^lj l^ -jl ly^JS"x J jy j a I U j y l y i t .3J/

ij^ J

J Ux^jIIj

xIl o i j ^ j i p I Ajy5\>- ly y s ^ y C aaauS^ jLi- y * j j l j y i ^

<L>y <kp}\>-

^ j > \* a b

.A JiJ> -- y b

jA

j l ^l S^i l l yl

i l y

1 4 $ " jl ^ o L A

a^0 ^ J * y l j ^ y

T ji ^ X

f t jjjJ

^ jl- b

^ y y y j'

O ly

^ 1 a2*1 j

. x O -b y y y U U

0 IyI

Aj | y

^,<23 b j i y S T J I

( y ^ i Xaaa*xj y A ^ J j ^ ^y^
IaX.*

^-1r J 0

0 ' j> - j

{ j VjX<* ^ I S '''y i X

I I y y w\aAIj yVJ ( _ ^ j^ ji i y i i

jb

a>-

IS ^ jj

, Jj I Jj Jj

i y b ^ j> - j j

0 Iy i a

j- ^ ^ - j i > - j o i ^ j

"

>

0 1 i l y 1 a $ " C A A - i y j ^ ^ > - j i? ^ - 5 j > * y r

0 l~ l U

. C - v - IJ p U ^

ily Iy

iy 1 _ U i y > - y

^ A j i y >-JA i l y I J

. ^ xJj
l jj

J , i A ib y y

Ll/*
J j

Aa* ^ a

^ ily

^>*j l l ^ xJ

^A IJ J 0 - U J j L x p !

y S s J j

l _ a>-I j

>-y ll y S s J j

Aa<*< I j

*^ylAj

^ja

C a-x T

^ y -j

i j > - y l l x s^ - l j

bx>xI ^Ia ^- ^

>l AjIy ^y>

x^objl i y

v y i y

s J -o ^ .y
.

^ y \ e j i y

ji jis 'jjy jO A O jj

0-bO (4_IU a I O )

j b t o b (JI a a O U 1- 0 1 y j J j - b y j l j f

. A; j j " y l A y i

4 S % -0

. jjIa O

j. j j f

>

v i b ib

j a

|>- ; Aj A

j> - j IJ

tj b s " y l

4,1L j

A j'L - h jA Aj >-j , A?x^o j i

A i ^ ji ( j j k ^ > j i s j j j j i o L d b j i y

jl

o l^ o li

J "

Iy lS ^ ^ b j l^ d S 'jiy lA P y f .C h ib

j o . j ija

J y A jj jy

lA Ib 0 **0 ( j L j j j l S ^ l j A$" L j I j l

b jy ^

f i j b j i y jiJ

Ai O - L y l

y * ^ j i y J ^ - ( jj J j l v > j o L 5 ! j l j A l L j y l ^ j - * p j * . o L o d

o ib a IO j^ /Ia j

A ljl^b~wl^J ^g_iS"*i>IjjA (jb O ^jZlAJ j l o ^ j j l i a L ( j b ^ 1 , J i i i J

y L A j-C

yU

A>sJu j l j l j

O i l j S j k ? y~\A J

o JL

J ir

aJ L J y I jA

. 0 * L o A jl
y jc S " t- A2J.N3

0tj y

* l j l *j^ ill)) ! - j j j Aj>-

Lr'iV* J'5 L '^ ^

,Ajj S y O j

,... j is i v i jU j J

j O j ' u P j I Ay>- 4 .L U - jA ( ^ A \ - 4) (J^ b I 'o ( j y j

< jJ U * _/ Jb:j J , y O - j N

aJ U

j-y zIlV J a*JI j y ^

y *d

aI wL p

j
Ij y
pL<0t I/
u>-

y*

(ji^ j A O y S j I j y L j I o

(jljb a ;

y L k d ly * j y i ^ l j l ^ b ) : L S " y

k*
jL
Aj

y ~ jj
kV

byr I

Ij Lp ( J j b S ' y j J l y ^ '

jlp j y

y j o y l O jL p j y ' y ;

j j b v j > - j a!L*v j j * l ^

l j j

<3 !

A- Ji j l < S ' j *

<d-.*wjb**A$

. <._***il4ili (jL\2j j A*?^.*! j L > - I j <. *jU>-IIj I j J s A w -lj A . * S i j AlS*(j ? J

a S ^ Ia ^ M ^ jj d J U j O b L j 0

mj

b js

a > z

j i

^ s> c \ j ~ f

o b s d ib

j j J l (jfeSsil

O l d l *oJiSvJb

dS^Jl~.. j d'-^jl j l j '-^I

a^"* (j\^JI

* *\ * j j - M l ^ i l ? * j i I ja J L .j ^-1 L j

l j i ^ Ij <d*^ j^j < i 1 x 5 ^ Ij

A jIb b i" i V ^

o jlc *

a p j^

l - j i C jU ;^ ; < J % f c ^ U r j l
.

j>j S j i j l (jb ^ S " ld j l

(_jb 4 *d b " 0 I

J tA^b(^(jl

jj

j ( (

\^ Y

S M

j* " *

-di A*J*^J 4>c*wJ

A V

AjIj^-IaS^j 4*A.t^(- *

O jl ^1 Aj

((J>'** lA^d'/ A^) Ij (A_ii? ^ b C.*) I ( jld b (-JaS^^j!

(3 j & (

. ^

^aJI j l I

* A*di

o l^ d jli

. <d***liJ,.^i 4X^

J i <jJjJ3.

ij> -

ll^ j)

*^l 4*P j* A v ^

S j' :

A ^ ljJ l \*A

j'

^ ' J-*J

^ P d b j > - llj j - W 5 A.-i-.S^)) X .jU iJ > -j5 \j(_ $ Ia a 1 1 ^ j

* t_jb5^jl a J l ^ j j j 'I j (_>j . <d.,vi14i 4- jSjjS"" 4~IpIs d 11 j* l_ /^ j^ j ^ >

\ * V I j oJld^rdj i S>JLj . JLfu? i l j ( J l j i ^ ^udU -j dviull d jL p Jj^ aII

kAjilj(_^

(_l j j

Ajl^-bi

(... J

IjAllA^j^j'I (_^J .

IAliS"Ij IjjI

Jl -j

) ^

A ^ Jij AI>-lj Ajj S ~ { j I Aj

Ajlbb

4>A,Ji \

<-d^l4wLil^*ij b b j

4 * l ^ d ~ ^ 1 A Ojl ^ APj^.^-

V*

^ jlj^

AP

j j i

j I j aM^J^T I j i
(3 ^ 1 **J

Tjl

(J- ^1

(jlAA?x*wJ

(_aJ^ -iz>- >>t*J \

J-i

A_aajJA!1 A*] 1*/2.j (_j a^o ^ y j j jj

^ \ j \"X-j > ^L.v2.jSj Ij

))

^ \a

. (( -Jjj^Jl *> & 3

4 y j[ > - j\ I j i J .ib ^ jljlS j

**

i_ _ jl^

1j b - 5

V J U jl

\ * i V J L jA * P ( J jl j lj-^ 1
^ jJ * J

a J L ^ j^ I ( t i

1 (_j

J U i V l (jl> - t > lx ^ j (j\*!l a5n>-j

*^ < 5

^ (*0

c i * ^ -U * *

i y>~

4j* ^ y ^

I j l (jbAp>e*w) . XJ> (_ ( j jX A (1$J>-J

c />

4;

G -O

Gjlc^1 4-j * . ^j P i^JJj,* j ^ j j j

b

^3^73

fb

^ . NA Y V"1 G jLj^

A*.*^ b t j l j (. a ]

APJ '*' - (j-^3 ^

jl

6<XZjA~-,^j j

4?x^0 ^

( j L & A.*.Jl? (1) I j

^ t J G*\J*> A ^ j j

^ 3 +a lj

A?r^J Y

.
^

( . . <3 ^ J L -j) 1*Ug ^

_j5s>* G a j b

A jlj- llS "

lij? -jd l

( ^ > i A > - 1^a>- j 1

Aj

j j

>\*&

b l? lj

Y&

a! U j

J/1

A ib U ^ b V Y

<
jIa

iJ j

(^Ia^x^O . 0 1( jjilv ^ - 4J i j l

Y J b *- ^ *

I^

j C -**l

( . . . a I U j ) A ^ j j J Y *l

A . ^ j }! * A w lL)b) J j T ^ L i l J * 3 } { *"* {J * &

(j-'k r

aj l~hS"

C - * * < Y Y \ g j Lc^

. C .*3-U <
. j J i c3-Jel y

(J j* A j l C ^ + * j^ S

^ * \* \(j^

: Aj J.J Z * g15s.J i j ^ - j C - jl j A

(J^p /

YV

L^ J - ^

iS j

'

j\/ j ^ ' ft l - W - l j b j l (_ jL ~ o wU)U

. C-w^lJj 4 U v j j\
* A l * * j j / l j l (_^lA4px,o . wLJl**j I j L j \ * A (Jl-^ 4j

Ij a JL^j

1 l^Jf*1

' j x 3 U j t 1 ^ jS 'U
J a b 1 b l j j i j C-s^l j l ^ ^ o l S w j b S j ^ j *

iJI-aai 1(_ 1 j l > - 1 l^

f * t A-j *.-

J o ^ b i_JlS""4; a I I ^ j j / 1 C - o l j j

^S"

* /\0 jL.j*' 4 P ( - J J j - 4 -la?- 4?x~o Y

(_^ljj-i>

. C -A ^ lo d ^ (J J * . A (( 4 - J J j j l 4 _ J U jJI )); j l j - p 4j ( A j<& \ \ ^ )

A ^ lf 6.U O * - ^ \^ n 'o j l ^ A P j ^ ^

\YY

. ^ lib ^
o Ji

W * \ *6j l ^

^jCP ^ V I

0- ^

J -4 ( S h j ^ <j

4 ? t^

'(_]* L h j ^ (j-4 4 VJtUS

Jl-j^U-Uj 1jJV*Aav1j 4>^.9 ! j j c^jIj ^.p*4JLw*j d-w-lL^jj-'' ^j^^JL-jj^I

4Pja>^ (j^ < 3"* jlS"JJJ 0<i^4X^<j) 4?x^O

* * * ^ Y1 o

, *-\aaA.(^ 0

C
a.aa'I

O i ^1

/ j h < s J 3 \jp r i

Ii i & f j 4>-jS " 1 cjlli,.*jjl^il

<*
*,IajI
: j v S 'i j jIj ij>- J } 4 l

4^^x.a^ 1
^jp?j

4a>2^>
j j 4 ^ j^

kA*^

^ j^ j*

Jl J;>"'jH (jP

14>2,%
*,L9
^^^j Cj
j

< j~ k f

w * \

J A a J U j {j

o j L r

a p j +.

\ jl

4S"

J jZ i

\ * V 'l j i

4 X . lj J

L * jl

o J j:

.c*l
aJLk-lxS^ ^ A YV1 o j l C"*1 a p j t^ ~

\ * *\

wLi o i i j j

c ^ b j^

.
L$

"jA Aj l i ^ b S

[ * * * j\ S ^ jj j j J

0j l . C*' 4 -j j >.-

J 4 X ,

lJ

J$

*J *A>z.a~ \*

. A-vlj(_ o u n .**j
j p ( . c i 5 J L 2 * )

jl^ I j^

Ss j J 5 \ j j l

ls L i ta t S j ^ j *

j * J l j ^ 1 ^ )1 f *

L>l^

^ > ^ 'l(_ t(A

c4j l IxS-" ^ Y * l * o j I j ^ 4 P j ^ U .C * ^.p a! U j 4J L . O j . 5j

. ^lUII O j ^ > - ; 4j -LS^ol5sJ 4 *J ^ j u j l

9 i j ^11 ^ p ^\^^\ll jj* \ * ^

, 4^ w\A\^oISnj 0 I*

iAj AaAS''o lSsJ

^3

.
< J (.. J JUj)
o b

O U I ' J l & b

V ^ lT

a~ )

J \T

*^iJl j
* jl^

JJ

j I

IJ *** j l ;**( 3

4* +* j ' J

C I * - . ^3"^"

Lj

C4 P j + - (y ?

a U +* j 3 P

J l ._

4 J l^ j ( jr ljl

"

I j I (_ I ApXfcwJ

J*>Jt jlj*-

< iW

J L M j^

aI L a

^5^ m

, ^ * jlj.J

, wl>- J l ^ P ^W ^Sl

">

o \ j j f jk ifc s J

V 't

J ^ J ^

L -JJ-

YV

cH'

(Jj* /

c J ftJ 'lS s l! t >l'0

j^ J

lj

J j Ij ^

> -\Z a

J j l J*M I 4 } j S ~ { j

J l j * u j \ j< /ff\x .A

I j p I j <'A - l j j J * j

J j

1j \ ] I ( _ 1

j j t _ !) L * IO l j

i J

j >

4 U.*A

*JL.-xa L I j l I j C - J l v ^ l
4 j ' j i j / I 4 ^/w 4 j 4

J ^ 4 ^ 1 i j S TL i j S (_ I a l j

j i 4 ^ j l ^ > - JX .A j l J j l J ^ j j j ! J5 "U a

4$^l . j l A j ')) ' J j j S \ $ J J j j I (_ l j ^ j j %~{j f I

(2 *^ ( S ^ J J

C-~.J

Jj I j j I 4^./ (j'l

4jj S"*(jr l 4 ^ jl <_j l J j 1>j J

t .>-1J J J a j ^LaI (_l j

J lla jlj

IjjjS ^ J ^

(j^ 1

jj

j j j

j 'j *

4 Jl^ w j3 4$^( J I a a I U j j J

(j"I ( S 3

^ 'ljlj

^ .4 j j . j II<jL p
<j I J ^ J 0^ j

*4lj '<*1 J~^-^

. ^_^*l 0J I^

4 jji^ <jr I

^ J *J - ( S

4 j I ^ I i S^

j j

*^!j ^

L l j 4ll*J j J

Jj i _j Ij

jJ

(j> i

4 jj S ~ I
_) I^J J.j^^wAJ

^ ^ { ^ \ j .
.

IjU r 'iw - p - lj J j ^

4^**>jl ^ j l j j ^

U s I 4JIa*>j

3 3 ^ Li

*4JL - j

J .jV

Ij4 I^jj

( \ \ \ - ^) ^ j 15 cj

S1

Ijl^ j^

(_I_ j

4j ISIk X ^ A ^ J j j ^ j 1j ^ z +m \ j1^ I

^3^~

J -4 j

c j'

J-^v*_>.A1.4<> J Ia/3I4j J l i J j > - A.AA^ll

IjO I j

4 ^ ^ (l/l4
4 j j S *<jr I

J J J > " J C ^ ~ JU P *4] l/Wj j O 45\ 1iIIj U .C " . wUj!-C(_^ ( _ ^ jl J j U 4 ^ , I<j\Z>IJ j

J * ;> - jj

jl

4^^i

. C -^ I< S
o U j * m L j l ^ A j^ 5 * j

I 4j

^.<
'IJ~>-JJ C->LjI ^J

. ((>I4ILj I j I a _/ I j j ^ I j J ^ j J j I j 5 s j (jJIaj

. d * * * lo .> J $

5 j Z

(-i'v -5

(J J jJ - \

J J l^ l

cJa^lSsII ( w j l ^ j l

" j

C -l)

. J j*Jj j j I

J*" ~ W

J jU ^

^ 1 _ j[p l

iT A ^

I JjjlS vi ( J ,j . <Jl^**<ljl 4jj S ~ j \ *47 ^ >

4J L J (ji> 0

j ^r* J (j^^2'1 4>t^,j j i ^A j*Le Jj Ij (Jl>-^ JJ Lj ^ i l j j j J j ^j-xlaj ^A

<l

iU lijv * j l

I l^C^1 4S" o i j

(('* 0-^J J 1 (j\ *ll4 ^ \ > - ^ y j t j

*

SV t .O l d -^ J i j > -

^ J ^ " J 4 >) " 4 ^ j J

( A jy .i iAa**i A a - I^ jI IavJ^ 4 ^ j I ( J b - J O i^ S ^ J d J

ViL^j

^ b ll j j p -

,^ ; ^

o \ J

4S" (_jl*4?x>wO ^OwAj j U ;

jl

ji

i ^*a"1*a^ 1
lj

o ljd***.* d j _/ (**

1J

d J i ^ 5 * 4 j

jJ ^ j* -* j

jjJ J *

ljd ^ * * J * 1

j> -

jI S n j

j? *5^ jj\

C - jL > -

jl_ j* ^ l

j l ^

J a I

Ij

J
'I'a
I j i >- -> J o 5 s j 4j

^Jjj^ w

~ j ^ j > ~ S j - ^ j 4 s j jA 4>-

I j i J*~

iSj^- j k "

j j *

"

J * ' 45"

ol5w>!i (_ j A*4 ^ l^"" 4=>x*,' jb5" j ^j 1i(_^l4aa^I>- j>

: ^lldl O j - i ? - j l (_jlfc4?XA*j .

oOj

j j ^"

>J1J0j0;>-j Ln-

( aII s* ^ l i 4/) ; o l d j I j j 1j l (jl& ^ jd id

^ Y ^ *jIj!^ 4j j j Ja>- . > J J j l J < -^ J A J ^ J J J

j i

j j

4^d<jJ* A>uaJ \

. ( Y i V ^

(J 4 ^

'j

> * < j~ k f *4;Aid 1:5" ^ * A t ojl^ *4pxamJ Y

. lv r - a l^ d J li

OU1 o ^ i i b

v rv

vro

((

- r

(( - t

0 V \ < j 4 ^ j 4* J ^ ) ^ J J }-'-*'j^ -/. 4 jlsdIxS^ ((

((

<J,P / 4J U & J I 4 ^ < p j1 ^ r d V J U J i

1 jL * J T

j j

. -5j b ;

(^ U aH ^ J j l

J jli^

x ^ $

ib

4 jh jjJ ( 1

i i ' l - S j / >j ^ b ^ j d j d

C ^ lflJ b i

J j

.-^ 5

((^ * 1 ! o L j l

j l * /

"[J

i * j~ x *

jJ v f lA .-

I j jb ~ J

-~ o b i~ ii

t j l l ^ ^ l j l

4 * '. ^ j ) ) j ( ( u - . ^ - l j 1 1b !

4 fl^ J ^ J i

j ^

* 4 ^ jjl

YA

ije d

a H ^ jd

O ljU -

. X jU

4 jj ll

4I Ia*> j 0 1

b b

lr T

i S ^ j 6^j

A^o1 ^

j^ y * y *

4] b * * j> J i

j ^j y 1.j ^ b

*4^

J ^ L i ^"l4X?"Lv*1

4j. ^ l i O l ^ J - j ^ l o i j j 1 ^ilp

((4-J^^ill aU ^!h) \ 4*

y ^ ^11p

V JL j L j*

j T i ^4>- ((4a1I,<aJJ 4a>-^1,1 t> . k -^ lJ l ^ J p O L j l j 4 ju k b l ^l*J>b) *4] Ijwj

*j. f
o J a j2 P jJ o5j
^ b b

CLj[+*x} j

y^jifC- A) lj

4 > -^ S l

X S ^

jjlp

4] Laj

(.-a^J;*- y~
O jjl >

^ j\X } j\?

I j.5

o jb j- 3 i b b

O lo l

j t*

. : > j b j b ( J b ^ l ^/.pl
l> *4^j i

4$^0
Xa il^ > ( j b J j j , * j ^ Ip J X j X > - l p L j I

*>b I J j i l p

O J j.? - 4 $ ^ 4 jjS " j l j j

I X I 4! \ + * j { j 1 4 > - U o j i

j5 o J .$ V J O U j .a j j

L--.XJj

I s.j j J j

. lIavjI 4] Ia*[J j j I
* j b j . i j X X <^J jsIj i b a j - k ^ j " ' - * 4 ^ l
j b J l^ J iV l 4 \? -

4^nL i j l - b

jl

i S

j i

j.5 j l J v *jl

4S -

^ j-i

A%\>- ^ y

/-^

<S.

Xy>

4Aj>b>-ji

xX y

y^.^-

<X jX

4aJ<1>*jl (lU O j * A > - j i

cjl^/* ''^ % \>- 4 ^ ;" I 4>- 2 ^ * J .k i J ^ * (1/' j 1^

<SjJjJt*

^ JJU >

j- J

b I

11**- b i j S

j i I j' aX C a - I U j L *

. 4 jr ^1

j l j j k ' (j-l J b j l ^ J

^\ ^

4X ^-1 y S "

4a X a

(_^j^ jj-u ll frLb> <_ p - ^

*. flJ ji 4a<'Jl j/C > - IamJ^ !^w ^ib il lIjJw\^>- 4aa5I?-j^ J j j S Ija.j' ^ibtll O j J > "
l j 1X\X-^b^j 02j 0IJLaI <_a2/

yf lj^

. (( C-A*< IJI I ^ V l a X ^ - j
V ^

^j

^^IaI

(S jjjf J

X Jaa<

j / b l (jAAjr'

4j I k b S ^ C - ^ ^ j c i j j b j - ^ i S j

L$X>m_jI y ^ 1)
j~ * A jS ~ { j I Ja 4

1J a P t S l* I

(J j p /

^p

5\?~j ' (_j13

*\

*U?- r-j Z <KJ> -- Y

^3j ^*,4 oLi-Sj La^j- J.^.5

j l**^ *A*3l>-

YAA^ Olx^-I O l 3 j j j-^j -Lib^ (*Wo ) (j> jj* ^Jl^Toljvo

. C-^lXi iL j I jl \ Y Y fj&
. 0-L* * tl^~ P * Aj j <To\5\j o L j
cj^p

/ J 22JI d&U <Lib- YI

. X T 'J (j\iJl ii33L*.-> <IxS^Uaj ^y^2" aS"C-**1

Y&

l>-<3-*j i
. (VJ! i^n) L^

* **

<j^P

(; 7jUl aI U J I

: Ij ) jJU JI

^llpii-ij^>- aJL.'j (_*U.Oj .*J oJjjji

<3jjJb-j i j i j
^S^^LjI; j ijJ I

j)

jIj

o U ^ l^ jU r ji

^>a1j \ j j\~>-

^I1p <-3j-b>- oLJ!j

i j i lj

a J U j^ I

. i j (y

^J'3.3

c
^ a U

j) ^ i ji

ji

j ( \ * \ - ^) U I <3^
ij C^jIj ijl^=r (3^J

> \ j^ \ ( j? } ju y

(^ * 0 * - ^) (3 jL^*'*'

. v1..3o*-La*j

l^-l> iji'-p '-3j-b>' "aJI^J J

J a S'i

( ^ * *1 * - ^)

a^U?- j Ji-v* J jU j j JJjX

(JlJi ij J^j (jj X.Jjd S \/ (J-^J^J-1'J ' * <j ^

:>j^ ^Xji jliT J ^ J i J I

V Ip-j
.

p j i > jJ (j-^^1

^ ^ J ^4

<j\j^iXp-YA-^j^A^j

(_^jU~.>ij>" (jw?-^ I ijS"Li

aS%J (jYAJ? ^ U P 1. JJi^

"

J 33

*:*4^ J - P

(\ *0 ^
^Ip

._ YV

c^^isijS^ ilj jL^o aJI^j

Oijlv-i

IT 'IO ^lT^Si0 r*r \<? ^ I T r

c _

(p

f r ^ ^ c cr r f f p r

|C |J|(\v H r j c )

c|3 eppr) fvr c-jTc

p p *f^ r c

C |p v 5 r,

r~*<Y tCrr~y p~C C^pfC^ f| f C

^ P A A ,A

c c r ^ rl^U v, c lfp $ r .
p-v^g") T T ^ p p

? p C j ^ " 5 |> P j P ; ( p

cj^ C^y ") *''-'?

< A i i *
jk p **> # i*Y T r r v * i r ^17:1^, r ?
l[r r?^

i f j c

r i p p ' p

'

r r p > ppo <P ^ \, * l c O rl^fU'v I '"P C p p r p r 57 p p

^ pp>

f <P

^ 3 1 , A A K~ p ? ^ , c^r P *'r p p r c p p
7 ^

cj>

*A

, < ^

c l ~ ^ l c -J r l ?

r< p >

p - c

y o

'P

rp

K r ^ p

-c v ^ p

C | P ^ ]C ^

T \S ~ r ^

f 5^

r\p i p p p 1 8 f\p j j n ^ p * ^ * ] P ( f | p :
^ P ' > | C V~ P

*U

V ^

l ^

^ I f l O

-*IC *

*f^ ^ n v r

f'/~ ' r ~ 2

-p -rp

f~ - p ' T ^ -<Vr S ^ < r f p ' B ' l :

V / ^r f>

c f r r f ^ i r i^r^-rrv ? r c c^p 7^ < * , ^ ] Cot A W l f^ r ^ p w ^ ^ p p 7 ^ p 0

C jfC

r cr ^ f p ^ < : >

^ S -P 1P

7 p P

ljrp f>

q P | P

( p

* r

<fp

i p f 5)

f * '* ^ r ^ ' f n J

<**c ^ f-o -^ p v

^cc p p

pp

f-C - <

fp v :p (^ p p
p ^

> ^ l { f > , 0

c p

'W

c f )Vp p p >

(,1P ijtQ ^ S*^ - ^ p A h ((!1P 1 (P ^ )} V

( < f / p

|p

'

j ^

jK p 5^ c ? * ] ^

p p y

<l,r *'7

^ v C

i~f^5 - i n r r

^ r JP^

p C c ^ f C r p ) ^)*pp- *\P p p | p
j-c v

| P

| p T | p

|, P

i^ p

w
?TT\r?
p

p
r v n

A*>Aj l5v)T

'J Mj b A>>1J>~ ( J V jI ^ l jl (_1A

aJL<jj ( j ' t j i
J j ^

M^

r ' Y Y V <ja ? r j r o lS iJ b

j'fi- Z '

^^ d j o ^

(Jj

f_4'S~ /s I/W
s-C^

^ j ' ^ ^

ff

<JJ-^>-jl (-^j (

aJU j
o L l

l ^ ;^ ( S ^ * ^ *

Aj a! !.*<j r' ^ *xw) .

i j J > - j i aS\*j1aj A->-^jIj ^ j - & i ? 'J

V ^ ij^

A > t**jJjij j J v ?

*^j'
I

-j! j i

li

C l ( j l ^ C^IaXj .* 0*A.i A X ^jj i_Jjj>

j X S * i l j A ^ -L * ^Ip O jJ p - j i

jJl>- * jIjj^ ^ilp -JjJ>-j.5 i^>-*AjLIJ

4>-J

* A jl^ l^ C -* jj.$ ji

^ _ c i-4 ^ ' j j -^ (J'1^ '

j

J l? b I j l

aS"

<j k S

a Lx' j j l

Lat* A S^ Jta^ U j J*o<_ c JU -1 1^1 J j

. C-*.**la^^ S ^ O j I j

AlS^pr

Ij lj

^J. iS j^ ^

* aJU*<j r 'j' (jl*A?x*Mj

*

oJLi C , ^ 4

o jl ^ *APj *~

L.-C5, j l S j J J j i Owl A lijj *A^S^J ^

. .A . I j^
j . Jj!< a ;^ /jj ^ * *\

(^1 j j

(j-* ^

'jif o l^ io b (5

"j *

aJ1j^I*S^

ajO-US"* ^ A Y t * j ^ A^tM.j

jl^^ioj L a t1 a S ^ ijb c J ^ b j owU I (o ly '-p '^ ) *a^;

f 'j j * *

. o ljU .1

V l^

^ll*]l C

: aj
j

o l j U l j < u ib -

* Aj

IS s j

^ l^ Jl^

(j^p / O ljU '

Aj l

^C ~^

rr ^

\'\

YY

o J ^ / J ^ 4^ l^ r' ^ l;r lr J

. J ^ l ; ^ J* t j h j ^ <J~^

*4P

( l j l (^ U > c *J . ^

. * \ *)

AO 0 1 j l

4>t-^J j

j j

I s j 4)12-4 j/..o* j i

Jxb(_^

4jl^-lx$^ ^ V * ^

4 > *-v .J

o iS ^ b

^ l

\ * A

j l j l ( ^ U v ^ W - Ij I j ^ L x j

( J l* '

4 $ V 4 ji

>

I j

Qj j Mi JA4M.& mm

j> .+ J (J 11 < a J I j ^ j I j

o u i oosC tJb v j u - u r ^ v r v ju

( p ) J - 4

\ *v r j

4~ j ;

. a ^ lj? ^ jc

(_ j^ P

* ^0

n> ^ ^

, (_JjS*A (jf*~>>3 ^
1j
1 Cj

w^ )J**J 1 Ij J^"" 4^

(_)1 J - ^ o l S s J w j b

C ^ J ^ J 4

4 jU -

^ ..

, S^ t

r ' ^

C*

4 ~ j i ^

0/^.^

j i

4 > S *w J

4^c#**0^j' 1 t

. ^ ^ * . * 4 1 0 i_Lvil

A ^ -J i O O llj l_ ) j . 4

. C ^ lo - U l
<Jy^ ( . . . j 4 U j )

<

> lx S " " j^

V Y 10

ft

i^ J - l^

* fc

Ojl.C*' 4

(J !- 2 ^ 2 > -

o jb

C j ^ J ( j ' - l j > t 4 $ " ^ g P ' 4 j O L ^ * * ! ^ i i l j j l ^ j l S ' j j l

J^*3 ( J ^ J

4j. 5 ,4^

^f

\ * V Y j i oX^4XO j ] A>k.m ]

.X w L o l j ^ *
^

o & jl Y *

_ J ^ J

( c i 4 ) L * > j)

0V^N.0^o1^ >JO u 0A^-JLj b

4 jI^ -Ix S*

j f i \ ^ A p J l ^ j j l j i j J mm

^ rr'o '

^Je /

J & J ^ 1?5) O b - Y ^

j*.aL*b*'^A.^jl
.

jli4j i-j^Ij CjUj!j^^1aJ1*j ( \ *

J ^ Ij j l O b J i
.

\^ )

t r j t ,^.^b jj ^ A a a) L***j 4 ^ b ib J l ^ ^ l j 0wU*

i j.C a I ^>- jJU

x'A
aiS^jj 3jl5\3 Ij <JLJj^ <jUS""

* aIs^-JI <JL-**bj>"ja
c

&

4 * jj v

(_^1a4>s^vs>

(-Jajj-* C-***-\j b jS * 4 (_^Ia?x^o ^

.

ji

j/ Ijl

-1

j Y V A ojlc^ 4j 0wL^> 4i^ij ^ * o V

4^* ( ^ j l j j y

**1 b

JLMjjJ1

o l& t jt a S f ' j * VJls-lxS-

Y

A i \ > - \ ^ J *

. X S 'iJ ib

\ ^ C-*

jz

4*jjjJl

<'--**^(_J'4(_^JJ-*

l j l ( A O ^

4 ;li-l'S ^ ji Y'VY'Y jbc*14j ^l4>tt*wJ V

. (W \ tV >

>j p( cJ *Jbj)
4! b**J j l ^jbv^ J-V^.?*"
t."^ZAIza

jjXp

o l^ * jb {

SAAA' i j j a 4]1*jj j/ 1b

J* 4jl^bS" ^1-*aAj ^ l^" {J^AJ/Jj j i

0>A*a Oi j } I

. w U S ^ i J - J 2' ^ l j

i b - V l )) ; x

ib

43j S o j i U b

*A;Ij i j <*_?-lj!l 3A,p-j

4JU j

i b X ++*\A j 3 ( J l j i j U N l j l > - j i U b ^
j/ljl {^ U ^ J

w t ib ^ ^

(J 21

(( 0

^<*< ^uSs|l

^ b j - y * j l cj

j U - I b l j J ~ U jU s ^ j S S 'iJ

c ^ ljj-^ ( j- ^ a,\''cS' N V ' N jb " 4&j+-- j& *

( (J
j / l JLJjl^J .

iJUjI

aJ L *j j / l j i b x'*

jlc N l ^ j * v

. C- lo ijX j i3 j j / . X b ^ j b
.

j i j/J ^ b f lj j b l

^J5" ^ b ^ l
,

4J b * j

c -^ -lj O b l J T

bij) ^l^jl

^ J i ^

J i>

W
j'

6: ' j ^

LS^ - 15

. O w vJoO l x_xj J

<jA A jk j 5 C S j b^jS

))

d /.U

Uj a

<S "j> - *0j l

.
C/Jj
.

X Jz[J(J

jj^ ^

O boU 4J

u<tS>J ^ ' -

O V

jAa !j> I

I OwIO jJll

OUI

o15^IjIaS^C-wwIj^J- a^J I cJl?-j ^ jj k\jljj

4 j iAaXWW# o b i

O ljlj^>- (^1j

y > - (J/j>^ j j

~ * p-

^ . ^ lL . > - L . (

J /lj^

A ^ > - liy

4 $ f " ^ O i o l

l ^ i j i

L x * J / I

Ij*^S^JU Q ^ J ) )

{***>>j^b Aj ^

^j

'

AJ f i i

aS'Ol"Jj^l t

j^ L J Iji^ . * * )

0 * * l^ ^ t l^j4j X w

O lS ^ ljil J ^ " lj C V

L , -^,--A j

/ o

. x
***11ajjj$ (Jj^1

ljA ^ * li

5j-y+A>

a a ^ v ^ jj ( _ jb jl

. JjI^ j^ jj-^aj ( i l j b Jaj O b \y > ~ 4.

{***j^b

ji

0>

*Aa!j>- JISC.1

O Ij

(( JaU Ij *Lll J^j ^-ilj bxj O^ I (^j^) c.^ ^-d^r-" 1

o l^ J ^ jI i

O** IJ?y

5 ~' ^

^ jU

lS v > - * a : 5 Aj a S o I Ij . (( 0 ~ a j * ^ U

O biijj>* ^5^0 (^1j

j -

-I j

oj l j j 2 t ^ < 7^

c P l^ l

ilj>C.A

(( A Ix a j

j j (jL>

J *f ciA^ ^j^J : ^

j j i

J /-^ t

{A j

j j j J l j? -I j

C1^"4 **"*^*~ b '4

^ p J * _?*

W*

0^ * 1_ /u iA

jjI

Y^)

I ( \

4 .? - J j I j J j J j I j T ^

O ^ I( jlJ l_ J t,^

L /l J-5 (_j O**lo^

**'*J

olj^w _ ^6

Lm ^ A r a o

C_ J Ua ^ Aj J . I T

y**J AS" ^

Aj LwJ^l^" 0 b *0 I ^

^ > - o U ^ ^ w jb i

J C > - I

(j^ J J

jb

J - 'lc - 4__4_

^b J J U -i _/ ^j > - O l Jbu j l J

?~*J (( , . . L ^ ^ ^ ^ (_}"'^>-^ 0_jJ2_Jj?xl l(_ )j l^ w ll

10 Xs^23 l-J *^ jA k J

. ^ V ^ Y a 0 0 tk - \ * ^

c ^ ljj- i

'

a l5 w )b LA I <*\jtb *4jU^-bS" a V ^ o j

/ljl

ja

4P

< _ l 4 ^ * * J \

. JJmb(_^ ^j^
''(J -4 L ' j j ^

W * \ *o jb 4 P j ^

^ U :k .*J Y

cijp ( . j ^lUj) ^ > ^ ' tvol ^Y

i bv*i ^p U
\ * o * (JUxj^ c J f l - i j o

X i b ^ i - ^ Ij o L I aJI^

j 4$*"O l jU
**

. C-^lob C~pI Ji l cJJbjl

olSbijb OLJ>l *o-bvJb Ajli^-br :> VT ejl^

J^ ( .. j
^

j +Jj

4 U j)

* { j 1 j i 4$^j I (_$U4 U j j S b o b j -L:>-jJ O L j I

(j^ el 4:k*J

^ js J i OUji -- >t
C-** I(_j'X '^ - 4.]l^j

.
. j l I !l J .

S \ j j

a^ r

^ jb Cj J

ib

JS j

AJlk-VxS^ W \ ojb* 4 P j^

. jl>-jx!I o lJl : 4j

oisy .A**-j^l lftjj

^.P ; 4> .AbTolSsJ <bjjJ l 4,JUjJl

y 1 6 $ j ? * cSljX^jl U^a
:>b Q - b Ij j I Ij ^

. JUJ^* 4,U jb

>y

o 'j y

~ ^*

i c i ^ d r .^ 'u ^

jb * jb o~ J> & LSj**j\ / ' 4r ib ^

.C w -loJL i v V -? '

-> ^
J ^

J
'j a^

aj'IL-L* j

a*>.|jA Q l

. ^ j L gSjA Ij a ^

oJSCiJb \>fe-\^Tj j L ^JU>- j j S b U

Ij2j Jj.il; x li S b c-JUjJ jbl>-Jo a aJSJo X>-

/ JbxJlj

(J^i 4Ji J L , C*l$_*l jl aS^j^j 4 iL -*jL ji C ^ U jb -j

(J^ ^ j

( v rv

^Jp JU^JI jl^bl s *

Y ^ ) (Sj^-a Ai'l (_^l5 I ^ jl (Ja>- (^U>4?x,*J C-*-j^j . CbljU*' a j

JVj:**ljb b j:i J j 0j a ^ L
. jjb

JUst ^ ju jr j l l ^ j l AjUjjrl

( j ^ x i f ^ j j , c > j^ U )

> 5 * a<T J i t ^ ol^Jb

J ^ jU t^ j i^

jilu

jU ,

c jb L i T

bilbl-s b J i c ^ i AY*\ bjb* 4 P j^ f^

IJ^LS*J j l l ^ jU I j! apj*.^ jj-l ^Ua5L-j

ll^xj ) l ^ a

J b J l j < bs*j,d l

j* j

& s .J

\Jl

^ jp ^ b l j <CiJl ^ L i l N N
y= - ( . J

j ^ l a5 ^ 4 ; i b I j b j * * 1J j b < j j l (_Ja p j ^ . ^ ^ j 1^s^J j a U? I j _/.-

bljJ^ (,J ^

1j- f

aS"^.i S

W * \ Ojb^Aj J - ' c J j j b cj1* ^ - Ajb^-bS" j i

; lU ** 14 jJ aI b>j j r I

4*1 Ik * C J Z A j \ V *\ j l v ^ j j i C w l ( j j * - 4

a S 'I j A U j

'dJ b^P J i ~_XAb l_-J 1*^1 Aj J j l l.-w.C'*' )) | J*.) J J^_ a! I.**j jyVo 4 * il> - jJ j y

I ))
j

f-5^

. C -* J a J i * j * r j
1J

kJ

*J> -

((^*11 b jJ -b ~ O b ' l J

4 jj S s l lI lb-Jl)) j l a J U j jj-l j A b j ^ 1

. jiUJI b j j j > -

; aj a J S " o 15sj* aII^j ^ / I jl ^ I S " !

^ \

^ L j l ^ y ^ j l I j I j b i 5 _j J i ^ ll O l t_ jb 5 " jl I j ^ - - j b a^-Ij>- b b ' ^ j

: Aj UJS^o15sj) .

^ I J p I lj I j

^ j j l ( _ J^jJI

( ^ * (j** ^o^^~.

(S

j'' *4

( t i

J i p ^ U j U j >j flwLi<jSsSj c ^ - C-^*Ulj d-.jL* 1 *a3Lw/* j ^ 1

. C ^ lo jjl

aJU,^

: jlj^ - C^- IjJL -j (j^l (Y \fj 0 \ J^-'

(2/1J

^bj

j ja

O l J l _/ (J-^J

cr^ f ^^j--^j^

. C^^la^S-*,^

AjI^U ^ VY* OjlC*' 4Pj,o.^

<]L^j (j^j

\ * VY*

<1* 1/4V 1j

^*-*t3 JL^j

oX^AX^-j) A?x^m) . .5jb(_l4*.il>- aH-^j

b

oLA l

'o j S J i j b

c,

(J^p /
w\x>-b i

OwijjljS*^/

jfip *<Uj jb-1 -- A

l j ^ 1 * lJ \ * oA ( jjb Jl,^ _j-V>,

l >-

w\j j >- ^

^jkP

J l j^ jl j L j .ilx^l . dJ

* 4 P

^p*(

4.s.ib-

C-^wb^j-C <_Ja~JU a)

_jljb S bjl 45"

1*vXa^I ib^l 4?x^m

\ * A ba.,*j

lj b**^

yp L,j Jajl 4T ib jb I^-^Ij jp 4jUj ^ J j j C*4 >-

o**0

. C ^ IJlj^ l^Aib t > j> jA 4jl^Ur*X^ C..^^

? jjj l

O > ! *oJl\~jb

* o J l C .* -^

4jl^bS"C-^J

Y/ * o j ^

4>- A*5<b l^JT' O b U l j j l v-pbS^ ! b jS *

Y'V jIjT'APj^ ^ t \^Y (^IaA^s^j a T a I ^ V T ^ ^ \^)

J o ^ i 1j l ^ l j

^ b f 0j bj L ^ j l ~&\*&> AJlkibS^l

^ U x jb jb j A^jJ J5JI jll^ i C ^ & T

*4X^Jj C 3b b TJ ^ u r y\ jIjj.'^;

->' ^

J lTj '
j'

j]s> 4>-\j>- ^La^pNI

Aj I I b b j i j *X$" J M j

Xl.C(_ ^j^\yS-\ (_jJ+*-j

j l 4 L * jjj'l j i p I

j\ m jJ J

a ij

j ^ i ^ V * \ aJjJ"*1 A P j^ .5 -

A j'^ l^ b * a X i

l j ^ > - l <jlj& (3^ )

j\ ~ * A j

a J I^ j j ^ l

A^x.m*>

. JU aX.3 <_^5vO *a?%~J I jp-j xM j^

(J jC - / U ^ - l j ) l ^ J

' ^

(j^ll J l j

j ,a

j j J

j i *

A ? -l j

- J

. $j b l y r j lj 1j
D

Jh j

lj

I^ I^

c
op - j

* 0 ^

v 5 ^

ljljb ljij Xlaib

^ lo X jjl

cl/ ^

axS"

j l a J Ij U aSC-1

( ^ j b j ( j^ $ ^ l j ^ * * j l j l j l

A P j^ ,^ ^ _ j V _ p j j ^ j l S j j j j i

\ r )

(^I,4*w-Cv

lj^ j> - /

AS

4*J_J )1

ji

> h S jl

a JIaVJ

^ 1 (_^Ia A?x.*mJ

o X i A J /ij; *A>C*J \

<

j lij*~l^ jl ijb~5 3

l l ca]1^>j aS $X | ^ \ * o

O ^ b 1^- I j i

o jl^

d /J

aJ

J (Sj^*~ -o^- (j ' i l (_/~jr'

^J

* ^ J av^

j b

f ^

iw^>-ljll

U I *1

i S ^ ^ a j l $ j mji> J ^

C/. j ^ = r c S j ' ^

j^ l l>- Jvl5sj (JpLjI j (_jbl

^ ll^

j (J,Uxi>- (jf\^>- X**< j L$y+*y* aWIjjj

j J r ^ -

Jp

l jw i

C ^ jljj^ ^ b j

jldl^wjb /

A>t^J

. w.*<I X

u -i^- AjlkliS" W M ajb"

\>y\ J l oX a;XjJ *a^X _ f

J j'* -

; -S'L*^ J ^ c ^ l j

j ^

* 4 > \ \~ S

A YT

jlc ^ a p

j - ^ f ,jj^

<l

^ ^ jJ l^ J ^ b

\\\j

J (J

JU j

'j^ P

Aj IJ j

. j l i*,*lt!lJjLp a\\*aj y
A jU -h S " 3 V r o

* o jU - V

Y r^

* A ^ . > lv J j l

5 j > - j a (_lAA?x^J j l (^5>J

Ajl^lxS^

j*

j C r ^ y b b JLJ

*~^

15U-J I

\ * V ^ djlj2"'1 APJ'*'^~

tr*

* JL $ J b

aJ

I ^ I xS "

:> v r

* o jl^

* **

* V r jO

(J ^ p

aJL^j

-V:>-j z II I a

lJaJ I j

( ..

.J

o J li

a l jj*

jU j)

J u y

jJ l

Ija JLw j ^ /I ^ I j

olJL>ta O lJ > l o ^ S C ijb

( j^ p ( .

<J L p

a^

<^y*3 J ^
J

a b v iJ ta

^ U ll

O L jI . r

..

I ^pX>>*

^j

cajIki 1x5^

^ VY'o a jb ^ 1

J U j)

a 5L-j

jl

A ^ i r

iU J l

C~~l

O U I

ye^

A jl- ^ jy l

L
o l^ b O tlA lV * id b

A J l^ b r i v r o

/_^l

d j l ^ * A P j ^ y i * A J U j y 1 A ^ *J
. JJlo o -lO j 5 \ 0

(J^p / *L?-j j j

J , j \ j f J ^ jjT ^ ^ J

lL il

Ij l a ^ ^ Ia p j^ ^ jIS j" y > lif ljjv p > -

y 1 A>t^j

. x M j< y y j

aJU

. \Z \yj b\jr

j i j j \ j A i i b

Lj! - - Y

^****I

A P j^

A^x-vwJ Y

( (_5 JL^j)

*'
p bA 1 o

( S j ^ j ^ b l -Jj J-5 <^-*>^v_j ' & -

. l Aj l d^l 5^*' 4

\ V r j \ j J * JL A ^ ijJ 4 > * J -

y _ j b

,o
*

- ;* * ^

J ^ Ij^ l

c-..? -ljl o l &

0 > J *e jIjjO I j U j - U j l i j ^

b ^ a U jj^ Ij0

a m ije i

jj-Ij

j ^

l ^ i v i j s ^ u 'y i * i ^ . j

L a ^ S s j ta l lj L L l j A jU > * J |

0jS "JLj j S \ J

A ^d

... L L a j^ lJ

A j^ T J lT

^ j+ ^ p - j

Ij

{ jf

j> -jl!

^ jA

. . . aI e -L o l

\.& . -

L mj?-

. i & l * . ! j u> j L ' y

j^ iiij

. . . d " ^ l ^JJ J l A j L p - I j a J L j a L ^

IL J l 0 i

I^ U a J

L a ^ S s * - ^ IS "". . .

...

a) J j - * ^ ( j ^

J l ^ j V j^ * -1 j l

(( r ^ lj ^ v a j i L j y d l
d1

(_l

U. d1

(_j I j u * ( _ l j d < ^

Aj

J j j

aJ

o J d (- r 'l ^ " Y*

i ->*J j l j l j i

(^ I a A x L ( j L

^ c ^ Ij

* J.J
^ L p

A $ ^ ^ ^ J s ^ Ij

lj* L ?

l jl .

.iL*,* j s-A^a j\'S"jJ

^ a I j 3" ^ Ij

IJ (_i j l j (J?

j l ^ - I J 1^ Ij^ 'A 5 .

LA'*?- I j l ^

O l d j l j jJjJlll J j I j l j j / l J L I j j l j > - N l

A/L"

jp l

c -j L

" J l ^ jj))

J l 0j*~J U - j L Cj U l l j JAJ aJLSj lid lS " * j l Ml dS0.i] L j ^ t 0y O ^ j L - J 4i^pP

l _ M \ o ^ U - l ( j j - 4 J l 6^ j j a I a J I o V l S J I ^ j U ^ J p ajj! wUv?I j L J l -'l ^ j ^
lp V I J j l l x _ J U - ^
d-4 L L
j?L.j ; M lJ

^c:iJl C y - j . . . o l i ^ j 6A**.a J l J ^ j j o l J ^ j o L ^ j Lr^>-

j j ^ S I U ^ .1 j

^ l > c . j j l l J^X*j

Jvill I j-Ap L

d S \ l*w J j

li

A_J

L l^ X J ^ Ij

i i I O j L j l l j ~vL*il O l v ^ j l i l l <j Ij
v ^ jIa L I J j J ^

(( J

<>ll"Jj* (_^LaII X_^Xjj

>

. id.*jj14^

2 J p -

A > jS "

* a ) J jl ^ . > - l j

4 *a

j/ I

A>

.aJU

aJ - l

4 ^ jX c d l - j l l j i *>l j d * > - j j a I d j d

a J L jj 0 d d

jjb U j

*~.Jl

Aj j l j l j I ( d w j ^ i j J ^ l * j l j l j I

Ij 0 ^ j X? -lJ - L > - j j

*a II^

. J-*^=^Ij
( _ ^ l j j d u (* . 1 ^ 0 ^ j ^ . i j ^ j

jA

L L 5 ""J J ^ l j j J I J u j l J I j

( (J ^Jl**j )

A^* Aj j

A U .w jl <Aj L.,*w)

\ * 0 * JL-AJ

A)j S

* 4 jIjj

IjA lL jd '

dl
( J j

A^d

Aj

4 ,~ o I (>_c, ' l j ,"'l i S

'j ^ j^ * j O j L p

j/ lj.A

4S"" j j * * l j l l c (3_?^

I 0-^JJ I CjfX>-

^ j ^ j - 4 J jS n j j l
li>

C ll

J.;s > tiw j 4 LJ ,*J > j J ^ X i, j - * j J j ^

oX > - ^ \ j ^

<jj>Ip

jl? x ] l

^ L w l J L x j j i

0,5J ^ J j r 4 ^ j ^ J j- 4 '

O b ^ \ ^ .^ i] d * ;l_ iJ l ijP ^ > j) l j j S \ J j l

^j* j j S s ^

L p l j j l T ^ 1 j^ 5 \ j j l

J u 'j J ij

))

( J U x X ^ li ^ j l > J l ( J

^*\^ .^ 2 j\ \ j

\ ^ jU x II ( j

. ((... .$ w l I j j L & j I

3 j > - j ij*-.> j U p I j

^ I S * I (JL*.x&U C J L * I 4j j u

-Jj l ^ j r lj-5

. (j-^ lA X ^ l^ j L j

.j \
4^|j j 2

j
C4 j I j

j j

j f aII

X ^

j l

i j l

j~ * ij\ A^ \ j X ^

jIjj

jl

. i-L ^ l;(_ ^

d .X ~ J

4 l j j j ^ .5 J > - oS~ I j ^ l ^

4*a>c*S A ^ j S "

4 ^ - j j S jl^ .* * * !*

X S * i J j [ ~ ~ ) f i j j j J ( J J ^ ' Jl-3-^J^" (_l**C'*' 4 ^ li j i

X ij

j l ^ ^ J ^ ^ J J r -*' j ' j

j / I j ^ C _ ** j

a I U j 4$" J . a I j > - ^ j ! j l J

I j 4 .jl v J 4 l - l J

I j ^ j ) ^ P lj*1

( j ^ j j j \ ( J . ^ 1 *j> j r j

4JLo tS " a X \ a \- j l _ _ / l

^ a.j ^j m j > - j

j i J ^ j j 1

jl

Ij j

i j

jlw l^ ^ ^ jli

J ^ J J J

^ jj', ' j j ' jj'j^ '4

X "J h j jU < * l j

I jS j X j\ j

. JiAJ 4 ^ b l
\ ) \ \ S ' j Z

jlj^

o ^ l^ j

Y * ^ Y * o J ^ *{ J

1~ j

c ^ ly .

C ^ l^ jl^ w

jrj

( . S lj - W *

ja k i J c + j j -

A * l!

' j 4fe ' j -^j ^

" <1*++* I AZ>j j i j X > -

^ ll^ ill

( ^ l> j^ l

jl

J lj> - ^ l ^

j- ^ ^ J lp J , l . . .

l ' a U

^ j I j

U IS " jV

4 L - j]I

4 .; U ^ 5 I j

oX

c i^ jl

X i ))

4 .; U ^ ! I J j U j I I J

K^

j i

Lj i

j ^

4Jl>> C - jL j

L?*^

^ * t A j ^ j C * . j

. ijT iJ a J l

J ^ j ^ j ^ j l ja ; L ) J * J ^ * A l j i j

V J U -j

I j J u > - I J l i f > -j J U 2 .1I *4jl * * j U J j i J

J U l j J ^ ^

0J

j\* ~ A J A ^ a

j l y$> j i

lj ^ * 0 * J L *

-*JJ J J . j
^ t jlS s J l j ( j \i J l ii $ \J l ^ ^ ijbS*$ $ y j

j [> l j ^ * *1 * j

^ * A c > Ia J L

-P- I J ^.P *4 ] L o j C-o ! j j * j I j j i ( _ J j l > - l < jL *l > -^ 0

. X

j * 4 .*J

jJ

Jj |

O liljij ili

l fcAr^.^- i j

L jU ijJ lj I j i y> - 4 j ^ i U l i j \ ^

jS^(J^**iIj j j i

Aj

* jl

<t*JU

(( J-^^xSI^ X^ixSI JU j <u*>lj jll(j US^jy* JU )) ; 1 IJ.j -lJLa 4*JU

l i j J l i j I jS \ ii (_^jL*mj . d - ,* lo i j ^ 'i S j j ^ i

c J \y*\ 4 ^ i ^ U ^ j j j l

IS"IS">aa(_^

^ ^ ' iS

j j l ; C -.

j j ^ C
j ^ ^ 'jS ^ jlj

4 A tJ j j I

AZpt ,+a I (_ 1 4> 3*Ji C _ L ^ ^ j j i U l i J \A j l ^ ^ v i j j y

O jl^ .4 jb - 4 ji* J ,_ 0 ^ I j j s i j I j y ^ . y I j i

. A,vaiIa.>J(_J IjA*/3

I j 4 / * v U (Jj

l-*wv4

4 ,i* J s I j

I c jl^ ? - j i

4j I L ^ l o j l J j

4] b j j i p

I j i

I ^ L IJ I (

J . j U ( ^ ^ ^ a J J j ' ^ j - 4 c / ^ ;.

. . . (S y * A ^ y ~ A j ^ i , j ^ " ^

j l l ; 4: ^ 0 ^

I 4 I S * C-*AaL c j I v 5 ! *4)1 aaaA

'

^J^JI

(jV

iljw

J-"^4 >J b j ^ j l l j;-* ^ j j ^ ^

*

l' S

j 5*" O U a 5 ^ <j I ^ " j 2 $J

jU j^ lJ V U U

JJ

C - '. j C ^ J U ^ j

AA*v\>t l j j S 4 ^ ^ _ - l

( J Ij

4S"*

i^JJ i U l i J''*4J Ux-*>l

^ _ jj . ij- ^ \ _ O i

4 $ J J l ^ j 5 j (^ P ( j? lj|,V ^ - i j A

< ' { J , \ a a ~ . { j

( _ j l j j l jd ^ p . d jJ jj^ . L b * J

0 ^ j*S""l

(j \ a j j & j \ . a J l c ^ p i j r

^"4 J j l ~ * j l ^ ^ j j

; J l^ il

^ j l

U p ' j l

*J JJ < - ^ I j l l

dj\ (J

^_ JS^ j l ^,p|))
i ^ l j U V l ^ j^ ^ llj 4U
) -U il?U A .,^ i j U Ij 4 P

jA jJ

U ' J 4^" ^ - J. y > J J

a j l i J ' Av^Ux^l J o ililr f l \ ~ J *

j l Ijj^ a S T ^ L

.J l -

] j l a ^ jjL p ^

j \j \j

^J

j I .

^?^'^'4 a.^

S sj

^
. 1^'^Jl^./L^ ^Jf;

a p j ^ l j

<*>-1J l o L j I j jlUJI o j a > - j 4J U 1 II 5\J-l <

>IxS^*(_j

\ ^ A xjj J.!l^.>-lv3j

( _ jljjw jl* _/ 4jlJU ~ji 4P j,*^

.

<_J

I 4>s.*wJ . (JL*^I

Ij l W \<_y \ ^ o ^ < y

j-&- j ^ t j Mj ^ j * i J c a.*.$ V *' a ;3 J <s-'^~

aJJlj
I j j l ^],P

aJ L* j

0 I

^ lo jl> -l J U jrv* <Jl^y y

6o jU -l J ^

l*~^ >\) j - - j -jj A * * \> -

Um-c^ j

4U J lj a j j 4 y

V ^ j \ ' o tjs?
a^.^ Y

\ * OA

l-v^.-4j

^Laju*l -^>- S^ j 1' ^ b**l S4?x^j c jj j^

^ b j l j t^.>-lj

aJI^j C ^ jIjj J^J^

j l J f l i 3 b ^ j T > V W * ( . J L i C - - * y i r * t j L - V j ^
. (Y^Aj

Y"^ o l S b b

j/ T L

a ^ lj^

(o f_ o Y ^ > ) j i y a b v i J b c j ^ y 4 jlJ l^ O * * y 3 a l ^ j y J a y r j l j l a i j J
j T ^_jlS"j a. J y w A * o ijU ^ ( j L l : L) y
> o j j ^ j . S ^ $ c S ^ j ' <jy~Aj
^ l y A ^ a * ^ j j w - j r ' 4 ^ . y < j y ^ O l ^ ' u ^ <>.
a:J^lj

^jj4 d / ^ 'c r ^ ^a& 6j ja

a j J ^ / (>>- > y r r

j jl^ ^ J U I j ^

j i j > * J L - l^ j
^

jU ^

a J jy

J j

<>.

'a ^

l ^ l oa^l <ja^b^L

j ' * j '

.^ I o^ j a J j b

c ^ U j ^

. c ~ * i 4 ^ y y ^ j -5 ' j ^ y - j ^ j ' t ^ j ^

b \ ' tv J U . J S & 'j ^

[4 ' b ^ J ^ 3 ^

<*~Mj4 * 4{

L ^ JJ*

ft ^ * M c'^ 'j '4 J j ^ l cJ.J Jif^

c5

ii 'u *
a s Ij

^ ijlS v )

j l

jl S

'jj J

j i

S~X> o J lo

J U

c >I i S 4 > - j A

1^>l*j X*Aj(_^ \ * *\ t ^ j L

{ j J jl^ r '

'
,

* * ' 141.^ S j

"

'

5 ( ^ jl $>

jlS "

^jl-^J^J ^^.xS^J^AiV.

XU*(_y jljl j

( J l* * '

5s

^ J (

X > - ji

-L

J ,*

) l* J

a S ^ X Ij

Xx*m iX*.^

,* .^ -

^ Z jS A > ^ I -j.o.^ j l

j j j jl aS"cJlc5*^^l'*

**w\j(_j^

J L
J^f

J* ^ j^ *-4 X'jISsj*j ' y > l i j X * a~^ * A ^

j l ^ j l X j o ijJ o X j ^ A Y J-^ 4Wl**j { j A * -

. JUI C***X jl

4 ^ x 1

$y {j

l . C * * l 4 i x J 5 j ^**11

^^ ^X "4 ^

(- I^lol^l"***'

J XS"(_^Ij jl*~ X-> ~x Oj; ^ jljlj iUoj \a jl J*>

jj

; X jS *(^ CfA>- i U l i J.A * 0 j I j j ((X>-ljll Jjp j< ] \ JJJ.V? (j*X^)) *aJLij j i

, ((0
; C * * 1 ^ jI * * '

< j^> ~

Ij^Utaj^-4-5 j

5 ( ^ j ^ " J v - j l

AJLj Iv2,j_^ 0_/^* (^'- ^ jv*^5l 1

1 ( - ^ J - ^ I a J S I ^ I a * * * ^ 1 ))

^ J **

j * A

- '

il***<'i/l j l * ^ j A

}*

j l

J^r.
j $

C**v^ (j1j^

j jJ |

a * IS j

4r

J ill

j^jijl _A^l?-j iUta^v*^p^jl L.^ aS^vJLv*jJ(_^X^j

4>-

- ^ j^

^1**^A) Ij^jS*^ L ^*j^*j f)

(( .

l - ti (

Jl**jji j ^

aj

j^ s j^

ta l* * l

**

(*-^

jlij5 " l* * <

cUa>c.*-; j

Ij

* ***<1

J
^

Z jp ^ jA

jl

{j ^ T

< j+ * J J j l

: j \ \s S t

(S ^ O

c ^ L a ^ J a J lji

(^IaC*^-1Ij jL^ jl . c**X C**-^

.
Aill<u.*j ^

.a.Z j l

c>IaPj j
Ajla^^j\j

Ajj"

> *j ^

l~i^j

Ij

^ J J** (_4jjS *

^^A^l Aj ^ |Aa1p^A^ ( 4^1aS^

# ^^

(jC + J - .

Lwj^ jj* ,^ j

\ Y^ j 'j ( j * ^"^j"^L5 j ^ r ^

j l j j JJ j^ jljjl

^ .b \4 jjS '

aS"d

l J^ ^jl^V-wAtl

L j Sa$ ^ I

(>-?aA^"J

I j l o l j J t A .jjJ

^ l ^ i j J b ^ f c i l j j l C->L?-jl aS

a]Iv>J i-U>- J jjxll^tSs!! oJ i SI t-pt"" (_j .

APj-^.^ jA Ai

Jjv2.S j l

A$" ^_AAA*Xj ^aA**j J

lj W^JjIaAj-a--- aJ ^

IaXa^I

(_jT^ AJldhT i t A ajl-C5, AP-j*Afj^

^ AaXa'J *A_.<.^ dr kA-^-^jl Ij

Aa\Jl

aAaA^j J..,*.^- j / >X.a.-j ajI^aj^j' J..^.^-Ij

(^^1;T j A U

/ U ,*

t>1;^ b 1 <Jj

j j j ! 'jJfbj j l Jjid J J j v a j

^ J^i.^ l ^ j ^ j

/*^aJ U ^ *P IaS^ ( ^ p j j ^

^1 j

jb '

aJjO ISsa-I^

(>1 . C-a*1^j X ^ L j ^ l ^ j j- c ^ p 1 ^AY J l^ j^ O ^ ljjS ^ A ^

j j ^jl"iJjjl<*j^j jl< ^w 'j,S"ji ^ jl> . wLa^^IaaJ 1 j j l J a a ^ ^ I jj _l^ X _)'Tj^ jjj

. xZ-**1a^-a|jj \ * ^ / \ j ^ Ij LwjC'*' i,aWaASj i \ V ^^t/5 Y '^ 6l5\*J 1A 1

*A > tiv^ j j S j J U

( J U ^ j ^ i j A j .A-M j ^

j l ^ U a J L a ,j j l

IjL j

aS" J i j b "

jU J ljj^
Ij j T y

I d . . j j s >"j

jjA je A ^ ja d i^ j^ ^ l jj^ jj- * ^

^LaaJ^X: t* j'C jA j^ jlj ^Y

A > .A a ^ A *jjj ^JjlAljJl

C jL jI Aa-U- j l j 1j ^ jI jI j. j y

i j U

o^A 1

(o

J j j j -

^j ^

j* > \ p j C ^ U d i s 4 > U j J j

. C .- v d jl S 'jl A V ^ ^ S ^ A l j j

aS^I^a>

(>~

aJ U

^ I^

^p

\ f *\

^ -^ j

A* kXjji(3 IaXa^i 1 ^JaAj j\^*d*A'^l 1

Ij dr l d-^lAiAijj ^ * A \
OaX C a ^ - j^ s U Y Y

a jliT '

A P j^

(y s a

lls) a!^ U j^1 jU j ^ j j l jl^ rJ Aa A^jjj ^ * I t j -5 A^AlUjdrJ j l A j j i

| (d.^A) 1jj ^ -

M^

aHa v j

j l

J jld J U J U jJ p al JvpUs (jtAA^-l U jt' d /j^ l^ ' J ^ ' A

jljb j

** *

a -d

a^

jj

.
J .5 1 ^ * . ^ aj y IV j i

X +- y

j l j u i l y j Cjl.*< t^ * k ) j

. d .A o i - L i

j j - wl j l

C m J J\ j * j f

t S j ^ - ^ f c ijt >

l^ jl* ^ lji

j l; i

j A i i^ j

) ^ a *a a ^ j i

j^

YY

c ^ i; j

a >*a +<0

j dili ( \ \ ^A ^ ) <yl^-Av^l

j i

4*^ 1

Lp !j

. ^ jj? i b

c ^l^

4 J U y X *

*4^l>- Jjv^Nl J j v - c>-lv3

j U j U S ^ ^ A X o *^ " APJ - O ^ j i

S . t

Jjv^'VI Jjv2, j'.j YfV A^ci^/S \^

(3 -^ -^

<1)1 j

^ 'T ' ^ 1

^ )

' j ^ P Aj ( J i ^ k S

a .^ 1 ^ - ^

c - o V Ia jI^ j j i

^ il* !l <. i j > - v

.>

J l ? * j l ^ j4 > - ^ j j ~

1 ( j* * ,l^

j^ l- ll

a S"

<li(_^1* m ^ I o A j l j j ^

Oi jX ljIj

1j <->-1J

^^*0* ^

^ j

vl1

Ijl^ C * ' y

Y ^ * A ? x iv ^ 4 * j j S

X ***

jj*

j l

lj L * . c ^

j l

( jl- * '- ^

I j> - J

oVA

^ *.4

X ') y

!> A j 1j< lla o j l i ^

(V r

X x+*

*At ^

l J ^ j

^ y i

4 > *A *i0

A ^ il> - j

tA ^ ^ l T U j < ^>-1^ J A * j j i i, , ? - l ^

- L m x*<j 1 lj ( j \ ) l ^ > 6 $ s l lS y

U j

\1 ^l^r

A- *j l ( j

X * * a X > . - { j

^ * A

^ J A lijJ

J 1Jf**1* iS 1*^'*^ 1J Oa^wS^

j$ ^ J Lo

4 ^ 0 5 ' j l g i ^ l j- ^

. C - * ^ lo ^ j j l

Aj l 3 j ^ o

_/XJ { J J

^ jl^

*\y c^"^

* j l i j-AJ a^- J , |A>,

. l w ' l o X i i ( J ^^,4 J . i l j ^

a ^ T A>-

c J j i

s iy

,^<2 a S "(jt.w .C 4' Ij

. *X fti(_ ^ ^ W * j l

ji j

4*JJ 5l J^ AjIaJa j .

4 * j j *ll

(J,j/* ! aS" o-U I \YV 4>tiv^

4S^aAaa*A

*a > c s ^ ^ J i ( j p r

ji^ 4

-l^^Jl ^j j s

. * 0 J A w I i v ^ lj J J i l j L , ' c i j i 4S^ < _ j l ^ i v 5 I

(j

jl

( jl} L S " ( _ l* J 'J^l/ J (3*])IaS

J a l> - j o L L i i

\ \ \ 4?x4s^ y ty ~

l$ i* * '

J^uS

1 4,0J j j l i

J ' > > jj j i

'

^ A Y j^

^ v S ^ ^ t ^ L S V / j ly ^ c -

I j ^ i U l l j > - aI I ^ j

^ * 0 j i

^ L v O ji 1jy U lJ ! LJX.JL-wO ^
Aj . ^ o l i j X

4$"

^ * ji J

* 4 U ^ l> -

ij^ O

y4

jl^ y t ju

ifc- J'LPJ -5^ ^>Jk -U

fj- 5

1<UV

J ^ ljlj- ^

lijS 1

c^a)I* J U u- jI ^ (,_. S ^ A. { j \. ( j L- ^ j j l
o^ bS^ J^aa.c'*1

. i j b A*bl

^A jjA

0 1{^*.a- j ^ j ^ j 1J ^ J . ) b j l j J 2 ^jS^I^a^ JjIa^^j

j l j ! aS^ (^ Jio^ a*j o J J j j l j l l a^* j I b aS^CJa-I jl^ i- ^ l (. Jtv jl5 "JL i ^ . jj

^

j ^-^b j

kV

1 ^Lb

^Jxj^

J -^V

j' S

aJb<

- a -

oLma jL5^"j aS"j \ \

*Ja> jLS""j 2 j ajj<

a^

>- j > -

oJ j L*<_5Ij

c j l b L . 4 j j ! L 4 aS^^-L^ j
. C^^IaiLJ jlJJb ! j l j l i^ jS s is j \

j2

a$"" I j j l j 1

^ jb j^ j! |
~ ^J>'^

b j l S jj! j!> - A^j 1 {_1j J

O 'Jj'5 (J^S'^j*-4

J J a J J aIU^ j/lj-^ aJjjlS sJ

1kS

P b (_^L!l _^.J

"^ "

]U j ^Lj j \ J J U j j l S .

Ja* 2 \i La*-t*

bb-Tjl j ^ j & >

. :>j ^ i j 0 2 j j 1 jb i S

(j^b^bbA ) i - J j j * A J ( j J^-a^Aj <w.l^ j_^.5i jl^b l J 1 ( j i j b p j <M*j J

jj

0j C

jLS"" j b l ; j i j l ^J>~ ^2 1jA?^.j 1 ( J J a ^ I ^ j ^

j l ^ l S b i J b i S j f y aJI^UT

(_^1j

! j J L > ^m xA ' j

A jb ap j + ^ sP

\ Js>-aj j o2j

^|p j/vjL>s5\il J 2 X~) <jLS^ (_j .

; C J ^ l ^ j j I tw-xJJ

))

~j j ^ L ^ S l

1 Ll-*b^>-^

jr ^ J I j ^ j ^ L 5 ^ J f b b T b b b j 2 j 02j ^l*M^Ul 2)j>-

J.**!! b"! ^.aXa! 4j 2 j + J ! 0

aJ a j I ^ a p a ^ * j ^ J_^.^-j/
t

^b 0j b j 2 . C^A-l^bbS

^ a l S w i b ( j, j $ " a J I J I ^

aj 2 j *2 ^ j > - j . a JIj U^Jl j j - ^ l j 4 j ^ ! j ! j

. v r r ^

j ' j ' A T J^ ^ la^ C-aIaa-j J* T j! j l i T j l J > .J ' b b j^ a T J l ^ j b

j J \ < jj ^
jX

j*

-J

'

J c ^ a;u<,1 J d jk ^

-> ad ^

* -jT jsrJ (((jrbJlki^l*^4)) J ((^ r ^ y io l)) j |IUJI<-jjJ*- <^3-1^ c (JLLS'^LaJ^

(j'j^ r lj ^ j- 5 aT Jl^ ^ l c - > ^

ij a

C/.

a' ^ j

J J ^ I J J lj> * l j 4l j ^ j ^ ACLaa- 1y t> lj j s ' j J l* X L

'A S x ^

y'llyAAi'** ^qAJ S

^.Ssj y l 4,0 JUS*

^ A ^ jb J ^A i

Ja** I-3jaa1a3 j l

. C- aa*iI<U^S O j j a ^

Ia^1>U j lJ j j * ,

e A A ^ t^ jjlfttlA A ^ ^ jU ^ jU i f jIaS "C -v> '!(jjS 'lJjS (_ ^ l^ -il b j f j z

(J}a^- l j

j Ij j

y l

aS^ XajaJU

^ jo

l^X 1 j \ X x > j l

. XaaaI f l X 1j i

( _ l j l X l Ij

O jy P

ISX j ! (_l y

Ije j-^ ^

A<a**a)

y<aX^

4j j k ;

j> ~

X > l J ; - l o U j j j j lj*!! y >bj j i

j l *jb

{ j : *~

j Ij j

y?7

\j \

J l> - y i cJ j & l * J j l
. X - l o X i 4 .f

j j ( j 1

b J X A I li

*A>t-Jj* J C X i 4 a ^ * \ j A (_ iX O j > - U j

^ j j A iij ^

J 1^3 I

X a a jIjI

. iJ J

jjU - jia -

j l " j j j *o X c ja J lj

j l x ^ - i j b J,X> y 1 j l AJU^be* X 'lo .5 j -U U - j o l i l j l ^ j j 4J-2 ^A ^ -1 J * j l

j i

l^-Av^l

C ^ J

cIaaaAj X - o j

y -^ b j p lp

(_j

lj I

x #

^1 y l j T j i j

j l a $ "X

j j y j

<J^P ^ J ^ 'j - O

i i j j * jlil^ A l Cy,2p l J l l j

j - J j ^j i p

fi,

ljL ~ o

^ lx S "

A.J j J v ? j I S j j j

^C4**J^J X ( j y ) J X j j J j p

^jamI .3aS^y*,0y.4^ l^.^iPl J JIa^a JJ>- J j J **A^JsPji , X x i l i i j > - J [ j > z.Sa *

i i$ j j

j ^ - - 4 c jl j i

(^ Ij A ^ jC * ; ^ , * j X j \ a

t ^^aM

J / 5 c J-^Ip ^ l Aa,*^

4 tS jr * 'o ^ ~

iU lij\^

C J l l v o i j l ^Ia^

w^;l4 ejIx ^ . , ' i i j l^.xij

t(_^Xl <)IXpV>\. : i S j \ ~ + '\ j > - J b ^ U I c

(S

; X JU y b lJ li j

J*>L"

,ti j e jj^ ~ lj5*- JapIc4! ^

j U j I j > - y\A*j>-l5 1

l^-AV?l<*_Al5vjl aSsjjISoI . C A A * l iliy ijjj^ Ijb* I j \ ] j j

y \>

(S *\jT

AJj l ^ " b j X^^Aj J , *aJ b Aj j A*4?jlyAO jlS *J J J ^ ^Ia^AmJ l i j i (_CJIaaaJ y j b Ci

J,

jj'U -

j-

Ij

^>- Lj S

^ L v J ! |jLc j

o L j^ I

1_/ 1

s & i'A i

j-Jla-j j jIAj 1x5*

jjj .A^.-l jjl (J-A

.

4 id l

a j\ jS C j i ^

b j i

iji- I

j l

jjj'. ib

l_u &

. ii^ > d l(J

j \ j

b U

A lj

J j ^ l

bl

L \*

i l j

. j & lb > < j \ 5 j i l

V ^ c--j

lA^lS"" C frlji>It^jlJlSslj

. .A ^ - U S j:* -

^J-I

aJ\ y > lk > j

iL * i

. ( jjS I

J j ^ J

j j ^

( j ^ j

4.JJ.I Ia (J j\^ > - X>j ^ ^ l f J ^-A^V

li^ > t I j

j^ \ j

A .J .J

4j

j A ^ I ^ ^ j j b f c jjb

O jJ:J-l j V

^ ll^ J l (_J 4 a* aii2 J < _ jw a il (_5 4j jfl U jb M J O l S j J - l jjS v ) j l ^ jb U ^ jIj

J lS

IA j ^j Ij J 4$J;i--l

.A l

j l 4^\iaJl (, *xS\j|

A <I

L-j^v^JI^J

^A) b 40*^ Ij . (jSs55""<j.~xij C Oljbl (_$ 1a_/J Ij

(jL-l

. 4. lr ^ U
A

.IaUJs j

j^ *

^JlP

j j

S j -l

S\j j

^ j b 4; j l

J * i l l Ia

l j . ftlX/Jljj^

( jb ll

J ( j j l jjS ^ J C l$ l* (J C o l / ISI 4*.akJl

j >Cj>j

4 jL p

w li

j>tJI

4*kS j l

o lillJ

JUI I.a Ja I j l ^>- 4^22aJ Jj>- J, JJ5I ^^^1 j- j-4 bJ (j d53i IjAaL
.

Ij P

4 ^ > - jl

IJ * 0 >

^ j$ C o j c f c J I
j 'y

4 u

~ > - ^ i' C 4 0 1 J b C

^ J l ) 4 X * .o b > j V

C4 ^ -J ^ j

C _ ^ ~ x !j

4:S"; > -

j l

f j l * i

( J U 1- ^ J J I ^ * A p

.
. ^ L Z i\

L u

4^1

^ s C

51

(j ~ ;^ J

U 5 I jl^ U S iJ

ji

j i J

w\a^#o

s j? j5 J

l o

4b

l j ^ l

l j\P

j++*.} L

I U

4 j* A j

^ A A

l J J ^ J

jjS C J Ij

-J

> s lllj

' ^9 JL*j

^ * jl J j l J j j \ ~ J l j S j - 1 tj \ ; J j l J l j l

4 L - j J v J l j ilv._x ll

IfU j

A j J ~ ^ J p U l . a Js U I ^ b i j / l ( j

. lijlJp j^ ~ Jl Jv^ J * l i . 4 JL J 1Jc-> lij/1JjUjaJj S"^P lj . (_J>j>-Jj

c L I :>J l

J p

j T U

l J~ w = > j L

t ^ ll L j U - J A j J r l j i r

. j& j ^ l j A
Aj Ij a J Ip i j i

. < J j>

l j

J J

4 ? j j p

j ' l

j - 4 j j J L

ll : J

j a

) j j j

4 A^~A>- j b < j * 4 S j - l j ^ s l

(_$l ( j 4 4 S j - l j l

lJ j

ljJL J S jJ S j - l j l J J j . d iO S ^ ^ J j 4 ^ jj/ll^ p ljJ l C -J p- jwU, j J \ j j l ^jL

^ * .x J j 4 I.S*

$ J ^ -I j j $ \ J j l

. jl^ l

O b j> -jll jj/

^ -U t il J j i j j /

4 j/ jjlll

^ j b l-v^jl A*lp - ^ J J

Jj -II i jS \ j ^

S j i - l j 4 A j l j ] ^**J1 J ^ A j U p

j * ' >*jl>* a S J - I j j S s J j l J J ^ "

^ jX j j/ J l b j> *jll lj . JUH (j~J-l C~ ^-jJ J l

Sj J y j j/

JJ

iJ C s p -

.Ujjl(J t,xjl

^ jlS U J p

O ^ j ll J

J j . I J

jj/

j<

. ( J jA )

l j Cjj.j3.4-1 J l

j^ O .> C a jS >

l > - b b J .1 1 L b j > - j l l

C *

J* ^

l U

U ^ .J l Lal

J jj/ lL

IJ L jI ( j J j J I

L u Ip j~ ~ * j 4 S j - l J l j l U x j

axpj-*4 J j J

. o ij^ p l

4j A \ j \ I ^ t J L j j ! /

4 ^a JsJI
^l

( j '- 'J l ^ c ^

a S JU j

j" * ^ p ljJ j j l

J l

j ^ i x ^ ,l l j j ^ j / l J

j l j \ j J S -" ^ v - J -l j l

(__jl v 3 ^ 1 l j A

I a > - I . j * j I

-Ia A ^ j

c-P*vs> j - 4 A p l i J j l c S J l ^ v j l l j r 4

bl 4

IJ*

i l j c Sj-1 ^lj IJU 4 TJ ^jj/ lrj/ 4 3 ,'> l aJ Jj ^^-1 ii J

j l j

bl : J^S

3 j l j - ' j l i j j / 4 5^J-I (jp ^llljjAj/l J (JdJaLxjl i lj 4 3 j I > ' ^lj U^J 4 S jl> l
jjdail j I (_^j^X 4 aJ^^J jj A j/l ^j I j j ^ s J 4 cJa^k l j J ; > J I
. ^11 V ^

(.y2^

p "'A.

4)1 J : * j

J:* j -4 cjt5^ ' J ^rp ^ d ^ '

4 ^-^ I ^ P l A j l d ^Ap K* (( ^ j j l l )) Jl)

U j\P j

dSslill

Sj?-

4J a I I J j

^(p

S jlA x

(jr5^!

Ai>

(J -vXdLi j l J j ^ l

J j - * l ^ljl * J j i j j d j

c5

^Jl ioU

oMLl J l l^ j'I^ J

^ J l J lj> -V l

. J_?x.l ^jP jld V Aj l j

(( aSJ;M )) ^ jjlk l j l i AXP 4 'A>"lj . <*jW I <_$ ^.waxJI Sjd IjI A*1p

^,0x11 (J JI J Ijv2->- j V

. ^ d jA jV 4

aSJJ-Ij AJTli J UJI J

/ j
4

jld

A-Jp

^ j^ -j -4 av^ p^pJl j l ^aAXp j J j j li . JIj-J j d j

- liljl \ f 4 A P jl^ J ]j>cXJl SjJ-| j l J jP j j l p - i p < = r j 4 lr L"l<j ij& A * { 3

A3jn<2 J * j p <-^ll l-iA J Ii^ U a j l * ^ 0 J ^ J ^ ( j /i ^ ^ 1 ^ V j j d l J
J ^ j -4 5JJ-I j j S s l V . SjJ-l (Jl A^jlj APyl(_$
^k

S j) J p c Ia i lx.U . aSJ-I V

j a <Lji^-!(_5 j>s.xJ t J j U . ^.>*01

^ ^ aJ^ Jp Ix,*j l S j 4d J ^j^xJ SvJ-I Axp j ^ j .

4

A.Vp

^.v-d Aj j 4 Av^J J *-4

J- j " I^Ij APjl

^P

klj

lj*J

JjkVl

jU J I

SjJ-l

jV

^ _A ^ J JLJlJ-I^J ^ A j

(J jjU ll iU il Sj^-l lr>

AlSj^" i)

j l

(_/*I
, 4_J3,^^JI lAA(J o^JAa*

A>- 4_^l Axd 4 ^ - J - l j j ^ j p jltp SjJ-l jlS^li I j^J

Aj I j T < *d V I - l k J l j A P ^ J l
j\

A P jJ I

C--v^J

d J J iil j 4 ^pU*/ (JjL+a.) J Ip1J ^kj

, A^^j^wdj j ^ J . Ajl.wjxxdd

. IApU2

^ J - I j p^~JI

li- 4 <uAp p^Ij Olx$s-Jl J id -liaJl 4_-*x*- ^J^lj . JjkN l

(wk I ^ A ) ^kpVl

iU il ^jA>*

4 S ji-L 'y

4 AjljcA ld i Av?j ^AAXP A P I j

jl ^jLU jUjJ! J j VI iUlJ

j*y 4 jj-USsxll

J^J 4 ^jAxJI 4__*.*d

( jd s )

jjv

^Xj ji 4 oAj^jV j J jv J - l j l

J^ jA jjS s jV

'jPJ

J p l i d A ?-lj j I (J jSsj j l j j d V AjV 4 A^Apj O L S s I J l d

V (JA l v I

Jid

^Ajj -U a J lj AP^ p A v l l .

jPsi I

jl-UUj^)lS ll^ - ^ j j l

Ju.j

'^J^iS3|J.AJ1I j^ <UX* J<p~ J

J * J . - ' j *(_'Jpjl.AJill
Ji;

J '* '

. a 'J

aj t>z, ~JI

J J J J U

,> t X j\ P J j j j

Jl

-lll

y*

i j ./ U l ^ j* *

i jU

. J J > * J l ; 4 j 1y > -

jl ^ jl U

r-^a^ j**'J ^ lj-^ ) c ^ . - J l

tlil

J a J L )

L ; li-k

^Cjijii-I J l

L-s^iJ ^^J-l ^a-JL* jU c5^-a O jl

J . i j

Ij ; y f - j J C

*.*-

> A

j> jU

<aAJ * 1 - . a j ^

S jJ - 'J l X P

aj c ^ jr.^SvJ y SJ>J U j

S 'jz S

Ij

4v ?

J j-5^ . j.S\Ji JP- il^pl'i ! aU^I JU . j i j l JlJl

J jJ- IjJ^jA.^vd'l) j j\-*aJi

jU* c^Nl^J li^>txi'jl J j ^ y ^ - j . SC- (J SJj-IJ^a3 y * Jj-; jJlj

>_* _ 4 .3 l !

. ^vw\a]L j
'

J p ij l! JJajjJj V- (_$

S-

&^>-

Ia

'.*

j j

lj- l^ J X u * l j

.aJ- j

^ j- U

'

4>-l>-jU , j * j > - Jl (c rva-

oU I^j i-lax^ OLjuS JUa j j~>o j l

i

*-JL<3

4-a

l^ x l J p

l^ 5 j- li

J j

0 ~ J . s !

. Sj>- j JJ jli c JUi* Ua

J -*#

J jUJ p c
J l *p- {y &

j J>sXj\.

Jl~>z^j

. ^jVl^Uil^l L j

0,p>J>- /r4: JJk J-IX p o jJ -l. Jl_p-Vl J

; IjJ'iC^c-. Ua-JJ* vUI pj^J> 1Ll Iaj l * > - '-Usj . Jj'bJ ^aII^a
w > .v s ^ ' j l

( ^ il ZyjJ>j.* ", A v ? 'ji)

^ j 'U I j * . * i S y

J .I

; j

^ ) l

3 3 . 3 - L ' ^ j *_ > -j T

w b i i l I J a

^4 V l

, 1* * ^>a|

0j

J lj* * - V lj

- 4X - *

'j U

ja . }

IJs ^ U L * ^ j I

- I p

j U '^

J *-j

y "''-^axU Io

j C l l ^ l * U U 5 l < - - J ^ - - . 3 ^ 1 ^ ( J a J l i ' ! ^ **

. . .

i js ' ^ l ^

aJp UJpI

- ^ j v J

^ S i l l U

j ' " j * if * j ~

jlS v a ^ lj

'- ^ A i ^ a ! ' a C j - 1 ^ 4

i^ Ip

i j^ > s J l 0 ^ 5

i i

U > -J

j i )

j- ^ j

ia jl^ ^ P J j . ' o j I

j ^ J jl U I < 5 U U | ));

-j i y *

y -< s* z ^ U . J ^ ^ ^ > - 3 ^ 1 ? a ^ I ^ I p I

j V

" H

>~I C-a>- y * ^-J-l

<

Jr*

o U jJ J

*J?J

s i l i l

ja a

l j- L

^ J^ d

< ia )

J ,l

jL ^ ,] '

l"^

pc |fr|c

j> &Pr j-<p rvf^ ")f|f^i vr |P |fp^ IflfrP

r y r \ ^ r |* <>i^4i >?Kpsrp ?in * ip iirip f irT 'P rr^ r i-p^P PitCss

|P rv^rp r-jt"| *<? ppj (p'ifij ip Ppi^i

r i n i-fCs?

ip> |jvPc

?^p

jt iyrp

i r r r i i r r r 5 ?r~p ? 0 ) r p ir js 1^ r r ? j^ p

j) p p P.5T^ ||?r ^ n r 2 V p w

rj^

if

jp^ r j p jjvCc jp p V * )

f c

|p^fc<? *'A'r T (

f y? ;ipp: "r| l^ P lf*P |pi ^^ ^P^-^P ^y>|p$|PP r^r^cPipVcs*

- ^ n p - r \ f * - C p |f W

|-f]r f ^ l

5ip isrmP u^Ccf) r?^ -^ pprf^ p pqc i^

f f n * p 5 n n f r> m * 5

Ippn |j^p2

p~p ^V

m { 3 ip ^ c *

1YPV Ip^P^f ^ ? lipn P j'fl* r5\.p

P ( Y r \ p P

ip vv cc

kp

^p*V (P pppc (pfP

5 ^ -<?> -Tfrp V p * ^ p | p r p ^ V l 5
-<^p ?

*p

ip rc r^c5? ipr-<r p
* P - c p 2 5

: rp ^ p

| p p |-<P2

pnr

'rvr>^ i y P "5 f | < T P

-<rr? f*l h(?V^I'p'P n*i i?r i*, r r f ^ l p ?$?

? <r-<p] ^J r| ip p * ? j]fp |(^ r r n i ^ T ^ n P l ' P ? ! ' " p f p

|cp<; ?

1^1 (cr |-P :*p i ^ ) ^\*

in r ^ p i ^ p

^p ^ ^

rn i y >

i(n r r r ? i m T r i p r p

r<^ i-fCs? ^

H ^T-r P fpi^p 5

p^r"2 ^ ^p -c^> |^f^p -5Tf <p*i? f j^pco

P j p c ))
p ^ 5>

c|-<]> P

p in^i
|^pp *

*,p<<f^ (prc?Q ^?Pjp:rr^ *"|r\ f:r ,f

<fp f p r p |Y:^ l 'f l ^ 'p

-^py,, lT^ f ^

l p

^ |^ o
X-V^

^1^1 ^p"^ fYn

py\ T T p

h p r ^

|-< rj^ v ( P \ * ^ c T p n

yp1 fp (^'T

5 H

t'*<vC<:

V-^pi

^ P n i

' ((l fPSY

*"P
P

1P
|p f5 P

i S ~^StJI .rJ

_ /i9

o V

j l!

_ /U

( j

S ji- l

lj

iJUj

U a J 3 i (J

j ^ - ll c

t AaPjJI o jj-y U l<_ j l c a_*.wm;L| 3j_jv2.5I(_$ Ul a aSJ;L| j V

dJ>*Sj j l

j 5

( j

c jAj:LI(_$ Ul . aa>ju

lj> s .x ll 4SJ>-.APJ*jjj L (Sj^j.4 ; J-s*3IJ^)^j>~j*j'-f'4*.i l l j>x.d l V i U ^

jd J
. cj

j$vU CC jV j j l l _/ U j A S jJ -lfJ ip U lj

^ r " J AJ 0,y^\<3

1 Ul . UjjJI ^ ^ V l L r i Sj:-l jjSdjl cj^j^l J l U^i

OlSji-l y U jjU " jr^l U & 'j^-1 J ^ . 4-v^-^

j l j aJp (JJ>J p \j

. J-^s-xlU J j O

JUI j j

jIS C ilj c jlS ^ ll J l U U IL J>^ j j ^ \ j V

J j C 5JUI -UP J>j>-JA jS - j A j
J jv 2p- j V

cJ

ll^ > w lyjl ( j'V l

*vAj ^I^nS-*-

avIIj

^ S ^ i ^-4

j A

j j5sj 4a1p
j j a \

U^^tUl

(j<.*} IAi J j . j U *-lji>l

JpU .

J l A jIJ > - (J t _ - 5 s j j l

C t} j>

ilA

JA.P

(M$ Jk j

J-* jV i Aj-LJ u .xJ u_j|ji-l Ua : J j i J ^j^j

J j ^ l j Jav^>sIU L/ Jjv2.j^ U jl A^9 SjJ-l jJ ^ J j l ^ j l J

ji5 \U (J (J J'*2-^'

llj> tX I

(_I jlSO.1 J l ^^a^vUj

j r ^ ^ l Ji>A^v3jH Sj;iI ^5 ^v>jll

i j ^ d l j l <J

J ^ U l ^ tk -U l ^ P jLp Aj'V l J>j>-j-4 j U

ii^3tdl j j.T" ^>J^j j Cj>-lj Jsi J SiJ^xll

ajjl J l ^ k j ^ j

jliv4 J l o lC jA ^ J - l

C A J j-^sjl il^ ^ J

C^jU-l ^ J - l J A jl$sll j l J l bJUj (J (jUvidl

: J v ? lji)

j Jj

U!5" a p j U ja 2j> *j j L AAp _u U j . l4pU al wUj J.>-jj

: L jjIU ^ J

*^j c ^JsamJI ^ jygj-4J l

^ jk l^ ll

CJlS^ll J j U l j V c j jU?L U ^ j lS j

^ c ( j v j j v d l J l lg.*'ji;(J 4 > *U l

. 4j Lj

5 ^ ' j p ~j

Tvjl J jU IL ^ j >-ja

J i j J*^a>tXJ l l ^ > 0 J.5 ( j ^lcJ l l ^>*UI j l j U j j I c-jI j^ - l J

jV c U j \ P j J l j V l S ^ U j J]l J d j^ a .^ f t L ^ I a5J>- J :^ c a IJ <jjpl^-l

J u j o r ; ^-i u ^ ju c i^ j ,sC.ui J j* ^ x j j

oij>-j^ ^i^-Mi i^j j S\^."j jj^ll

. J av2,?x\1 U U j jS \j
<J l ^ j p lr

Cj Vj i u l l

^ >>- jJ3ill j ^ C d^lill "^j>S*J> jll j SJ^I lj

11 jl jJb 'b/ l_J . 4 I 1}>

j*4S>\jk Jp

^^A^p l>a <

- '^S~'

^Sj:!-!

(_}'

4 ^ -j tA

4j*y c 4 ^ 'l^ _5

. l^ P

A j j i p j SsjN

y~\

j Jp I*
cU i.W - j

C U ^Z p

;UI

<j -A{NAjl

J^

l^ i.^-^jl4 J^ Sji-l jI.Aa*

b.^^

((

<Ja3^xI j

j j Ip S j J - 1

oV

|f

- A jj l

\ Jj i j ^ j

I-JJ ^ t a j l j

- j

P^*Jl a J

C J M J u a ill
SJJ-1

C L&jA.P'jj

l i j ^ i jl* A p lj A

(J

V j ll

^ jl> - 1*1 S^J-I Ia< V CJ.-JI J J p

^J

li

- ^ S j ^ - I J.4..*3

ij* IfJ lij > s . ; l l

lj

j L x p b ^r,-ji

C (J j^ l ^>Jl J p Sj;J-| 1*1

jSsjI W JI . jy.*J:J! S>I cij^l . J3"^ ji

j>&xil (jP

oijNi r>ijA (Ji :j^ iji) jjV ij- ^ y i r>ijA ( j j s i :j^ io ) Ji

p >-jI>s, c jIji jp <
5^1J)\j aXj^-'I (j ^yii-i s " p * i ^ s^^-1 u j
.

<jUJIj T > I (j ^t>l3l V c ^.-ll

cjii^vir^j ^j>^i s^^-j -jjIj ^^jijji u* jp

jw ^j ^tjjj J.3 Aj^ A j ^ l j l V j

Ijl

l i j5 c

y l * J J > ^ l l J, j * J

ASj^- J^- jp !*' iJa..mJI

_a! p

^ p

J a l*J l

J,Ij j * . l A^^aA ' J

J )) a ] j 3

S j

J ljJ

h s ~ * j5\J

-juxL -jS C l jjSsiT : J J

jl

. iljl

JaLwJl l
ijVl V ^.laili ^j^jV l li *>CL11

^jt^ la'1 5 j^~l(_5 j ^ * v]l ^ p ^ (j

liVl (J

ji.pi

l^j

^aJ j j j w j l l

^11

| Li? . a^^xI a5 J ^ - I J a

d . ^ v i 'y j

. A^Aj jftp'y

S j J J ^ ' I

c ^^1 1 l-lft ^jp jUII OS^^j.1 (j ^A^II (J-ApcI>- IjjS ^,jljpVI IJ.A lST*llj
.^ * J il U a

C * ( J

S j j S M I I l ^ V l

^5J > " _ j C(1/ ' ^ I l > aS J > - ^ l*3 l x j j l J p

II 5 j J - l ) ) j

.o./Jivi ( J liJ l^ j> e ^ 'l J p

UjIj

^ 3

5 J J -I l ^ l j

ilj3

i-S'y>ej 1 PCJ

JL,j

J U i L (S ^ j? -j^ ; J ^ l j-^) * , j-4^ <3>\jUl o^SLi r c 3j)l

J* i5 ! j j . ^ j\ ;

. 4J jjcpi j i
1^1

* .^ jSJ l C>l jJ^'y jL p V l J CJUa>- jJ

CJl^-I (J Uj>*j.*

JU -I

jl

c. lj j >^ * 1 1 <dks

4J 1:11 4^JI j

(j^ J ^ J lfV CJ L I; (3 ^ l j . j^sjV j l JU-I(_$

wb>-j (_|I jA ^ U lll J .5j> - jll j j/ c J JL w llj ^ U lll J b j > - y jSsj ^1

(J

j l bJU -I (J ^ j^ J^l V c J j j l l T j . JU~I(J ^->JJ (_iljA J

ij^j^ _/.p 4$JUl 4^j>j^ill
A_>-I J j

*1 j^ V

l j V c ^ r ^ l j p UjL 4Jj>* *A?-I jlS -" UUl4 j i r

l^j 33 j ^ - y JU-I (J 3^j> - jll 4SJU-I jj$ J j l j ; lJl jlj j\P l^-V c 1a/

4j b . l l

J p j j - U l * 4j j

j>z.l> V (_jl jJ^-l

^ j^ - jV Aj 1 j\l> x u 3 ^lall (_* 45^J-I^gto l I 4jLb.ll J p j J a i l l j l j l^P

j A j Cj> ~

I 4?-jJ 4^-lll 0ulA j^P

]l

! (_*X*3

I J-s^lJl J IS .

l l j l I l l J -v a illjA tfJLII j j f l l/^wb-l ijv * ^ J p l l l j b ^ / l j (jll^ i ((

J jI j l j
^ J ljA

JU -I

1-X>-\
jLJl(_$ H

)) -UJ : J U j l

^ U l l l J >-1j ! l j * * b j l l L j l l jj-4 4J 2.4JI ( j L l l j J ^ , 4 ^ ll j ^ U l l l L > l* j ^

^

^ x llj Jl^-I

4 j3 L

(_5

^UwJ l I i (( Jl^-I

j / l j (J\ a -.x II ^ I ^ j^ Ia II 4y.-N.wiI Iw A ^ j ^^JnawI 1

s >-jj

(_^n!IjA ^jUxwlI(j ^ j> * jllj cJlJl > - j

^viUA L I (( l^Jj>- -b>-l(J l^j 3^J> - y J J-I(J S^j><jll 4$^J-I jJ ^ J j l j )) 4]j j . (jlill
. JU - cl J p ^11

J <jo~Ull ^-l=>-lj . J jV l JU j J U - I j

*j*rjillV^Ui^>Pt Jli]l J*Uj) 4]jjJ,l((^JlU J^j>-jH ))4]jj : J J ^ j ^ j

(3 ^ j? r j^ : J ^ l j - 5) I-5

j-4 j ^

j I . jN c Sj

U II j I 4J1 L J I b j > - j l l ^ j l S ' #-lj*

. JlJ-llJp yfjJ.j'S jU llj c ^>-1J L - l J p y V j J ^ j / 4Jl.:J l jl^ U ljL jlp . J U - I J

c ^jl3^JI j> j> -y C JirilS jL l y p Ij .JU IjJU IJ^ IIjJIJ-IJI p - l IA s 4>-3

^ j^ d ia ll^ ljc ^ llo tljiJ a iiy jlijjJ ^ J p ^ jp -jiJ ^ lj^ U ijr jc J a jjj"
4 r > IJ a S j^ ^ ljl :J J - L jll 4 ^ U l j ; 4 r > U J I t ^ U U - U J I j c ^ l ^ l j I l j

JJ JU.| JJ J

J ^ )

(J aAp Jl>- S j i- l j j ^ j 'b /

l * j

I J U j j j ^ -U * ^ i ! l

o ij> * j

jT J

A jj- b > - j

1J

p-

^ jtA J I

j j j ^

l^ -j-b -j I (jN c ( o ^ j ^ J

^jp d S sii- j\p j j ^ 01

A^P j , S s j l

: J * ^ lj^ )

c j U J J U ^ j- 4

^ jL

j l J ^ l j L l j . (a jj-\> - ; J ^ l j i )

j l j

C 6 2 J> -J j U

j J

l j j j f

j^ J

( jl

Jb jU j

(^

j 1* yi(j s j ^ - i ^ j - i o - j i

l i l i . * ^ i J l ii J 3 > ^ J p

. l-b l j ^ i - U j

(i,5\^l J \

4*P

. j j$ s_ *jij s j ^ i ^ i ^ - i ^ j u ^ j c j ^-**>5ij t * j (j '4

("jl

^ jf\ j j U

Sj U p

j p

Aa^a*Aa Aj 1J

i l l

10 1

3r :

Aj

l^j1

; jLJjj jl oj p& . (( -aUJI a^.-1 > ^j-il c{ j j ^ H tj& j t Jlill f~iJI j

jx'yi Ja] i * > * c *\>-lj j l U l ^ J l S">1 J-U j/

jl Ol o2 -Ui j j j ! aJ j i r j l j . -b-lj j J ( J p j ^ - 4 j ^ b j A J

Jl>-1j J p
J S " J

jSCj

J U

j L

jjj^ l
t jS \

jA

y~>y

1 a :p

^ w \ *J l i ^ l j S '

i-lS" 4 jb^l

j5vC

aJ

jjS ^ V

jl"jl cj/Nl J ilj>tiil

j 1j ^ - V

A tw ^

S ^ J-I

j l

lj

S jJ - l

J U I j

bll

b^**

j a

2 j* \ > -

jl

C -* k Jl

* A j

o b N I

Jb

1 ^ *4

Jj

4 j !

>

4 O b 'V l

j L

J b

'

j l

-b -l j

^ jl U

1 J j ^

U ? - lj

b 1 V l

^ j,

<2jA J " jl

VAj 1iTj

lf~ *

j/ l

(j^ ^ y

^ ^ J U - H j/ V l

^ j- l i ^

l&lfn* J l iUll t-I j u - * j y*

(jb ^ AUllj

J S *

^ U a ^ j l V j

b -s

j^ P

j I( 3 ^ " 4 jU j^p Sa>-IJ ^jLS""< _ J(u ^ s ll( _ ^ il^>wjj

I x .^ L j i j # j k j

j j j l

j l

j . bs^l** Jj>s.xll

j/.^ jL r j r j j 4jiivsxa j i ^ ;r ^jLSsIi jjsjj'j ^ ^ j ji jjSs^j 4uuj j u a j j$\j

.(

4 *

^^1j ^ U

.j>

^jUll jl jl j/l J ii^^-UJ jb Jjl : J 15

oLL (^Ulj : J
-Up

-U-ljl! (^ j! *^3^

jb ji j> $ ^

l^.//-.^.j

_/A->

jl

<_-LiJ.*~JI JsU UJ UJ I

( j'^ N ^ jj^ *

j>j^-l

U l ^ J I SJ4-I J j l j/ U ^ lj L"j! ^ jJb

( a^p Sj j ^ all UbU: J ^ l j ^ ) 3j j ^-.-ll

(la^xjX^; J'^ lj^ ) 'la'k*'j''4 <jjlll l ^ J - J'lr^bj . aU^I jljJVl^j^wJ-iSj^

y &

O jIS " " ( l) lj ^ - t U - l j ' j U j J ,* ] IA j

^ jp 'i SJ^-Ij

J j- U

j A } l^ y 2 * j J U J J j * ^ l - ^ ? f " j U l j

Iv ^ jlJ p ( j - 4*^"1<2**< 1j j J i * j l ^ j - d ) 1 (JjJ ^ j . j ,I^ .U j

^< - O - U i l O l i v a j l ^ l

aJp

! j

^ l j

Uc

^.a

^qa-S'*Aj I .**. *j2.*j

(JUj

U* Ij

U>^*

( j ^

J j^

(Lv^jI J '

Sji-l jl 0J<^A? . <JjMl ^*ll AaIp- J jP (_iljAj (_jVl jaU

^ j\ > d l ( _ $

> -j U l

O x :

(_ )U > d l(_ $ ^ ~ 5 j a

l i ^*1 J \ U a jSsj l J j ^
jA J

j ^ -

I ^

a*1J l (_5

^A jZ a

^ Ijjj^

J I S jO ^ /l -Up j O l l

^ AjI 4

V JJ J I

j a \ ^ jP

o jL p

j ^

^ P

Ajj x .

jj

J i r a

J,>l*ll

. 0J>*JJ

Ja ll

A l^ U l

j a

Sj^-1

-\>-^jll ^J>*J

aIL>-(J J ^ ^ -

-U P

^ ^ .J ^ & J l

b * A j* i\

(jl jlj ^ A j V (ja j" " . - jU J l< J

. lv2.JI ^U *^!

^ U a (Jj i i j

U a J l J*^2jj j v i i l

^ ' ^ l

a U j V Uj U J > -J A ^A ( j v j p ? (1)jS s jV

^*jA L ^ J , (1)^^.*il a l^ " (_* U

iU M

.&>(_$ Ia 3j ^

Ij ^SsJ I ^_5I.S c

(1) Ij2j1>61-4

jUJIj

J aJI

^*J-I

^ u U l y S '

AJ

lf* I j ^ T I ^ O U l ^ j> " J ^P l j

O J lfo l

aS J ;U

jl

l^ y l ^

aj

l|J jl . T / i - l

J p o l f O ^ j ilj

. ai5J> - <Jl>-( J Iyc.~+A iJ^>eill (1)J ^ l ^ j ^ d ) j ^ U l U j ^ l jA j U V I( 1 ) I< 3 o U ( jx jj -Uxj*b/l I d /(j( l) j^ j<1)1 U l -\aj (_ ^ ]l(d )l'. J ^ lj^ ) 'y i(_ 5 J il> -0 .jl ',(l)lj
tjjV i b

l!l

} \ u u jy y id i

o j > > i * A : A A 1 U jI G )(S"ll )U_j!l

M*
**
*

^ jU

.o iiM ijis u t J t i G i .6 iju

. jlg jJ l

y jp

J l ^.*-U Ij I iL - ^,4-1 O j - b - (1)1 j A

J J A jU l^ (1)j5 ^ j j l | jii U l* tAJaJl

. J ^ i

< js- ^ ' J

C ^ 3 l (l)M j jlk j ^jA

. jS ^ J I (l) U j J iU U A ^ 0 3
f ;k

( 1 ) /J | ( j U j ^ > - l V U ^ > l ^ J
i r a

jJ J TjJ-I

4 ^ u j 5'

t i ^ u i> - o u r i j . v j o -

l;1

: b U c S jix ~ . K ' j J - I O j ^ l f > .

t i t J ji*
A y

. 5 T > I A jilo T _ y j

j j ^ 0.3.1 jjj ( j ^

o
^a O p

jLJ-1

^>*xaxa.v*<\>-(J O ijj Jxaxp < j l?-lj . IS^U^ Sj I-o ^ I j j>&xll<jj^^j^i

JL a

^Ss; ^lc^v>-]^ lila cS i^ ll j a

0 lSj>-j j A IjJ -1

^J

Ij ^ I ^ ^ J - K

<J>^

^A 3A-1*1,4 OlSjosX.* jlXA J j C 30>-lj Sj?-j 0 >-lj

J5^JL<y~lj o i r cSj I-I^ N I j c^>* cdSJillS'J.JJ iij^ - IaI ! JjJ

im ^

j >C.a

. U aOu

. > T j \ C j i a jis C ^ JxL _*L1 Sjo- lSj>&x, S '^ x IIa jIjjJ ^ O - lj

. iljJj l*.Jl S j SjIJjoVL* SJ?- iOa.C'*'c Sji-U**<vyi X\a^|p *ij xS^lj axSJ>^ a^jaj

J jS^aU J p ajIj _Juj/l 5JJ-I ^p ^-jU^- Sj>-

CL ^_A

SO-1j

5 j> - O ^ a

O l5 jl-l d J jj J j-* ^

. A* jAS^^^.Xjl . A*,* O *- j l l j L I p I

^-a^iaII

O lS j> -(j

Ij ^-n^j2x1*1 ^r\^i I ^_A^txl*l J l

J'J j * ^

^jA

w J I

lj^.**a *Aa ^ rv.^.lS\^L^ 01

j^ w il

Aj j a

w'jAj

O j/ i l

3 0 - jll ^ J ill l <3 j C&1 j l j . ^ J - l j a (jjlxllj c ajll j aj=^*1j^ J j ^ ' j . ^w*2*ll

SaOO O lj-*>tlA jA J j 0 -1 j j_A>*iir

. li(_3

AjV c j . ^>xXG ^>.v>;L! (jjSvjV (jl

J>"

J'T"

jA L * j

. lj>-jll AOj

SjJ-l aj^-j O l (J
^v^s^l
c

O j^ j A A J j V ! C

1j-^ c ^

^J^(_3

aSJU )] 01 ^ A j A^w\a^ ^*Aj2a1j

^ U ^Ji^j

.?^dJ 4

^J^i ^J ft^o^l Cj^{ \\zaM

J*A U

eJak^ j c< a 3 ^ ^ 1 > - o I

(^ AaXaaJ jL Ip Ij cOj

jm I^ II

lrli jU p U ^

. Ull iJ^-J J l

^^'il IAaj jl j'-^' l-^<^* J <*1 c J 1(3J * ^ ljj^.*j Ia j

. ^jO^JUllj S jp -j-4J

j ^.^1
i A*vvO

IaIs^ 1j j j 4 ll^w- ijw l^-1

))!

iAlJ.1 ^a

jxil

y > )i P=} J JLj

(JJ^/2.^-1 jSs-

U>jv2.>- j j ^ J .

^aI

S j i - l j l ( J J i^ -V J

jL'b/ Sj:J-l
. 4] V l f

b /li" * U jv a > - j j S J s )) a! jS < j J l i \ j l )) j ^ I j l j l A jV c j J j a J ; J j i J j k

jlS V l j V

(Jl AM\I a J J I j a ^ J p ^4 i ilJUl a a j^ ja J

AJJ , ^ J x i IS^ ( aJI

J lj lj2jb/ 0 j &

jl ^

b/ ( A9 j* 4 &

Xvjl^-Jb.wA J^J* JlSJl -kJ] J j ] J a iljl j l j . JISC,

JlSsJlj i l J j j )) JlS C*\>- Aj
I jA J

L J

. J^ U ~ |

(( J

)) (j-4 - ^ l J J I Jl-^J j l

. jjliajr (Jj^wJ J J J - I j

> aJ I l^^" J J

(JJIj J l j

V ^

a > y j

J J ^O j ^ J

j jI I s a j jjj'Ij O V l ^ " ^ 5 * J 4 $ J ^

4 jjv i^ l j^ ^

l * J / V c - j j I U l l j j ^ s j - J

a jV

'J < C ] U ^ r j j S J j l ^

a jN c T j ^ ^ U

t_Pj2^4 ^j/4 (Aj^l J \ J l

. j i j ^ J

c o ljV l T J -l il^ jl

jA

4 jJb ll

J j ' J l^ VI 4

. U ' j j ^ i (i l j

i j j -

c 5 T J> .

o j j ^ a i i r T > 1 Ja-Aji
. J* b

(jJ ^ j(_ 5

c ^ j i k l l ,) j i l j ' j l V l ^ J l l J l ^ V I j p

( ( S j Jb ( / > J -p - j A )) a J j j

<JI^ UJJ j ^ i

j^-4-aI s r > l j j S > c i j N i . a J p Jil'

JUtflJ-l o V l S 3 l j P

aJI j

(Jp

j j ' j ^ i ^ i j J j j ^ i o i ^ i X jijij

cJI-j^pl^~ (A j l i a l l o L j I j N

jA V j

( jA

j- c (JjVlSsII j La (JjUj rJJ-I : J J j

j^ j T ir jijp o ji^ jp ^ c iij^ J J

( a J U .;J ^ I j 3 )

a*_]Ij

I ^ -JH 4 (( J ^ a J I j J n ^ I J - I 1^40

C^-4Vyi^^ij'(_$ (Jj-ysJ-l jlS V l (((Jjv^J-l jlJ J l)) J

A-^cw\]lj ( ^ . J I

ja J j V l ( J l j j - J l l H ^ J l T (J*a : o l j t T ^ I ^ j J > ( j Jl

J,l a>*jJI ^1 U J:>- b/ 1^1

A (Jl

AjI 4 C_a 11I (Jl

. A A ^ i r ^ J l . l^l JJ jjIk-4 j^P

. jJU M

c jJJI (J* H

Jj-v^lV J^U-IjA 4(J*ll IJa Jp Jl5\5l jb/

J J j .1 o V l S v J I ( j p J j V l J j j j j > - l j . ^*51 IJ

. j l J l T ( J l I f j-s lj

JA d .A ^ j A J j

4 S j- J l

J ^ l j ( j l J 'J j ^ u r > l jjU S c ll(V > : J ^ l j i ) ^ ^

j^ p j f y

I t i - r h r * P!

V]

j i r i ^ p fu r s * ? * * -? ^
?rr| \ p *r e v p 'f r -<^p

T ^ lC p ^ C ^ : ^

V ^

v p ^ * r |\

ipr s rm n * PH V

|C * ^ C

u n n'p \{a\ r!r rv^

n?r ?' r f : i f i c ? M r ^ i r 8 * " * . i i t i H " V vP P r i

(cn | ^ P :-< | p > )

5 *rp

^ P ^ P l F r r ? * f\co V

f n r o

r * 5 QP-*

t p

i C * t i i p r "f* p

^c | f W ^
vtj

) p r '? p

l~fCS-

^1,51 C

n p i c iv > p r r > y r > * ? r i r i j f r j r

r i ^ i cc i f i t i r p f i r r ^ u i *

rN

* i^i p i p p * ^ ^ ' r r?i p i ^ p fy^ T ^ T | p | p i r ^ v p r r ^

j^ r j}

^ - jp

? ^ -rp f| ^

f]jv |rp * - 0 p e p i p < r p *

f| ? ( z ^ y O -^pV vp| i p ^ C '

Pt^P<p*> * rfy rr^ ^ p-e^l H r j P IT ^ 5^-v|' 1

p

|*p<r p ^ p f T ^

PI^ P

i p r f r p j^* ^ t P

<?P Ij^P p P ^ c

1 /s P ^ ^Sl'f ^ P P Ip P lp r

((I p ^ f * 8 ^ P I p l ^

^P ^ rp

5 j\ r - P

V p i ^ P ^ 'P P o ( p K ^ p ^ r ^ 5 *3 jp , pvP* y p <r ^ 7 1

? fsP | ^ r r 2 |P C fT> J^ fp P - ^ * p j p p <?p srr| !|**V"> V rP

<sc s>\ r * v |(?KffT P p l

P ifiP s I P l T 'P - P ^ r f

T r i p r r^

P r '<*r | - p >

tir f, r 1
fff vy 1 r f v ^

p*PtfAvy 5

CJ^C

3-fy |/^/r P||^.f"l"3 iyr^r Pc

P c p P f^ P
p ^ r i 11^0 ^

pjP<Pr-5

I S ^ r P fs ^ r P I f\ P i f ^
c

r ' f & ?r p v ^ \ p i - f p ^

l y p 7^

i o

*-Ovrc |^fP[3 ? r P |Pjc

crp

f, _5r^5? * ] t ^r i j ^ v j
ic ^

r f i c<r

^ f i c * ^ r c

5 q r<"
^
chn

ip ^ i^ s
\ y \ch

J! -?=j

JLj

dj) L'y c*j> 1 1 Sjpj11jj-^b/l^j J~X~*_JI^jb^p- 2j>>jHl$ *.<^

J *a*Uj
i l ^ j l <L lb l> - Allp J4 ^ J ju j jSb j l

Cjb l Ua<J J-Uj- (^JJl < jo bU j l

liiC jjjT j . ^UJI lxjl JP J j l * l l <Ja-1J j l j C j ^ l Ua J J AXp

1Ja (J j^Ip-

^ jll i*jl

d j-b - j l Aj'N

J}- <jb l i i . ^ j i ( j CU-b- ^Jl .UJI

jjl*4 jjS \ j j l

^jj p - j 1 J JiJbxi* LaUIU > *jl J j U l l j j ^ j j l ^ j U 1IJI

< b j > " j l l j j ^ N l j J*JU*_xil^ j l j 1*,^?- "jl>JI<_$

J J j t 'yi

j'T j A Jl*51 oJa L-jIS""li . l-oU-l

. <JjJbill v jjj- b - jT < j blp- o U j b l l oJa j ' y ( j V l U a J J UJJ ' j >11

10

1^^ajj b jp - j^ J1*j 6Ja

j l jj^ * ^ ^ J J J J

J^d

j l J j l * l l ^j> -j o 1J J - U l l! ^ j l j ^ p - iU j- b ^ V j b jp-j4 W**t

j l ^ jb 4 aaIui4 aU.l,**J1 Ja
j)

J 4U

a*sIj1I c-jLjwi*llj t-^jbjpj l l ja lS ^ jl . bU c a IJ

ol^ <
uaUI1I Jl^llj^* <
JjHV c(aaIU lJ-s
p 1j ^) bAUu UjI ^j^pxll

. (J jlU l J jw b -j I J J-JLsjjl^ jL ^aUI* > p O b jp * j ll C -^lS ^jlj . (*Ahx* J ^ 1

.U a o$
. J J U lb jp - j j T j
ajV 4

^a U IIvb

Ij J J 15^j l j

l l o l j b l l j j p - jlJ i- UL jj ^ I ^liv-^/l*->b-l

> * i 'Vl Ua J J

b jp - jll

J J J*1*J5I ^jb c

J.>11ib jp - jll j j ^ ^ l J JU-U51^ j l j 4J *

^ jb tJ i c O b j> * jll( J i_~jjd l o U j b l l J - j c - j^ J lj, ^ ^ jl^ ^

. J J jI I aJU 4 ( jf o l j ^ j . o b j p - j l l oJa J ^ j - J ' J jl^ H ^ j? r j J J -aUII > ^ 11

^ j p - j J Y P

jfi> j 4

^Jlll ^ j p - j

^Jlll

J U I r JP j r ^

j^ jjl

^jl j 4 J

Jj^d J'

. ^jjillj

. (oJuT ^ 4

j l * l l ^ j^ r J

rjb N

^ J

Jj. * J j l ^ l '

c pM Jlj

c ? l> V i U J ^ )

( jJ '

J-U-JI

: a ? . o b j^ jJi^

^ j^ l'

4fJ 1^ 4 ^

|Ja f> U
^

O jl^ jl

r> u * J j Uj i

j _ \

r a .j . r

, (\-Aw jjXw jt-PtyaJ ( jl> A; a _ ji) ip

lp<V>

c r P qp

l?p>: - r* r | 0 - 1;^ ~ptfrc|-f^|<,('7

* f i ^ f jr p f 5

l * / y p r ^ |^c^: ) .; ^
|

*?|C 5 l*:! ,51?

<f: f c

ffP

j|p : \ ^

h t r lc T

|f> ^ c v?

10 ^$P?

P c^P er c

" 0 ( j p c ^ P j'p * f p|

5 j ^ P cr c *? p f f 7 | * |^<rnc f p p jr r ^ j f \ - f \ c r p ? ^O

r^ p -p

^ t ^ P | f P ^
P ?P

f^ p

ip O

; j t ) ip r ^ - *

'^ c \ [ '^ \ _ S ?

|^ P c ^ P llP ^ |

rsy^ i ^ 'P i p r J

J?

r <c c

5 r^ p j

ip f 5

!2r |co

fry\ ' ip v

tt2

p ?P |P

^ T r C||Tr<r

M~C^ '^r^rp

l^ p p n ^p* | p i^ ^ r nP<r f|f> f ^ p (pP<,

ry\

\f\f\*

?r

HfP^ |C , ^ f 0 r r P

| f r p i P i ^ p \ ^ v>'r h '

*>0

\-<r *-P v r\ i p O i p fP"ip^ pp * r y r i p ^ i - f P ^ c

|ftff ^

|pP ip p | p '

p p p ^ rcs

^ r t o f T T i C li^_~c

fcii i y r O

frc rPl

!~f*~1C,T *p |[?r"^ r p f ^ ^ ?lT^~f^ 1C<T ' PS3fcl ' f l - '

rrf

((l~ fO ^

fP)-<Y-f> ^p p - / r l^cI Y - ^ c 2 I P I P ^ i P l ^ P ^

iP - ^ c r p * 'F p jr

'v y r p

l t l crP ^

^ P p r c5 ^ ^ *< ^ Y ?|'vvr <>'r (^

tf] c,T

r PPT^I0 ^

'P f 'P f- P P P i T

g p P ^ c

^ y;](fp | 0

P )- < r ^ > ^ r * ,r ' " c

->' ^ 5 *

"

fr ^ p

^ | \ - a

'1^ *1 rS> rlrr'J

T|'^5 < f Y r * I > ?;P ^ f l ? r ^ r |-flc P 1 r ^/s'P I 7 * K ' i P ^ ^ u f l

r

^ r r r

| P rv ^ rp i ^ c r ^

'P i - f i ^ | p ; ^ c

ifC p -

fr V |

? ^

r i\ rr ! p p ^ ri r j f h t r iCfr

p i ^ r i [ f r f <r r ^

p c | p | i 'p 'f f ^

jjrp f

f>

ifr ^

^y-

9 t ^

<;' T r T

i V f
3-p1 fC1 |<Tf

q fv c ip

<

|f- ^ if>

fY^

T ff j-fPsv

* if|(r | :

: ir

cf ^

vn ^

aSJ sJI

2: 0.1

l*

< jO L J!

j *

cj o ^ d l j

frl^ iV l j . o

j *

^\

&

j j * 9 j . i s ^ .l l j j l

^ li

lk O

. ^ jll

(Jl

j- O . j

jlk L Jl
O ljl j

( j

1 U aO JI

J-jl J

{ j

JJ U llj d U l

C (jtO O l (^ jO

J O l j P j J l i-A^- ti.5 s.jl , O L J J l j O /l

. 4L.5\"j

c jO JIj

( J p 02>lp J j U ? <JJ0_J \

j c - AzS'j ^ j j l - v 2 j l j

4ll j i l j p l

j> ~

J j ^ a i j j l j A^Ja ^J p l f ~ o j j . O O j j J l

<w J i U l O l
. S j i - l O l 7 l J,1 A c O O lJ ^J
C O l > - l T j ) C 4 j I j 4,*1p 1j J j x O

S i

|lUJl (jl (Jl

\ j ~

J li * 1 5 0 - 1

l ^IpIj

(J JO.~wa11 ^jl> 0 *5jJ l j . i_jjXj ji j l C i o O j^l J p 4jjJ>- (_5j"j l O l

^ jO *
Jlj

axa.~o

^ 0 ^ 5 jXj j l l j c O o l j ^ - 1

^ _?jl (**- J ^jl-iil ^vll j l x j J 1_j I j

ij> * j J>d
j\ >

1J

j^ S

j\

V j

V 1^
c ^lUll

v ^ lji) J

Jj^>*xSI t _ > - l ^

4XP < A ^ -lj . i J l i j V l

J l ^ j O l j V l Lj! (Jp O j 5 j ^ ^ j jJ J I IJ a

Jj > j ^ U I

f j Aj-*

*^ i ->*j *

U jll 51 c J l ^ j a j

j \ P 2 ;l j > - / l d 5 \ l i ( J Q ,:>-Jiil<O J |*-A jX ll -2

c ^lUil

O ^ j l l g j l j>*M l
. ^v^l ( a I j ^ ^

( 4^\.C

j i * \ j&

(Jp

^ 0 ^ ) 1 lA l

(_X^...*l J v ^ U l a J p ^ ^ ?j\ p l

U j ^ i l c U J I O j J b - C L i j J J U j / lO ^
U j ' y i ^ o Ij l p U J i C * j l l U r> O j i - 1

^ O jM l (Jp J j lel
. o j (^ 3 l O l i j V l j V c U a

.
jl

aJ

jl)

c ^ a J j ;p j v - 1 U j l l

^ *11

O ll

O j J -1 J,P b j l p i r l C * j^ -l IA V . 4^ * j r J j l j
.

a ;j T l

c O ^ a ijd l

J A^^J

J A*y>
: Jjij

j d

^iUll O j > - j^ J

^ J j i l l O jA >- J^SJ c jS> aIUj j C l ^ l* jll j ^ l ^ jL

^ ij.rV l j * a T ' j U

ja

J j V ! ^ j^ -I

j ^ ' ^ jL t o j j

E -jN j j O '

L --j

il lV l

J * > " j ^QJI ( j

c*^JI ^ .O-1

Jl c5jdJ 3J s Xj jU fijV l J j J

4]j***j (Jp 3jiv a llj

4] 1

J p jlUll

J ^ j # ^1j^"l a>6*mIi

5jvp ^CjVI <do y -

^ J -Lxj (_jjwl (_^jJI <j!>t***)) ; 4jLi(_5 ( J j l cO JI

. ^ j r i i a p L j I j ^ii*ii

jt-fJl djll

^ 4-<k^ J> .X?"! J

Jld xj jl j s j ^ x ^ .:* - c J J u
JjT -iJl J ^ j ^

( J p i J * * l l O iljl ^ 1 x^1 (JjjUi I Xxj O l

5 0 -I 0 > - 0

J a I SJJ-I

jlT i : a jp j l l ^j J 'c J

(JUH j\fi<a^^J ^ jj X*j j aj a l j J j (Jli-I JUO^jP

U O -1>-I jiJ

(_$dJI *A 4_aL>.*IIj 4, .a* i 4 5 \ J - l ^ j d .j J l _JjV l jO U JIX A ^ J> - (J I jJ - I ^ T O p j

^ - U d J jIv O I U-*l>- .^ ^ ril J i l jz ijljj l

jJlj

C ~ * ijj (jl* jll

Xp

L a jV lj i ij T ^ i J 1^^115 j > ti

S a U _J I j JjII J U * - (ju .ll ^ j-_iJl p IjJ IO l> - tj j ^ - U l l j

l i j . J U V l ^ Jj J l 4JU3 di JLil

AAj_J 4IaXP(J ^liVl p J

C J l T j D l 4 * 5 0 -1 O lS s Jl^ y y 2 * J J j ~ J j l . V l o > - J l _Jllail

(( U - V j p - J J

(_^*^

1 j J J a J jl)) J j U jJI *>1*23 j U ^ j l j P j V l Ia J l

dili JU j. ' j l j ^ x V l J p V I U U J I j

^JpVl U a l l j I Jp ^ l j > J

C J *> -

O jl j J j 4 .1 T J J > C J J O j dili JU > ja 4 ^ j V i a V lJ p d iila L p y U - J U > w - V I j

(j -4 O U V l j ^y V l ^ l y ^ j - l j ^Ul 4xU-j y

j 'J - l o U t i; ^ ^

i l ^ V l _**jJJ J j J J .1 AjVI y

Jx*JI

U _J? J a y t J I .ilJ ? l

t J o j ^iUJ| j j p

j V l J a Aj *M _~ ll

ii5^U.I ( j i ^ l j rdJ ^ P j l V j pj k i ^ V )) j j l l|-^ j*

(jr *AjI*1Ij pIpVI pI^ Aj**a J

Js>LXj (OU JpVIj jj^ - I jU i 4lP

4X^>-

Ia j I j
J (^ IvajV lj

smmm
mmsiM
-

: fVr&v&.ytvsHyi-:*

* a

>

v/#-~

M,jVf Sr

WWfc*p

I#I
* ...
#.&ly'.

//>

A, tSS/rAjf/ttA ff

rr

j S j i

^'*UJ
j i j

. O . * * ! a-l-

l/ J ^

AX Jm

<_

j. (-^ 0*J**J (jj-O-

a a * I (( a S ^ ^ -1 t-.^

jjj

. C ^ a li a I S s j J 4J l i J ^ V

)) ; O

i j .(_ a -b i (( Silrw) I j J j j Hj J U
jj.* * .*

4 ] b j ) U 1j o j

JiS*

i j j * tjU w >" j ^ - 1 j f l l l

VJ l l ; S " 4 j

( j L p

^9tt

'** l j

4>*Jlo bft

(w-'>-

-I O i l j ^ j ^ J J j 4^ j j - b j

l j I . C - a - U I ( i 9$ O j L p

i li ^

4 j j j j

IjC J jU p J o j i l i

>

J\^>-1 4 $ b j l j A

. i

O L o l j 4S^ U ^ J 1 (J'J.J L*bi> J 4 ] b j

Ij r '- 4 d ~

j j
(jl * l jjO -J

4T ajiU >-

4 ? *t j l (_ j

T ^ h ' * ?

lji

1-l

^ -/

?
(^ jlfib

I ( j l i * i j i x * v l Ij o J jlS k

- ^ A i p l> -

JJ

1j

w tO v tf.; J 4 L I 04

I jJ o l J ij

J (j

a J b jlS J j o ^ l p V j

1 fl-L1j ^Si 14?x*<*j j Oj^ lS b b

^AjUll

iS jj^

1 4jI"~ J i b - j i

i l J 4j i

4 .jS

B a r k e r j^ jl?

*^J'^ j

t>zS

. J U J J L s1 j - C

4^sJ 1 Ij i j j t j

4^>.i$ j

4 J b *j ^ ^ ' j l " j j ( ( i 3 l _ ? 1 A^*l

J d^-* a l5 w jb ^ b *l C jU ]lk e4*^j4 ili-l A .

lj* j l j l

4a J J b

Lp J J I e4 > ti^ jl<j~*J

jA ))

jJUIo

^ jv a i j

^ .a

jA '

^ a I - j ^E.,>B.v2j

45^

jb ^

<!*** lo-k* 1 4

-b j

c^ap Uo Ij a.jb U ijl^*^o^4

I j 1 4 ^ * l5 J j I a I j J 0 1 > c a j j l j j -US ^

^ J s ^ j 'l J

^ x jU j

. 4jL j j j <" j *J i j J 1j i

Ij 1

iT*/-.Jl ?CJ

jl
<*

jL j

<

jUI^I j i S j j ^ JA
>- j <
i-5
;>
ji 4Z*\*P

lj4 J l* * < J

^ a ( j j l ^ S \J j j j j O j j

( _ ^ ljjJ lj ( _ l j b

** ^ l4 .lS \ jJ (_}v2^ - J ^ ^ J 4f*>\AA ( _ l j l a]1^<j j > ^ 4>-jA,-a 4$\jU>-

4 k S "3 > " O l o l 4 j C ^ - U - J L

c C J > j> - j ^ j

. t A

J j V

I j I i. Jl I j

4 * wQ,4

< C - S ^ > - t j a j y j j j j i

j ' j A i ( J p

j j

b > L jlj- 5 ^ * j

iu ^ o s >
^

c b * S " ;> - J I j > -I j

4$^" f ^

p 4 > - Jv 2 3

. *uta
lj
l) I frljl J OSjZ jlj_>-l^ J jbil/a jl ^j > - j

c Y

( jla **< jl = ) J j l

l j I *4L?- j l

(J J IJlv^j =^ j J ^ t*^l

4j OjLiI 4L<j j

. C -^ Io I j l

0 *

( jl d ^ J w jli j l ^ j> - j

j^ C i^ jl S ' ^ ^ u ^

^ a IS *

j ' S '

j j j

O ^**1 ( ^

\ t j 0 (cjl?rj^ r = ) b a j j ^ A<j^ ( J j ^ j y
jI P 4j 0 jLS < I

ji

w
U
^
.Jjj

^ ^ (^
^ - 'L cH *^ ^ c / 3

^^J

- ^ ^ l f^ i

.
j C . v2.^_^ljbjil5\>-jS"^laij 4;k.*J(j ' l

j j

ju \

j 7-

O (_ I 4;*s,4.vJ?

^1
. (^rrr

^ J ^ J. ^

'\{J 0

l* j

oJoj4?x*Jd3 j'< j~ -J
. ^ - " jj/ J j'

\zs>~ l 1 J l> O j ^ j J l i l l j j I ^ I j 4.***J . k..*"!

^k. ) ^ 1 ^ 1 J f

*Ap> ^ j j - 4

J-^UI Jls^4j >jj>-j W j

9 ^ _ V 1 o i i U l Jb JT^"' v

o V u - '
o^lj jSL j ^ J }

J'-1 G^j'
^Y b l*b 4

4 > s-4 ^ 4^*i

- Y
C"J^

' <J***

(S jS siS S j y j U j j i j l aS" C - ^ l ^ - J i (j-> *L * (1/ j ^ ^ j l tS 'i

J

j j j j

^ t

C .J

s " j> -

( ^ ju j* - * .?

l > \j

C - x & U

^ t # i

j I >

(_ ^ t> t^ l

y ^ j

-b j ^ " ( _ ^

JJ.j j l

^ ^ o jp

jjj

4 lU * > j

j a

4^tb -lijS "

( ^ - J \> -

4 j

A^I

- { jf

(_ J ^ "

- J l^ / jU

J l

))

j l j A

j l j l

j> ~

j l

j l

j t j ^

^ | p

4 ) l* < j

^ 1

d . s J

4 ? -t> U ( j - U j j

4 L 5 \J

i j j X _ -jlJ I j l j ^

s " - iji

^4^

< S j f ? >J ^

(J L a w S ( j ?

j l i

<J: jj>"

j^4.1pl5\>- 4^i.>-jl jl

Ij

j^ > ~

5 j *j2.a

(j'.AJjSil*,-*]!j4Jj-I Jjl?-)) )jljl*j jl jl

4 $ * j l ?

4 S ^

o > - U - v ij j j

- ^ jj

^ l^ b

f i j i

a
t * j

jA i ll j ; I

< ^ a .)
(_ j L

j b

1 5 \J L ( j4 j

jljb*l j i ljCw.\5l
*

( _

I j i

j> ~

. X S *{J

x _ jJ j- *

is i^

^^

C-S"j>- ojb>i

(-)> J I

d/J

IIJ j-C^J15"^*^ jl5\^l >-j <^jli^JJbjij

j I j ^

Ij <Jl>- CiJU- 4S""Lj

ly * ,j j

cljl(j^'4JI t*-^lijS^ib (((jlj-I

(( j U

'

_ / jl

4SL,-*l ^ *A cjj*-* cJlj^j/ll<Jj^

4S0

{ j I J jI***^ jI

<j-*

j ij-Ss^ j j j

j *

. ^ .o j - l* j l ^ j .-L^>jj j l j I ^

j l j ^

L - J ( _ jlj

j J *

U * J l ^ j <j I I j

4jsXj ^ j i p

j l >

j l j j o

l ^ J

i j j

^ - j l j l l l J j^ > - |

*5

_pJt

)L j

^ -UM jj- ^Jp

L&.X&Ij

l*vJ l ^^.l.^ Cp-jIaJ^I <A^<*.j nj Ia44>

 ^ ' A*.* Ju

AS**

\ \ * U l j > - { > \

IxJ ib,-* A^av^O A*.^. l*X I Ajlla.il.

. s \ \ J a I j > -j t

j >- MI j

aS" ^ J i b A i i t a U l j

^N*^b,Wi,) l^
-Ci^ J ^ 0 1^

j b$ i

^ ^k A ^ S * * " c

C *Aij b j ^ ^JNVmXS*^AS^ J
Jjb I

bAj t^0

ob* ol

l {_^J ^ Aj l

* w lao ^A ;^S "

L
j

w\^S"^AaIp'

fcAj ,
(J j j i

Jjl
l>2; ^ b l (^1 j

j \ j

J ^ J ^

AS^^^-WwI

^ *^ 1(_ ^ 5sO ^wl5

(J^

l^N/4 ^ mS^JJ

(3 ^ ^ t~ " ^ 4 l^*% jta

^*A#s^ 3 ^ " ^ J ^ m ^

^ j { * k & \j

_
Aj !^1 j ^

j2p*

\*&^j**v j l ajjP aS ^ C a*w I(

31

i *A<^
Aa^^

.
'

s^ I j < ^-> J

AysA1^^* A^J>- b^ Aj

t
(^ApL*^ b
Ij

4. j l j 4b * 'va/,^ (_>j'*'iv,J

lS v ib li L^*jA^<b. j U j l k , * ^ . * * ^ >

d l ^

c
4^.y*

le * j j ^ j S i ^ L ^ J j <Ajldi j $

lj f j 2

i l j i ^Jlj > - [ J IJ>-

. Jj^Alj tS" i^P 1j > - J j b

J * a Ij ^ j j - o - l A j

Jj 1

j >1^.i JJj aj>-Aj 1j

ljj S

? Jj J L ^
1 ^^ZA a

b c-JpI aS"* I j C . ; J > j T cJ.~o1jj

1J - ^ 1^jf I (__/

^ t^ llA>* 1 J J ^ {

j* -4

L 1^-I j l A-lv^b*- (_I a AAvwl J l,A I

l^l.C b

I j U aTJi.~a ^ J ^ b j aJL^L! O l j j v - J l i a ^ J jIIj V J*>

A ^-jj

l,*^i Ia~<

O b * > ljjJ

. ^ vjljj- ^ ^ .v ll^ L_JJa Ij < jb ijv ^ - -4 J j Ij ^ j * ^ Ij ' (_^Ip ^ 5 \ p - Ij 1j^ " l AS"*
^ jIj

l_ J J a ^ J T jj L i j a$"*J jT _ i J ^ J J. J^C j ^

O iU l^ .^ *J ^ . ^ j\~ * s tJ^J'*2'^' ^ J } lJ L ^ J J ^ J 1-4^

ju

j i 1ijU

A** aS"j j l a j j J*-4^

./.(-^

jl5

J-5

J*3L>C* I j 1J ^'S'J>c^s>-

J j b t j CJ^L4j A%\p - L>- A p ^ j ^ p \ > - jJ

Jj S J '

l{ ^

A^C **-loil:> U ^^ J -4 aS^,jS" J j J J jb . ^ lS " liji I j 1

^ IjJ ^ - C ^ l4' .^*jlvli^Plisl 1C JaaU jI U j j l A aS^C*~J1jj (_J-yaJlb J A (_j~ J

( j L - j l j A ^ J j ^Jpj i AP^isj^jO jl-S j-4 O U U l j lA^ij* U ^ l CO L ^ J ^ l i a S ^ S ^ j j I j
v-~vjI(_$JaI| I j

J J Ij 0 Jj j

(_ J J * ! - 4

lj a

. J ^ I j a u I Jj^J*^?I-^_*,/jI j*AX3tA^.j I j y z ^ o l * * j ^ j ja S -*

O jjv 2 .J

a S " ( J J . ^

j v a j ^ l U j ^ l J k ? - ! U ^ a P ^ i l j j J . J lS ^ jlJ ^ j^

J 1 j^o.1p (_^

^*

JJl/3 1 1 (_Jl^J J ( _ ^ A S " j J

Ja^IIj J jIj L4 Ax^vAjj c ^ . A j^ ji . ^..,*M?rJ a lj> " j Z

1 c j ^ j l ^ p Lx AS^j^jlajla J ^ * j ^va 1j >- Jrt,<aji

aS

" A

j l

i T

jJ 1 j

a T

J S ^ A ^ jlf

"j^"^J

Ij J A I L j I j

i j 1i

ll*.4j j J 'f-

J jL ij

l Jl i oLc I j

(j^ ^

I C- v ^1ai S
J * 4 j (j\l> - j l j S s j . j ^ i b (J-j j ^>" C^lJJ j j j l J j b i JJJ j5 * ^
. J j i b (- p l^ t ^ (^ I j j j i

^ jb U I

i - T cleo lo gy

( J ; * ^ j j. J ^ j i ^ o j j ^ l j

2-

T eleonom y

(jl> ? jlj5s,4 ^ 1

(J j

J jb U

 l o U J l ) a - <

ji A ^ J U -

j \j

ilis^.1 <j I j l j ^ ijS " lS * I i j > - - j \ j b

C ^ I^ S ja Ji ^ < J S ^ j ^ J - 5 ^ J ^ i s * '

)mJ &

%jr> c f J

3 (? *

AjJ^l t9 bw9 . ib ^ l

llP ^ U s b j ^ j l i j l j -

* 5 * ^ 3 ->

b-JS** J j j j J J -**J J 1
J (j

O j J-& )

l_ib J a +>- A ^ lil

^A

jJ JJJa j f- j / J-w * l J i ^ A j - ' ^ j o i j^"

i b J b t J O u J ^ ^ U - ^ t ^ AjL~1# j - J t j *4^u*i
o ili j l i J

\ J a ^ jl

<S\** ^ I P c '. j 3J > -

^ L .3 ?

^ J.

O v o * J > - J w a *-J J jb U . jp> .

l ~^ J 1 A^"" ^ j l j l ^ l

UzjL

I 1 ^""

jl . J jb JJs<2^-

* } j>

O U I a ^ j l j i aS"*(j-J *- ? j * )

* ^ s lj { j I JaK^- I j j l O l ^ j j J jj> j i Aj ^ *5 J*. A i^ lj? - J jA jl j

j l p j Aji~a> ( j j *

jS " j^ j l ^A J jS 'j * { j I j l ^A J J j l j j ^ l JAj I j i

A ^"*^l^j*

. J j S* J j j l o l
,5 \^sP- ^Jj 1$ j \ > 0 JL-b >* Aj

jjjo

b** j

L4 j ^I L^J *

I J *- 4A*1a> (~- V.wJ (_^ J *

( ^ Ia ^ ^ .? - ^ / I J * l ^ f i ^ ^jc I j l I * ^

3^

-,j ;5 lj

tjL -S \J

iy

(_^" ^ "^J J a I j

( j b ,^ l(J

I j j 5- ( j ^ J* ( j l - ^ I

J l J J jji

3J1
'

l^^e*^_5^ J J ^ J. j r 4

j j I j I j 5 s A j 1 i l f - 'J lA lj? - (J J J I j ' ^ i J ^ i f ; , 3 x "ij j b ^ S s J i^ iA l^ ^

jjjv ^ j j j* /' t /L

J jb ^

4X*J9

ai^*I J f j f j y b J - 0 j",<r*,4 ^ v*^6 I

(_jj^v- J j I j J ^ I J J J lflJ * "'S j^ 3

, j~''? J ^ j

(_

A J^

^t>L-i j j $ "

a S

' J jIj

iC .* - l4 A f 1-5>1* J -^ P ( j l * J l j Ij i, 4 > -

O b ^ i J j r j>~ I ^

JAa J J ^ Ia x j ( j U j l ^

u-JblJL* j l j j ^ J o J ^ J j-^

ijc ^ ib j J (jr J>-

^ -j

l-5^

JU f jj^

b 3 <

J A -J ^ -

-la**'jJ I j 3L>j\>- a S ^ j L j j

^ J ^ U l J ^ b i ^ l j i j > - eAj ljj* v ? ^ O l l * - J ^ j

C J J p - j l a^ J U - j U j l d X | j Aj C % i l i JA a Ij ? jS s jJ ^ C b JJj l ^ j
^ a Ij> - J Y J J

i- R a y m o n d K liban sky

(S J~*. j y

jljS s ^

j ' fi? ^

L3J?i

ljL

14Jj LxL-i jio ^\'">J <-J Jjjl*-l>- ^ UUaJ>* j\

j5 \ J .J ^ ;^ A I j J j J j U j j i l

( j ^ j^ l.C

. - U * 1 $ \ j C - * 0 C - ~ l j< J P j L > l

I j iJ.la

{ jf

Uj

Ij i

aS^^AA^S^(_^

__ ^ ^ j l U

&

(j

j a

4$" 'c!L.a^I J j

i <*-^*"I4X~*'jJ

J * * j

<^ U l ^ l

j ' j j i 4 ^ ' I (J

J J a Ij> -

' S ' j ^ - f

J J

Cf*

JJ5""(_/ jSsiiSj S* ^ jj (_jJ^ O j jA^jl 45s^l5^.i _jl. <<***!ij5^JJj c

V UU~o>-

i_ a J U jA

l ^a j

Ij j

j i

(_j.J/

^ j * * x j j *a > - ^a j

I U J j U JJc S " j l J

ji_ /V ijj

jlj

Ij i

<

jv > -

j^ b

4$"" U U iS * j l

4 ^ J ^ lS jA

c-.~o

j l jU j

jl J

)) U a j ^

djj l X j ( _ ^ d j j . 4 I j j

ji

\a

jL

<Jl^ > u ^ r

I 4.$\ JLS" . 2> j l j J j > J

c j v;^'! j i j ^ - ^ j ^

I j j I iJXJAj^ 4$"j jiaj U 4^1; <JLs~4j j J j i

>Jj.jL>(_^ j I j i ^JLk^ 4j>- 4S " ( _ ^ l j

jl

j j j ^ j <(^

UU**iL* C->UU>

. jjjS"^j-uL^^-l ^a LS*^ j JjjS^(^ ^jwL~>j

4 v ^ jl> -jlji JLIj 4xj<li 4S^^j1^cj*>Lm>-Ij jiij jU ^ I jbjtsA ^jjjA J>v2A-lj oJ^w\>jljjiA ^ Ij>

J^j\J

Yo m

J j^ ^ l

* 4 ^ iS ^ j 4 ^ A

J j Li ( j L ^ j l

J j ! y - ^ J J j l J j j S J

^ ^ .a j j j 5
j

^ jli

*Jj I j

u J j 4 r j j J U j l j )

^J i

j^

A iJ ^

0 ^ jia * jl j A

2J > - j l c I * 4 ^ * j i (_$I _/ (_^j^.i^ j l j ^ J I j j

j> ~ I c ^ U U

L wl^ !_J j J >

*o J Lp j j

^ j I

ij i i / * J j ^ ( ^ l j

jr I

J & _ ) j ( j*

Ij^J

o lj

Li

I 4 ^ s J (_$I J> wb*- 4j>- Ij

((J.^l-1 j j _j ( J I * j

i ^ ^ A j 45^"^-.aaA ( j l j j - 4 L< iA o jJ

J L - l( _ ^

i- W ilfred C an tw ell Smith

j OIJ

(())

*-*.- Jv31_)^

4,5

^L i. jlj4*J ^L*^vSIjjI j ^ 4<JJ j j I .

jA4oJ 4Ua ljJ
j^ #

^5L^vJL.^t.,1
ju j r aum Ij - t
I^jj j ^.<4J_jAJA

jljJ-^dS^j^o (^|jj.4* J A^ jUlj j(_ja-4. a5"~"4Xj jl^

J4-^vA oJ~S~ jljj^ ^

^jJti. i_.^jj*'j

&S~~

-,

j-^ l^J* 4^u jJ I ia.J j I

I
u.

IjiJ >

^ & ( j j j

a S s I jL

c r i- P " r ^ - 1 j i j<J

J
.

I Aj lka.

^ S C jiiS si^ U - j j j j l

JJJJ

^JJ

Q *t j i j > - d L o j~ A P j.} OjL ^

^ I c

i U

<jdLj

.^ L j .i I j j L J I ^ j> - j

^ J 'j : j. 4 ^

J. L *A a **w 1j

0^*^ Ij-Lp ^ ! ^jA Aj\j jLiJol X j I ol* d ^ i l j l j i

Ij(( ajj\a.+*\)) ^ $ A z*p \ f j S j ^ ^ S " " ((

jta d S C

j\id . j

4 $ " ^ j l ^ s ;

^ * ,4 U .f-

l j j l 4 I j d jb -^ lk l b iU<a^5l d >

2j

\y\ j

j I

{ j 1 ^ " 1 . JJ*
j

^ n - > - jS*l

^*1

\J*j j

Lj

^ j y

. A

J .jL

b db\j y j j j ^

jla ^

ljl^

j j y

ji

o J jto J

^ I

j j

Cy^

jl^ jj^ ^ l

^ L

^ I O

a a

L * Ij

^ ( J ^ b -

j j

Ij

l ^ ,<^ t

I j l

^"1

Ia c J j^ J j. *

0 -jJl* 5 L j

(J -^

J I a Vs ^ l

J ^ 9^*^'4,d ; tjjlj''^J>{S J J t oJJ&5

dk**u<3
C1^ ( J * ^ J L ?V d k ?-^ l_/

t/J

(( J j U * < l )) ( j < I ( J - ^ j

j J* X C - 4 j ^

^ l

l-4

L ^ ^ C - j L j j ><^j I j j - d ; ojL ji j j U ^ l j O j O ^ - ^ b -L IjIj

j a ^ j ^ b j I j U j l ^ d ^ ^ ' d ^ T O p U l * j J a j S A j l j o jjk ^ ' 'J

C

J U >

4;>ej' Ij dA^

{ $^^ J

j l O k ^ l^ Jd J j ^ J ((fljjia-wl)) I 4

j l OjL U ? 4jL

4$ "

> x <^s

L Jl;^ l j^-xj JjL j\ j l j Okx>tA*w ^

jj^ jS"

j ^ j j ^ ^ j

JA <l^S'j>-\j'+x. J (S J J ^ dlfe^ldJ ^

*4^L>j

j( _ l^

o * L a o l d j ^>-jL> L jli^ JT L J s {^j,\>j 4j

X S ' i J ^jA^- ^*d*dJ O j L j i 4^wl^*A . A^S

o ld j

( jp L

w U S s j" ( J ^ x ia J

L lj ^j > - j a O lp ^ U st
O /

{j t d l ~ ~ A

jISsj lj(J li* lj cJwl^ *4^.15^ Iv ^ I j i b lj

(_<^Ijj t S ^ y j i Ij j

X S ~ ^ k ^ > \ jO J j I l J

o ld j

)) ii5v> t j^^C-a.>ca*wjI45\^ \& A

" I j

>y

- ^ l ^ J - 5 * 4

I p u J lk - r 1
L ^ I ^ jL *

'

(j-4
* "

C .

J .

^ ^ A

l^ l

d jlj

f UjB le e c k e r

. OAi L

dlol^ U "
J > ^ .

l^ a

djL
j

d is j

a P

(_|c5^ " >

C * A * i> -

{j

j &

C /^ - l - I i j > - J J

^ V iJ J ^ Ij^ IIJ a ij Z

Uv I

$ [^ S

c a j

J .- ljP

il^ - 1

j j

(_ *

<_AV.

&

j^ S x * - I

A . ( j - ^ * * l o A i

V *^

C*p ^ . * * J J

j l i

<j'* " ^ J

J L J jI

* a - U j: ^ j

( jl J * ( _ l j

O A > *j

j i

( jJ * S " * I j

I J '^ J ^ J - 4 (S * ^ * j

f j l J > \

a S Z u

S j ' ^ ~ ~ i. ( J ^ L ^

Iw L o

j l j l

A ^ J jI J j i J

( J l* - j l j A f l i

^ * j

l -

-j

- l j j

'

'(jl-jA**^4

ijA > - j i

( jl

- / u *'wJ ^

ijL * < _ J a * J

^A

j l j

Ij

S (j l A

l ^

O J*I.A *J i . j d j ^ j j w ' l j C - A b ^ j J i - l * - J i

K J * a s > - j 1 i i j ^ j l O j L p ^ j i ^ U j ^ j I

J^J

f J I

l< *

j^

J - 4 (JJ a

S "

i j l j^ ^ J > - * A * i> *

l; j

; jjS L j^ > '* A

jS ^

( j

j> -

^ A w L a C * X * J l> -

_ * *

mAj

1**

IJ J J

^j ( _^j

( jlJ

( jl- j l

J J J

(.5 ^ * ^

<J. j j ' v 2 "!

IS

0j

<wX

l ^

I j Ij
' ^

i-

J 7

j j

* * - I ^

If l

J J-^t J ' j r 4 ^ ^ I c S l ^

I j^

A jIj , j -

(J ,j

a S C

**j ! o j l j

. A ; l j ( j A p l* l

J j * * ^ i^ j ? -4 ' ^ J ) F d j v . - ) y
i i j i

j^ J j j - 4

M ycenaeans

i l j i

I f - a S ^ jjlu l - J ^ i j S ^ * w

2 - H ittite s

lj

J .* L v A

A*jSA j
j

))

ij^ - jlJ b ^ d ^ J ) )

w b - lj ( j l j i

( j i j - ^ -

i A j j 5 ( ^ C * i i j j

j j

^ A -

( J U i j/> ^ 1

. A jIj( j l^ I j l

(j\ ^ - ii-S^J

lj( J l* j:J > -

! ' * * I

A jI ( j U l j j j ' . J j J ^ b

^ * > I p j* ^ g j- ^

d -< ;J i j l i

L -A b * J _ il - J

- V

Jj>U-jllftAlSJ/l^lCAS^AJ^^jSCi^ j j V U - ^ ? - U j . (( A\jl(J^**yA-.^Ajl'yiA]l'y )): J U

J jj

j -5

_J^J

jL * j

l i j^ ljjA lc S l) )

I A j I - A * * J

J * * b A l b j i

cJj ^

- A jI j O il* * j l* * * J O

. ( l^ b - i^ ^ jw A ^ ij^ - j l jj^ J

((

j j

C *J J * > -

*6 j l j

*** a S ' I c - ' j o j j o I * x * ^ * I j L ^ * ^ - j 1*j ^ ^ * * iA ^ ^^ c * * w y 4 j l * - - ^ ^ ) j

/ J

j > - 0 > A ^ -S "

i ^ ' ~

A > r J u ji

t J J A j I A l* * S I

^ J j^

^ ~ 4 -?

U ^ > U ? I ; C * * * S li

' l i J ^ J " J - 4

A -j i

^*ft - J

"j j

<* - '* * * ^ ( J T ^ -4 (' ''A ^ > i j ^ i

j* ^ ^ jjjj^ lA * j j/ jjljlL > ijr * 'J " *

( J j_ / v* ^ ( _ a ! * ^ (_ l^. _LC j y u

. *-^ I

j j

^ ij> -

^ ' ^ I j ^ j- * -

U " jS C j i

^ jlj

l> " A j L j
j j j

^ jv a > -

\,^2h.b^l

JwS'c.^'4 o lS b -jb

U .^ jb

j-o J ^ j b ^ i * j

t C-*^P (_Ia

j^ J

< -jjk j

C (_^Ij ^ j 1(jU*>lA*vl^jA C

iijJL* O U - ^ U a ^ l J XJji^J (j? j> -

aj 2J.

a 'Z j X

OUa..U .

J > -lj ljy . AlC,a> J J

A ^ y .)

[ X * A

( j J'-'-A^ lJ_)

j b ^ i _;*I O U b

'

^ j l j S l

O N lj* -

I j l f * I '^ o L j J

jj

jj

b e ^ lc V L c jb J I

a S ^ IjjJ ^ IJ * - ^ a I j

> -^ J

4S^

jb

^SC^IS xAa U l

C -^ IO jlil*

^ U lT *3 j

-j:
U (l/J

j /4

A ^S A a J

<^blIj

(j-4) 4 ^ d ^ l w U ^ b (_^l^~ J ( j b

<

I jl^ I (_jw A j

(j 1^,4

aI'^ U -

U^4\>-^\A.J j i (j^l^4

. ^

^ f ; ^ b iw_->lj>- <_lj

<-P Aj wbl) X S " t j

j$ J

^ J

l^r^lA^j

JJ^

p j

J . S [ j

2 j > - j l ( L-^iwaA^*

L <XX^

^ jip

^1 1

l^ l J^

^J^J<jS*W^-Vlxlj l^)i

(JU^-UJlSj-U- ^i'Au Ij^ I j 5 J a (J,j ^ j b J?LJjI cJ ^ j VicvdL i^ l^ b l *4~J &

ii5 vi

(JA-00 . ^jb ^jS" O jL j -IAA (j^ l) C -*5v>-lj <!/>- (_j^ X ^ o -

4!)Ip

2 j b o j l i J (_yb j j j A j d & j (_$Ia4^*wIj > A j

jL J I

(J;\j>"

a's'

wAAx**<b j l c l t^j

J ^ ijb jj
*

(j\ib4 Ojj^ ^v*j<jIj (JpI

jb A ^ b
1_

P a u l T illic h

(_j~*\e-

iS " jj (_^Ia0^l^jl?~ j l i,5sj^a ^''.xj i^ X o>- Ij

. J.Jlj(_^ ( j ^ b j j
^

ol j > -

(_^b I Jtj+fAj 2j\2f^X~J ^AjIj^ i)\^>-j\ L b J j l

| j C-AA j a (j> I X J IX>- ^ S " X S a S " j <

**aIXa

^ j> ^UIjUxA j l Ij wLib ^Ij'IiIaU *Ai j i j l ( j b j j ^ I a~ XS*^j (.5 j $ J

.(JLa^IaAL ^yJ_)jj I f I *>

iS j2

!>UlS^(i,SvJj j l S ' lj > - j l i ^ J j

^X,L^

A Z Z jf J ^
2-

lX{~'

Ij j I l^> I Aj Jajj X**A^ ^J-415^j 1^ l^l X a

C -^ U ^ J 1^1 JU- j^> 2

lwi>- o X ^ js j' C -U Ij 2j >- jL ^ j^ -

S) ^-*^"j*~a>-{}\%'j}
J *

J-5 *^ b ^

M ahayana

L* ^ ' j j

. XX~*jj
'j^ _ p -

3- H in a y a n a

j / l qI-sjI

j l

(-S L

J** LA1 "^ j j -}

_/dju j o.i;S ilil^ l ^ jb jlJ > -lj-5 ^

jz iy ^ j j sic y I d.wj-4 <l./ ^ ^*\A Jl-*- *AbU- j /

Lji ^t>b*jlJJ * j L o
^ jlJ 4 j/ljl d iv jA ji .
Ijj/^ o b
J jb

j j A

S"j * j \ j-XC

( y J'l J

J *

)jj^ " U j

^ J>

JW

c iae AUfij O ^Y Jl* ^-J-i

j*^" l aS"*

>w J

*jjfc" b 4 * 5 ljj /c ? IjAjIU j^ j i ^

y j j J *

j~ b

( j )

^) cJl*^

U j^

s .P ji

. ilfd U

ojIj Ij j j

j.~J aJ j

J j^'s (Jv?l;>"

L**T^' ^ .i^ lJ ^ jl j.A t.- d S

&

- ju ja ^ lj cb^.\5 c /l

^ jl JJ(_ ^ jdJ ^"Ijl J *^ l> -(il J

^'^'lJ. (Ia J2-4 jbl5~^v.

S * 3 J

jl ^ i l - * 4 j jjjv 3j

0>A _J _ J ^ \ .J (-J.J

JjJLJ l-^i

jL b l

(^ljlj l-^g l^* l * l j j J+1J

iA*;l) C_-<~0 OlSjlX** Ij >Aj1AX^-*1*AS*j * - l -**1 l.^(_/^_J

'

d S ^ > J

jL j j i . vl^l) (Jj*0 (JJ . M C^lAyJ-V^jJ * M J *^*;* J (*d<-SAjl J'-J*'-'4

(_^lj

(J^^

(_^1

J>- cj l j *l (*--^J^

. .Ajjd< l^ld.^^5^dJsJu jlc b J j^ 5 aS"^cs-ilj A".A.b jlliJl jt a ^ illj

(Jj^lj^CA J
(jl

\ ^ 2 .p t ..' ^

j (jJjT C**<l4I>-Li
C -~ & - >

Ijd jj ^5

^ jip J O L ^ jIjj ( (.*^v3 0^ lj C.^1 f ^

J i

(j.o-l^J

^-*U5sJl aS^^.*LI (^Jjjj^^JI J^-4 oj Ijj ^ (Jl>- *4i^sjj >.^* ^ J j

wU^-^A Z j ^ ^ J lr ' l j j ^ l i j j j d5^j4j, j l j j V

( j b j a T (_^-5*(jl Jj(_^ (J,j
JL ^ X j

a5"(JAX

I j T j l j j w U j^ '

l J^-4
Ij

^ iUX*Jl j T j i j l j j l ^aa^J <J !** ^P- JJjSL* ( J l j j j l

(j>Lj1 ^j^>^vaid j>Xe (i^J Aj

O l^ j> L j j

(Jl^idljLvsljj j l j j j l ^^slj

wUs^-j4 I l Ij j ^t ^ J ^ l J 4^wUa I^Ij"jj (>L>-jLljb . i j A jjljJ ^ ts;^ jj*^ ljj A^vIj

J -^ 4 AI>-Lw O U -s^ Ijj . ^ jlJJ jl* J l^l j l ^ 1 - l S * & Aj (j o.>k^* jj a .) O L ^ I j j J
J j ^ j y J ^ (- ^ f*.

j*XC

l , ^jliAj i j ^

c^**

f J ^ i J i-. l J *^ I jI ^ ^ * Ij

(j^- 1 - - * * j Ij ^ jl*l ^ j w i

<***I(S
j \

^o-l^il AjllaJ.
* fi
^J'"-Vl y

4j Ij J

j i

aS

^ ^

i S * -) J .

J d-.**>l jU ^ J ( j l j

J* > * l j A l j ^

<S

lS sJ ^ jb J

^U~ j

^ c,

\ > - j <s

jj-2 ^

j>

(_a1xs-

^jv*> ^ ^ b b b

i S

U J / ^*

(_ ^ Ia a i^ j jO

jl^ -

I a!^**jj U ( j l _ j 1

ftlj> -(_ J k x J jljJ i C ^ . i l j i

(_^I-Ap ( J L ^ j a

IjjI

^ t>bl

^ jIj

I4

-b jb

(jlijh ^ v j.5

jA * i j

C ^ I ^ a LLvfcU*
.Jjlojl j $

"

T^v>-I

. Ji

oISn.-i-j 1w\.j

a5^ (_^j"1^2^

J - 5 Ij

JA

\* ^

ja

^2 . j

cJ j

[)

4 . J i b (J l^j^' J ^ ( s I

( j-4 j ^ ^ j

o ^ r

J j IjJ> ^

.Aj I c ^ U S I

JJU ^ L c a SCL j l j l j b U i r l^ aJ a^ L ' j - Aj U ^ j l 5 C > - j r jU ^ i J j j > ^ j l

J .jl y

aS" ^^(_

^^-m/*

(S ^ j j

jl

j > t - o b

o I S s j _ /J

Ijt ^ ljl

.
(j I j ^

jL ~ j

Z>j > - j

Jj Aj .

l^ -v w jb 4~wJi^i

- ~^*J^ *

{.

4A~Js (_l_J

lj(jlj.j|

y *~

Ij < j US^

o - ^ a j t s ^ j v ^ 4 J^SfctSs-4

d l ^ , w j b (b^v* a S" *^j j C-^L^*4 j b.~*j

(_ jlS " ( j ,\?' Aj 4$"" ^ JJ

Aj

^ - + a* * ) j S \ ) ^

o U H k , * 0 ji S ^ I a S

^ Is jA ^ j

aS^ (_ I d

J3La

A$" v ^ la ^ ^ i j l j

^ c j l ^ aft j l

o l5 w i lj>

b IjIS n * j -IjIJJ j s
jl

i - v!j

ja .)

*j b j - 5 j * j j j "

, L-.b4J ^ (j\J { Cj \S\

( j l _ j I ^ j5>l-JJAA L i O - j j ^

o X l

V p j^

J J ^ ^ ik -L * \ j j - * j ^

^l^Vvwjl^

I j b b l S ^ j j J iO ^.4

A>-jJ>

( jf-

? O ^A>- jf a ; j j l

(j^2..->t.JL (J^ )

*2^ " ^

JjS

'

Ij j A

^^>-1
?

ji j

tjA

^ s jl^ A 21

O ^^J^
?:

J C .^ l J > J J l ^ T ( J j i a j M

j \

\ j

^ .ij

(_U j A j5 " j x U '

~ s-

A ix ^

a 5 " c . * - 1J V I j * - l ^ j l ? C . ^ X ^ - i

( j l j I j^s ( _ $ U a ; \ > ^ j ^ .j!jJj a$"

j' ^ j - 4

J J U j J - i j ^ j j j l { I J ^ j P *A ^ 15 i j i j I jS s
j ^ j - 4 J j ^J

J J* ^ J

v l - J U d 5 s O j-

J jj

'
aS"(Jj

a^

'^

S j

i j j

^j

C j^ ^ 1

r .

^ b j 4! .

L ' j -5 j^J ^ J ^ J

^JJJ J
C^j'-~iJ
.

' l^dib ( j- v j

jba>- c j.bl

L>tJIp
jb>9 IJ

(_l_j

(j^l

j / l j Ij

^j^2.>\ j2 S " *

j l jA*. (j ja* jl aS~( .*IA^A

w C v jle

Ij

d*^-4 bs**ob oIj-^j

f j * * ) Ia a a a J ( J

a9

t^ J l * J (2 ^ J

(-J I j J a A ^ -

^ j b

J^ S* I j j

j l

I o ld A b w

lAAdJj

^ J ^ \ )

jjA A - ^ *

JL >

jJ -J ij

j j ^

' Aj j L

^idb jL T b d .J jj

aLjIj aS

j U

^ ^

*\y2.> jbx*1
*! ( _ / 1

aS^*o I.

O
I

^> J * * * J

$ ^

j o m I ^ a ^ l * j l j ^ j b - !

Aa*AA*

j j l

4 > -

7 *" L a l

jIa a a J

Ij

I aAaA'

l ji? l>

^ J j * " * . / ^

A -o

f_jb P * <waa 4j fllSbblj Jlj-wj-4 Aj

Ij bljl$^^_boU^ (jd^* ISxdj li O

Ij \ ( J yAjlj 1j/\dU
S
^y*\yjj

AS_/Pbk A ^ sltljl I j y

^ A a jL C

aS j I I j j > - aA>aJ ( _ y d j> "

I^ S a ^ a J b

.A

A ^ A A b

J ;S 'd .5 b lS ^ tjb ^ lv s ip l o b J ^ j ^ j b l y e ^ j . j b
A ^ Ij j (_^l^XsdiJ x

jl j

I"asjp ldlb A
^
""

lj jl il A > j j

jJ jj

t j j j <_isi ^i^j y jb j i j i o i jb Jij .)ja oiSsObj^ j ^ -J \^j ^ u -j jiA

_ /j j

c J 5 l dJ.JA2>- Aj * : j r I j

lj

_ j

AfT 0

**U:^lj>- y * jl Jl j

j y

jb ^ d

. ^
aA
j diCAy
j>-OUjlJaj.t JUly^ Jd'd.Sb olSldib jbj>tdib j l

C
uI^sja j

!a^a5j j

j iS 's S j *

j" * l

o^ a O
I
j j* a.1^1 ' /I 5 c a j

^^V (JllljAJ lSsdjlcj j l j l OSjd . jI

j 1
A
J.J Ij i ^
1
jljA^l UJ O^ldAdj^

(( J

UO$0 j

jl_/l

IJ U OrUj ^A^J ^jl ^Lj'J jaO )

Ij

A ^ ll

j l ^J,.? 0j j i * , b j l j

\ ^CAi

ijtJ
(jt^^

L*^ 1

A ***

"

dliC-lilj

((

( J j lJ ' J j * d S ^ J y i\

4j ( ^ U j U I L

CA ^ i\J i <tJj ja C

4>L*Ji

j -

))

J r.^ ^ l a jlj

m <\ ^ jU
(( C-*j Ss?>J C-*A j- M diajlj j

\++*'[j

))

t S j Z j A c^b^l j ^ j ^ d j
W *

((( J u l

J > -

J S A

W *
((

^ \ > -j I I j

( J

j j

( j J b S ' j \

^ lJ

C f^ f

))

j c T I c ^ l j y j j j t ^ 1 -^ j c*aX
<^_-.a

ji (

j y .1 aA/>J

T olerance = ) ( J j S L * l ))

^j^iljA'Js

^5*^* lH^J Ia9

<0

A^ol^ (J

Ij

AA3 J J s

^N^liSl j A

5 aIa^^j Y

l5\*Ajta

vJL*S*

dJ*AiJ j\ S^^ j

jf *$*""^

^33***^3J^33***^3J jIaX-C^

c^w^-'4

( _ 4 1j>~ ^UlST

4j LS""" ^fV'4 ^ wIjIax^I^

^ J ^ 3 J :^ " -? *-*^; ,iJ J '4 ^ 3 *

. -Aj U:?^L JJ-kb j-S vU c* ^.pIj

AdU a^

=^j \ Q&xtss^S

j;D

t= 3 1 IA 4a^>

ju tc ^

a * i$

j~ jjji

^ H

J J C ' j ^5

((

js

jj

*^ j j

CA~li )) UJ I j k J *

i^^,)j\i\*'a ^UaA)w\jI (_^l^ ))

\ ^ *\ ^ ^ 3

0 * 3 ^

O^J^

( j b j { a ^ J j l P j ^ ^

<jL* >)
(-j

jy*\ j>

l^*jb j i

(( ^ \ 4 a~a *4*J j\.JjI 3 j p j j O - b - j

^ ^ V

< - j l

< j l j * *

J^^

))

(j

*\j

(( (_^bJ i eA ^ -bji (JJ*-4 (J, J (*A ))

^ m?A S ^ ^ j 3 d

Aj j j

^J/o S > 3 J A i S 3 ' j d j > j

((

j^p\*Aj l j\j5

\^*\^ ^jAj\a

I ^ j4 -

OUJll

IjlSsjT olSj-*ib (

A))
*

Y*

c J j

* y

r j

J .p -

* jIjj J liir jIj^ J lJ U P j J U ^ V ij- l * U

*\

U 4 J lS v * j
^ ^^ aaxI ^ j I j^

=
j l - w ^ l ^ l j AXjS*(_^1 _/ l i j ^ U

Cj l J 1
^

J jl J

^ < > y

' j

^j' I o j j

^ a JL w j aS""(_^Ijj > e U > l

j ^

Ij

j l T (_j l j v i J j j J l c - J a j

aj^

AX>-L* ^ j - I j j U

Ij j s - (_

l j j > U l J j 1 JIaX>-U< ^ftl j

J j* jJ lj~ U ? o j I j j

o j Ij j

jo

a i^ j

(3^ c ^ I

aJLvj Ij^

^ U ^ I S * (_ jljjIIiA a P

> -

jjs * 3

x ,*j

A-*~>*xj^ j l A I - i l l j * 1 j l

a S(_^Ijjl^

j> ^ *

. o ^ x U i j u - j i l; i

% -.&

j u * j

L)I

1 I ^ A j

^j

> ~

A^^ j

^J

{U * j

p^-U J j

U -lj i j

J AJ

. A j j ^S^jC ^ U I j U

L? * '*'1 ^ I^ J

J 1

(J j .jIp jU > j* j

*A i> -jA

A *v ^ jA jU lU f

J p ^l~* A ^ A ^ J (_U>I ^ l ^ J

j l c - j l ^ a ^ l j ; ^ ^ - j l > - j ( j ! j I I j j ^ s- U I j C-..*-!^ j ^ ^ l i * * !

j X

j ' ~

>

jjjiU .il l j

l j J > * j l _/ 0J ^ l p J

^ j l

<*, J ^ 1 J

j j j \

j +

^ j l j j ^ - J * ^ -4

A lijS ^ jlji J * l ^ J

A A w jj
. Aj Iax~*>-

( j-

lw ^ j j *

ts ^ ^ *

L S ' j +m ^

1j

a U ^ jj \

\ j i j b x c * j j l j
Aj j%Jli * a J U j

dJ l j j > s U . j l

iJ

*A ^

Aw^w^^*"jl>-

(_ ^ U jI ^ j p j O U I

*w l^t.jl

*
_ J

aJL*So

=. kj>

^ *a l5 s J lj ^ s ^ s j jJ (_ lj^ .il. b j O U L i * J

(_5j S O U L i * 7 j

4J> *j

.i

bw I

j j j

j *sj _j

j\S "^ j
bb

t ja>*

^J***

j ~ j j j

<jbAd i

l JJ^JJ

J ^

as* j

A ^ jj jJ a :

^ j

3 j l iLlX*l Ij

c J x .J jS -^ j

4 , ji A *^ j Jm

^P o J U j I _/ L - j U S " "

. < *>! Aid b ^ b i Jj2 ^ (.^A^-4

"*j

(_^taljl ^c-<.>&<i^J Y

c J r

^ Ij

J j - * ^ Ci^-"4
I 43b

*A
jl j

((i^
Y
>
b
**l a-JUj^

*A_W ^ boWI ^

1
))

iAv>^<
^w l

^C ,} jAA

$ Y

J*-*A 4 ))

*A^('- J

J u*a T j><j\ j ^ a L *v* _ r

'.J J ^ ' J

((<_jlJju- C^Ia M
-

))

j \j t S f & j j * J J ~ * J J t
(^-U&b) ((bj j l -U(*!>UI ^1 ))

(^^-USsjb) J j \ j jw z y r J

j $'\

&

( i $\j j U * )

(jva.X^aSv) C- x^ U

AjJ_

A-s^5^ P

^P

4.*Ip j } a \

J J * J 'T J
aS

"

J . A Ij

iS j l _}JY*

^J~*

j j j j - 5 < - ^ ^ ( 1 /^

Oi-L* l ; j A+*+a^A ( 3 ^

^Ss?~

J ^

<Sj l j . A * * '

tjU s ! -

5J ;s

_/ ^

a^ i v ^ A V V

^tsiiXS"

( J

i>*

C-PS-* 1

I ^Lo~.
L>*

A>x.k^p

\ AV

(J-4 (jrT-b* J Lj ' Jjrw-jl ^ x -^ p y OlJ.*jj ^1jr 4>o^

Ij (_jl J

O l^ tA b ^ l

aL?* j l

^ * o d 5 \jl j i

f? ~

jj

* T > * T j cJl>-

j\ A*)\a j j\

Ij

jl^ s l

A>x.A-P A A

c J a i^ l J ^ U /

^ j J js

aa^Xaa a>xj^

*Aa*\a A>xjup \*\A

j i

A l S l

jS " z j j+ ^ jj

. C * * Ia ^ J j

j~X *>

c -jIs S ^ -I

c_->1>-

aS""(^pI^S^^I .aa^\sI a ^ < J U A T

aJl^

AjjJl^j Y

j^s-"^ j j ^ j j **i j j* ^ j j*2<^3 ^c A ^ * . i *^ o i S s^ ^ j b

vV

:>^ ' LIT ^IT olSiJb 4JU jL iJb (.^jjiatAi &b j ij-.

_^5

jlp

^ j 1jjJ ^ l

j j l j j l o V l *mj

.
A 1 5 "U > -

l C-**

C .* l ^ 1 p

(*L w

1(

iijw '

Ia^i>lS^

C - ^ ) C J x J J S " :>

OVl* J'

aS" ^b>l>- Aj jJu'i

J ^ I ^ J A 2 > - ^ \ a

c, U

lk >

a!

<jf

\ . 1- i

a l 5 \ J j l Jj

\5 \)

O jjv^

I ^JS"" 4> 0_^ JJ^J ^ j J _ ib j* 'j# l < L * .

w**1 .4 / b
(_^^b**l <Jl^l*ili?

^P ^ j^ lp ^ l b
<U*j ^ j i c

.
l^ ^ iljli ^J.M^ J j "^J^J4 bwS^)lj> J j I j ^w *11
J J

j- p \> -

Ju^n*j (_^bt<ji^

J *M j < U jS *j \ J

1^

_j

t j ^ ^ ^ - i -* Aj r b j > t ^ * . j l ^ J

- ,J

^ < P (^ U j2 p I l

A^

J*rI aS""JjjljwUl Jj> u* - ^ 4 o l ^ i j l i L^bjljlj 1^b I T , < ^ j L I

l_ ^

I (_^l J I _/^P j L^l _/ I l j ^>6*jl^

i^ jJ ^ 4o lS v i li

Ip (_Ia jb tu j* 1 Js.'ij

. J J jlij ^ J

jl

j^ *3 JJ&~*

Ijcil1 j ^

j^ J {_k' ^ <~ JbLfl<4

C -J U ^ I j J ^

j j

tS^ I jI^ j^ p ^ t jt^ ,j l

(J ^ j^ l j ^ j ; "
. J jU j j * 4 ^ t J b J

J**<b

l$ ^ jb "

0 UJU2-.

A ? j

jj*

aS" j l I j l

X 4 lijJ (Jl J 1 j l j ^ j j b

*<Jl**jj aS^

****>*'' A3 j Ssj j l j t (jj- O

j JjlajS^^k lj

j 4^ji-Ul

li

oU jlk* <_j 3" * jj ^ aS^(Jlj

.

<

>US^jl ^p!

cj'^71' l*"U*-l jl (jC

jjJ^ j l j 1! j ^ J * A) j4 [ - (j^l5si*o

j ' ;j^ (j-J^

0jIj j

ljj>- *aJL*j

oU I ^

J*a!j >"^ aS"(_|I*mj1 <_l!_/ j J J j j ^ ^ j i ^ s:*~J c'^-

. lT (J|Ja1j J J j j l jO (jl j j J jSsi'

j (jLJl (jj

<jl^ 1

l_/lJ-5 (J-^ * J ^ J j ^

(j-uil AkJp

,(^*^1a i j T j ! j j p L j ^ J l J L ' i P j^ * aS"~jc>-1(JU<w\-^2j I j A v ^ b " l^j^'Jj^^ (J 4! ^ 1

J(jpp ^_jip Alx*j j (_ j P j (3j-^1j-^sA) j^-4 C^l^

I* OlJj^- Aa*mjj A
.

1, -ij-^T j

(_^^Lv*l >
. 1l*Jik^* A***J.* jS a l^<i\j A
j A * * * * ja

J j i o U Jlk .
tS l*kp1

l&ljl (JlP(_^lJJ-J J-S'div* ol5w)l J lp OUilkj l i i ^

J.jJl (j~ Jj
. J

^L(_^ J JS> ?>j* o l5 s iJ b (JIp o U J lk ^ j cA s ( j b l j J a ; j l 7 l^ -1 > b j J j U j*Jj j

1JX-A

jj

^ j

a^ mja

<

^l>tXj 1

(jr_l

J k > < j^ pJ c S j b l JJ-4' J j j 4 J

jj jj*vijj> J vL**'lJ*S'(i5v4 l5s~jl (_^k*l0l*J lk-4 Am**j a

b*ul

^ J / ' j Jc^""L5vJb (3^^

. v^l .

olSLiJbj

J ljU w l j J U J ^ j

j ( J - S * o l 5 \ * J b (J^ Lu1

J J J ol5wita (Jjb* ^L:*lj lj^LS\^jl ^ b l

JJ^ '^ .

L ^ J ls^

ojSs*JI

^ . 'j

. Jjl (JlJjliJj l31J^l *A*Aj^ (j 1

(jvA J S < a
(ji^i >

ol^JJl

a L ^ j jT a^jj j

j j i y j <^UiU; j o u >

jl ^

^jl*A (jp lol

^ > > ji

aJ*- a ^ J ^ (jrj
J '.-

3j ^

JsS ^

jlj

I j *Ai j l j

4j2-***15 j I

',)j j

^ ^ * % j j! ( w ^ j * * ! * ^ a/*jj

<U2^tl$ Ij (( 4.J l* X * (

lj

(J* ^

&a * t 3 j* J L

C -^ U jj5 \j

-j? J

ka

j.*-*!**.-

--Aj ( j j j

) ^ 5 n *j *-Aj

I 4 - I^ l j ^ i

L ^ - ^ -vgl

J f 3 't ^

l i j ^ p i J j j A ^

(_^*> l^> l U J l I t A

0 l5 s<01 i

^ r j l ^ - j j - 4' ^ j ' J j

w^ j l - vUJ

* ^ 4 .1 p C * J l ^ i 4*^<J^ ^ 1

o j- o - ^ j l j

j l

I j i

jL <1)1j> \

J U i ^ Ij

( >Ij l

1-ra j

^ j j I^ j > * j j I j ^ 4 . 1 p

jaa

')

"(

l j

(1) I j l j J ^ J

t - ^v^ l f w

ISs^Ia

f > k_

C - O ill^ i

(_ ^ U j

Jljj* j ^

. i ^1>

jA

(_jLj5> j^>tX/' \^*\V J ^ l j j J^

l j l ^ 4

$ j

4a*.**) ( j 11 ^ X * * ) lj J

o l j r* i ^ b

j i

1^

< 1 )1 ^ j

^ \ V d U (_ ^ i ^ A i j - j j j j j

j! j

:jl
i

C ^ m J jL p

I j J -S

/ ;

(w * # jS j l j

. i/ jlp T

i^ 1 4 ^ i> - ^ t> ^ i (Ji^j p j

j I m * * ) ^ l J

^ J ^ l ^ ' l 4 ^ -J J

I j l j l > - J J - J J

^ j'j3

*<***I l^ j ^

L-**llj I j l

( J j 1 * a !? - j

\* * \5

i 1^*Xj J v^slj j^A\i"j I oL4A**i

O ^ S * > l j c J j * ^ *5J J - 4 J

* j y

ja \$

45""

a 5 " " a x ^ I ^>j > - j

v . _jA^aJ 1 j( _ |4 ^ ju i j / > - u ^

1i

s^ i J ^ ^ ^ 0 j^ j5

t i5 v o IS s^ I a I l ^j I

. J ^ j ^ j X j( _ ^ jj^ p 3 0 ^ l 4 X ^ i j ( l ) I j A j ^ J ^ - ^ - U j

(1)1

4 j* w .l_ j ( *.**'I l X < *

^ J ^ *J

4 * jl j l

j I j I L lj l

^ J - p > - L a j

(J > \ a * * . (j

C* ^ P

-s5""I j ^ A

fr
l U l l a * *4

l i l x ^ l 45"" j j S

_ ^ > - l ^ 5 x ; > - j a S \j* U > -

Lj*j ji XtJ

(1 )w U T j j J

I I J ^ * *

i4 *< % *li j l

* l p I (*A ^P

la j. - ^

, j ; La A j U . I x 5 j j j * 5 j ^ & j J J l o i j j ^ j t j ' *

j i

l j i J ^ " (_?^_ / l l i ^ - J

c j^ H )^ * 0 J U I j\ a

)) 4$"" X***_j 4

l (_ k ^ - J ^ l i j j i J >

j *Aj^S\a) l_/ IJ i 4.**4j I

c jljj^ j

( ^ ^ l * * ) l A A & - l 4 ^ \ * jI _ J i

^ J i^ I^ jj ( J j ^

u , jl -^J^ 4 J^ ^ Ijl^^l'*41

( _ I a J * j 4 5 \ z > .p Ij

I jij^ -

4+*+*J* (

4 j (_^S sj A * j I j ;_ ^ l.* l O U j l l a #

4 ^ ^ ^1

I c - J

>

JlA

se j j (2^^ ( 3 ^ <

I jij^ -

CiUJlk-i

;_,'li j p

^J ^ "

.JA A

* j

Aj-oJi(_tCs*

J 3 ^
j ^.a|j J ^ 3 vavAAL*a aS"

(_IjA \ J Ij
\As>A \^

I A jl * j Ik.JAj A . A
, '

\0

j l^- O

lS ' .^ s j a l5 \ ; . s ^ U a A b *.a ^ j A . o ^ j b j A -U J-^ la

~~

.v^Lj* . ij***- ^ JP ^A j*
j l J L - A^ O J L a
Jj^ a j

( j \

l )I j

U I j L o O

,* J jA ,>_J

li- Ij (_J j

S . ^

jj

A ^A

J S '2

0 ,- o j - ^ j "i< \ r i v

J > i A j a v A P j J A>- J J JA A . a J j

>Aj

O a A Ja ,S*i a I* 0

AAjT j b b * j

AJ La A*_b

Aj U ( j ' j I j U j-~L sjA ^ ^ J

* S lj J j J

a a^ > - Ij' i n

a L v jJ

J^J.5nX.a

A 4 > l P j

t-i i b U lS j
*/
' -P*
o

<

^ .ib ^ l Ai Ab j

j j ; yb
I

*1 / I APl i < A*^A * j l > . ; -k sj v4 !>

aIp a>P 1-a O

j ? -Jj_A j Aj j j Ij J j ' j

^ k j .5 . C -> - ^ _/ Ai J

( j ' j j * A^L J / j A j sj b IJ

>j -

- V--*J

a,

j l j r ' al5 L: b i t u - l J s t jC A ^ a

a^ U j j

j (_jl _/ 1

-J

2 * S ~ j

O 1>- ^ \ .A a]1^ jj

J j AP- j l x i j filj I Aj^Aj

^ - j A Jj_wlj _J>^L) J

^.jA j

^ jl jw - ^ A J l jA ^ j cjl lT J j j j'- L P J J j j j ^ J l T j (5 j l j jjA ] J ^ i J ^ a j j j r w

. C -ijS T j'_
^p !j AJ
A^

jJ

.S A *A Ia

C -A 5 1\j%A.a J~ ~ J j j

USA A a

,t J b aLLa)) j l j A j
A^ p - j
j-j

^a?- j

bUlS^ja

lx J b

J -A /j

J J ~ * J J "

a^" j a)1-w j

jy

( j'j1

A P i

^~.u51

aj

aJj

^L

b j 'j j w '

j'

A j* " ^ A j AlS j,* ja J

A 5 A j i J O I p J a J * A i ^ .^ k ^ ^ j J b 'l j ^ A j l i

^liT

- j - * ' ^

A\j

* 'A a j

c>^b j ^ U - V ajL ia

A a A a j Ij J I Jjvs

-5 A>p>l?-

^ .b J I *a5CJb i b - l

1^ ^

Sr'^-

A -^ ls A A .^ - aj ^ 1 > - j l j f - J 5

i_ .->ti o l

^ U -j

A '^ ( b ' j ' l J A J i A ; ^

^ j* j V L j * - j ^ J 1 ^ j '

aiS'

A-jA ^j j .4 ^ j l j j w

Ap U - j a ^ 1

(_$L^.JI^i

(53J.J > f (5Aj-. i^liT ^r v

. J j A i * lj.fi' j ^ * e l ^ A j

V-P J-

^4j,=-j

j-b^A

(_/t>UI O W I U

(jL-P OUj2^ j C J\ *a- 'odSUoli (jjUsA-^i j l

. ijli jly

liblS" j j.>S"jl i \s S ' c_Jbl j i J l y ) j-4

*4>ji JU b J U j i OwL j i

^ **'*'*^

A + + *y

li^ -4 o U U J i

X j l wU.Ua ^j^oUx) 4A-J L^ljl-^ 45^(_ jb j> U jli

Ij^ ( P H . D. ) S y Z '^ ^ a -j -b>-b JU*^cUj U w L jj (M . A

J j^j

dj^lp 45 c_><-xl^j< I ( j j f - (_Laj j Z S ' j i I 4jLU (JU^j.* j

ju (_^l)Ul (jwLC ^Jj

4*wwj- (j* I j U J

(_jS\ *4.U- 4j {_/*}Ul l^A- (J^l J (_-* U* ^ j b

)) U a I x ^ u I p y j ^

aS^"jI< iJaj- j b j > U j I . ijii(_ ^ U?jl2*-4 Ij^ 5*" U oU p

^t>UI)) j ^ !> U Ij ( _ j ^ J j

j a ~A$

b j j i 4UwlS(j ' I j l j w U jli J \j

)} j ( ^ ^ U o > is ; AJj l ^ U j U )) j ^j U l

J (J * a - A)

(((_/!>U I (_ lA jj.^ S " " ji j J | > J U - j i

. a jj^ s "!y I j c j b j j l j b j j i j

j l (J liU - l UwU> ^ I ^ I j j wiUi ^j^AHfb <_i j U

jw U a ia -I j

^j - ^

^ ^ a ^ jl^ jl
^ .a U ^ ^ U l

jw\Xj U I j i

j U l (_I a j j J l S ' j I

\ ^ o Y J U j i 4^**i -j

j I^ j^ I

I
U jjJLS"

{ j Iji ^ j U l (_Iajj-.5^4-^3U ^Ip jU a l w?~jl (Jb j?x , jli j j

jwU jIo ^.p UaIx^(_^I^aISnJL)Ii j i ^ y *~ J j ^ l ^a 45^wUlA-i

A^uU- wUjb* ^ ^ .A -jjJ b U ( ^ I a U 4 j A ^ ^ y y I J U o O ^ A j f I^ J ? ji . JUUa

l ^ j ^ l j l Jb j> c A jIi (j-1 wjli J l i U l J*,s<a>v
(_$j.'jwbl j J l j p j o U J j j i j l j

*<z a j

I j i jA x^ oli 0 * i j > - j i J jlT l^ A

^ j l l i j j h~v""b j ju a j b b r j

U a^wA IaAa I" j 4a\S^j b ISj 4j

.
^j^U*A-l jl y t P \ ^ *\ J U lJ

fc

j l i J*^ J

f
jO j j l 4*^4ij- { j | b j ^ U i l i j O lib ^ l

A*)A&rl

L j y AS"* dA.i(_ id) Aj j ^A) {j \

ja \

J -X j

ji

4$"* O J l j l j ^
l

jld l

j$ y

i 4j.

U > " J l> - C l^ b j

4 ^ bl

^j l p j O L o l

( 1/ ^

( ^ j l ^ - 0 d ^ - 1 Ij J d b

^5^

p l >j j
Aj

\j

4j ^j &>- j ^.S\j I j

j\i

.A ^ d b b l l d

jj^ jd / 'j'
ja

^U^l;j a .

< j~ ^ "

d w il^ -jl?-

d I lSbd%*J j ]

^ 4j.

I , d ^ ) b 4*vw**l^.4
J

* * .) j

4*b l

A * * . . * * J-

Ij d b b j C * s > -

Ij l d l S s d b

I j d j b jO j l ; I d y I

( 3 ^ p - ^ J

* ^ j d - i b OJ j^ *d W A f'jA . - d^NJ J^

^ J

a [ ^ j

Ca \ J

->' S bU-L 'jTjlf x &ojblj w > dj

JU l j

o Jd T

d j

^bb

4 d i j b j j td.5\>-

' d d b ^aJ ( jl y I ld u d ib ^A d b

>-

j '

4$"t _ * d j j d ' 4! d -1

b _ ^ j id * .* 4 > b j I S s I j - d ) (_^lj j l (JlS s l

IjL d j

(_I a 0 A ^\db

I d JIy j U jU j^ rJ

( j ^ I ^ I j b 4,bwl**ji I a 4 P 4 j ^ j S d I
J j^ b

l j ^

(_^U I 0 I b l d j l i^ 1) <d-d4Xdb 4***JA Ij d SsOj/

^ 1*0^ >A^.W.)b L^

f i- J

b j d I

Jkl

V bL.

AjU l-^s^l

j \^ r j ^t L-^Li y *

ojj^*4x* - > - j (_^Ujpj IS^I; j j ,

k
A
**ij* 4^~ oA**a

(_^l^/ jl v5

"

l .J j

!S

j j

j j

^s ^a ^ ^ 1 1 <
aLp

^i Ss ps ^l j l ^_) i . j j i l 'j-

)j

j^* 4jjI>-I

[ \ aJl \*j?

$** J" (Jl*A jA _j-J_J

4^ill^4j 4>\pj

f'* 3

A
Xxll Vi

Ia.*** A^^IAj* C^J ^

J J

ll^j

J 4*Hk a5\aJI A
j

* 1s 4J 3

3 ^ ^ Aj

ja.^SnJ . **14lj (_jj J i l > - j 44> - j j l J 'l j i A>- A^S"j>j3 (_^UjPj l\>- jljT
^ip l*>- I AjIj

C-kAI^P ljl*>- IljJ^^ \ { ^ \ b jP J

l S j & J

Ji>-li jA IA^Ia * ^.1p jS^I (j\j

^L lf'J^ '3* IA
j j a A>VVlj Jj>- (_^lj aS^

Il J
A.^1ji.lj(_^ ">
j ?

^ \y j^

O^j j-*1<Jf I

aS^Ijf*j^

^-*1^

Q a * -ji _)y*J J J -' 1

alS^jlA (_^^-t(lUHia's a*^*i^

Jl J^-4Aj l^*Jl' Ja (jj*J (jL>- j A I (Jf IjA !jX -h A f1C A

.A-^UiaIaj C j S ' Ij alj^/ IjA Jr^'?j-JJ^jl^Ai Aj>- oIj

OL>- ^p

AI^ I (_I_/ { j f ? J ^ J ^J5*"IA lA*,a..A0IA jI <

A^jpA A
*w
**( a,
^ I
c $ ' S \ .<

^ ^ j AP

J ^c ^ i

<S J ^

^jjljVk^u|
J

i l ^

I d ijS ^ A jij

A i&

j j

A i Ij

4 ?

aIj!j il^l j

j- k v J

lj. -

c j

li' iwJ jj ^IjA

j

*^a*W
' (5 Isi

LIA51_jI (^Tj

(_ J i j > j

A j

AU ^c./J Ij j
4

j A

jJ _ jl

ojl^lj

a J U x J I

j 4

5 ^ A .< .~ * 4 &

JJ . ^

I^ J

JI
lj A ^?

V C ?cJ I j

^ j

A^>jP (jl-l^A^Pjl

a^^>J^ (j<I C>\!j**< oX a Ijj w\\^a

il^**l

I j j l

v^J

J1 ^

Ij

o1>'^|p ( j ^ ^ - *A
^>- ^l^^aJlAj l^j 1 ^ 0 : ' J^

j' JL^I 1 (jf

3

AA>Ij4;AiIa

C
% \>- j Sb * j I j j

o j 1^5"A
j

J *^

Ia a J I

l/.5^c-j Ijk.

^ U . jy 2 . .li

4 U l 4

(k*!Ia9 jJ |j i v ^

lj I

j j

j i

t A ^xJ I j j

a j j l *

y j

4 lx^l

A j

j- ^ - J J I

I A _ * .j ^ j

Ij- ^

A x ^ w li

y S

; *Ixj |

J ^ - ^ l A ix * j l s

A j

lj 1

J C^j^~ aIa.I ia-u.j.j j J c54jjj4* jliTj l (5jL^j , 4jJ A* IjA. AXA. L jlj j jjU^-J (4AA4 j j Ij 4

kIloAjkiij

4w

v=-J^

^ (_ b^^b ^11 I(^JXJ 0^5\.*S"bb* >I ^lSv<A

^ X^

aSCxJb .a3l LUjiJU i Jb^ (.jl^/11 (wjl^jl,ia,4

bbljl

4^c. 1 ^

(^jl^V^l;

C 3 J J .i j b

ej b*

ol5w)b

JlJl^j

i ^ ^ b

( j g Z j IJ

ol^iib

a a

^X

a x

x ^

a,*X

^
*^^4 I

j 1^

^ x ^ x 7^

l^^* ol^,**ob ^^-^.Ip

^ ^ l x x i l

y *>L i X>- lj a Z v )Lj l^.^-

Aj

J^-^jJ

lS"^B^t)

i3A<33^

4 l^ J

4j

4_>< J lj

L$X^* ($i I

xxj

(1/ ^
x^ x ^

jAf-\ IySj ' X J ^

lJl (^Uojja- 4j

l*i>l "Ss^xb ^1x^1

l^^*

l]^/4

i_^ ^^>*t-^L?-jl

. -L Sr^

t^L^. j 3 j l / J j j 3 j _ /

x X **^L*

'
' 1^_^

< s * ^ lr\rV*J I

J a jwy

l^fl

^hA^j ^

4jLIj j Ij I

^^aSsJI 4j

d-*bl

4^1?" (j\p ^ilp j i ^Jj i S j j l J

X>j> o^i j\ & I jjla**< t> ' i ' j J b

" r
^*~j X ^*-1

j^.

yI

<^>>lol

XJ>* 4j jlJfr ( J 3 I plp j <^1^1 cSC^Jb

f^*A<**,l
j

<*

xxXAj yjijl^^-jbj,

x lS \ > -

, T^Xj (Jl**# X*^^x I

jj+
h
&
jj

l^^ (_^l**ol ^jIp

X^

c^^v/4 jbb l^ ^(j^ijlj .

<_t>L*l

+*jj>" j Ju H**

^ <_>Is Ij j,b I j

^\*vS b'*4!

(^U! 3 ^i?jl y lj bitAp j l ^ l

Jav J

al

yT ^

x x^xj) XX^XJ
l'ft

{jX-X 43 l

^^\lS\;l 4 ^ j

_J

lj 0 ^

( j I j j l J. bU -^ ljl (^ ~3-*y

<*Jzsa

\ jIjij !ubl ljy'

4M if J U ^> ^A lijPj 4.Uj ^.5Cijl; lJlj-J b ^J>- jl^Tl; 4^-ji
U ti^ a j^ ^ l
{ j Ij C . ^ l j | f i 4X>-l3lJ

^1-^ .

*'ljr^5s)\Xj y p - U i l j ^^ *l ZAs j"\+x CxAX y M tl/J

XJ

j '^

;i ;^- . ^ja ^ U ^ l J j ^ S4 b - l j j ^

j' j-

J J J b ^ i l j O ^ i j U a ^ ^ j J I j

-^& X jU (jl*JI jX \ i 'fXjl

U j^ ^ . ^ i f T ^P

Aa
J

jliL I

A ^ ^ iJ

j l

*A**.i

j j .

c I f J U i Aj

aS ^ v !-*I {

J IjC -j O ' j l J k j

Aj

C^ i j \ p _ j 0j V ' P

J i \ j

i o l^

X ** j> -

j j k , * * (_/ I ^ I J

l ^ j l A P j - o j f

aS"" U l

^ * 1

j l C **- I

L ^ J ,

a L -L * j l

j )

o lS s ^ jb

A k )lk <

A^aJ a fj>I j l * 4 ^ * J j ^j^X^lj (J^lj-4_/ jklj j-4l J^{ jl A**aja jr

j*^ jA j 1^11j

^ jljjU

o lS j J l j l i j l;>tlj I A $ b j

* j l : U v j J -i . < j - * * l ^ j J

Clj-A'*'! (Jj-J l$"b jjlj j J J ^ J J t j U j j l j i A*^j^ (J^ J ' ',J^- '"i ^J.
jk * l

A~+*aja

C kJ lii4

t_ j k * I C - 5 \ > - j I j j ^

_jA*m ^*J.^^j

ljA - ~ ,* j*

j S

<w*

j l y

Ij j

j* J j _

l - > - k A j j l * j j

*A ^ , Al\-j j

( S '^ '* i L $

j j k

b A^ lj j

C ^ - jr v ljl

jljlj

\j A

j\ji

A jJ a

^ r MJ J J

(_ j l

\ j \

j j

C -^ l

j<

jljl> - J J ^ J

j j ^

j j y

j w

^ < S - ) \ a ] [ ] .a 4 J J \ S j

. , j. - \ j j \ j \

( *

j l

j* >

j I J

j ^

l V

A j

j j

_ j

l j

^ ^J^3J *
oj Ij j ^ (_?l j ^

Ij^ j

.Lj J

Ij i

j^ l

j l l ,^! j l

^ .* A

J (j Ij

J L .O

^ A J Ij^ W ?

i l ^

J J

j j

i-^ ljj^

j f

J ^

j j b

j l j l

j *

^ 9

j lp

- l^ P

J < k ll

J ^ l o l j J ^ ( ^ jl^ l

J ^"J A ^

jw

aS^j L > -

i j j

O U -tA k ^ l

. AJjl,*v J $ ^ , w ^ _ ^ * jI j j j l _ / l f l j l j 3

j a

^ I J^

At>\p ^ J J * < .JktAjI <^1**>jIj j U k * t

jjA $ "j A S " j* l

>

A_j j

j V Ij j

(J b-""**11

j l ^

j ^

j j

t
A* m , a a j a

( j ^ k _ /

A$"

j J

^ " J

Id^J j ^ (_/ I (_$'> J

^ b

i l

jl^ . ^ *

J * jA > j

U ^

S ^ Ij

4Aj>-1^

^"

^ k - lj* I

j w

,A j

^ J > -

t lljk j

A S ^ Ij

4 5 ^

^IjJ,! C ( _ k > o J J ^ " Aj ^klL4 (^Ia^IJj >

\( j U j \

V*

^m*J ^ *A^JLj 1^^Imv^ ^4

^ 4^

j l^

* ^J^J7*" ^ j - ^ H ***^-^3 ^ c[/^ b b j i

U^
b

_)L
^ b^of^5

A^wX^ ^p2J

Lv^j ^ ^

Lvjb1

kA.A^v
d

^
X

vta

oU j j x - i

j m

. jij.:

^X^a

j ~ by) j * * ^ j?

^ Av^ l>"
o ^ Lwv^\^j\)
j j

\ A j

,v L > j

^jxxj j 4S" i S

1j

(S -^*

^'^**rj ^ J^:*'5
.

^ jJ j J r ^ * 1* 4 ^ jla X ,*

I jL *

L *

4 $ * ^ j s X ^ * l ^

/ J

-5

x _ a .

jIa X J u I

^ )

j l ( j -

)1 ^ .> "

A^

J ,*

lp

( j , ^

A*-**"

l j ( j l

1.A

a a ^ aaJ

< 3 .A

I c*4*Apl **

^ Ij^ IjIa P j # b

1j

^l^l

ol^A*ob ^IaavI^

a ai

$j S \ j j \ j l ^JaI

*AaA l j 4 a a A * ^

l' C

1^

j l

( j^ lj

ls J

1^ j a a S s ^ a . *

4 a w **> ^

aIaa,!AAJ^'

j ja

j\+ * * X )

-.!> '

(' s U

X _ *X

11
x i

J\***S ^ r * . p

^^a ]

^ Ai* 1 ^

iljX^jlJ

* u J

^aaA 1 ^ ^ * 1 / 4

J lj I

* + h ja

^_/

X_aaa<I4a>-I<5^

<
j -* J *

(_ Ia

4 .* Ij

'^

->

X A

j l t

Aa

^ 4 a a a . aA^^a *3

^ |

^ J ~ j l

jl^A
kA
^ ^J>-(J,U O

L *

4 ^ J

Ij

4
a
A

am

* * !

L>*

^ | (,,)I'Aa'Q'AaJI^
^

jA *A

^ .P

/ *X L * J a A j J |

4X
9^
S^
^
A
^
a.'

S j f [J

4 * J l^

^ ^ A X . lp

/ S l V ^ -P 1

<a!aaa,Jj i

xj

^
A^X,^ OUa^

g j

J f ^ J ^ ^ A,v^

aaaj

(jUIjlSvaJ U *4aJ ,.'

j ^IaXjI I j <Sj ' j j y *

i"4^ ^
jA m

aA

^ J 1*1- )

4 S \a J l l j

C J 'j** j l J

ll* l a4a*0 ^ J { ^A\XlS\^1f' Cl^Atj ^

(jlwU^Jb jbv1J i ^ *0
jL j i

J ^

u/.

^ - L

( _ ^ iiA ^ v 4

iJ ^ o

4^1j
A
a
a
(Ij 4
X
a
a
*I
A
; ^ a^Xa j (j\
AX

-*l>
- 4; ^j^\^s.l>-\ aI^
v
Ja*! /
1 aS"

aXaXaaaA

4 j

^ ^ j b l j l T j j ^ i N *

rV4 ^.^P
;

4a^^w U

4 a ~ 1 a x

J.x] O l'4_^A J 'S ' 2 j^sj wUX*V^aJ A.Ia-JaWJj' I j i b y_J iS ^ f- -U^AA^b

L I T 0 r o l& b b j L i J b

4aa>

4 ^ b l

aa aa ^

lS s^ li jUXXjli
j

l j

4^JJjIjS
j^N
a

IaS^^^I L-jl^- 4aJ A j ! ^s..aa? 4f T * > A j (_

A^

C - J H 2 .A C
r> ( ^

J***' _ f &

j l j Aj

\ A

1 t_A1*! ii^ a*m^*>4^ a)

jl** 0**<l i ^Jjb^l C

4 -^ b i

0 w.\^s*rt* ) ! ^

I^

W *

ji-AJ A/ Jj**4

o U J l k 4 *a*v, ^ > _ Y

< ^ j r *4: * ^ J:^"c-jv> o b w J b

^ s "i

1' - ^ 5 r

UJ'ja,** A***i^ A^>-l^l *Ajlia>- 1

^ ^

a ^ -^

j/ \ $ ^

\V YA

&

lS \ ^ o 1

(3 b I jjIp j
^

^ ^ a Ij c j^- J^l

Y^ * Y

c aS^J-I

a) l*^j

^ j ^p _ 4a I^j^ I oJ^.w.)b lx ^ l ^.a(( v * ! ^ '' ^

aJ U ^ ^ j ^ ^ ' l j (_^^bS*(_Cliwj?*1

Ij I j

(.J ^^"1 *\

(_^L*j I^ jA p j 1^ ^ l 0J^C^j b ^J,**j j I j j I x S " * L j ^ a 1^ l^^alj

V ^

\ aJI ' j I)) aL>j ^\^Ij (Jl^i^l aS^/ ^ jjl (j-l^jlj 1j Jlj>-1 V

^ j I p j J p L o I 0JSn^j b j L- -j b c J ^ f ;

(_j^

^I^aIj

w - u n

ju i
^b*v4p!jl>-1 4-plj J

J <>-^,b . ^ l

oJ

^ 3-> J

^ ^ j I j L I j I

j4JL_pb^ J ~ A

JJJJ ^ j b

* J > *

J ^ > -i

^IV W A

W ^ - n *

Ij 4 A ^ j ^

c jU lp ip
Upj

f \^aIj c (_ IJ * j

^/jjlj^-

a J U j ___ ^

j l ^

4*w *+
ji ^. j

j~

M
J
j

iji 1

i^ p

I j LA j I

_ buir~

j J?m

jjj

J i

A -^ lp

j j a

4 C->5\? *<tJ^.*-4 ^

1\^A I j 4 ^ a 1 4 - p l^ ^ lJ a * ^ l i ^ * A

jj* ^

J j l j- lljjP ^ j j

j\ j 1J ^ j ^ j l A ^ J A j I j

(_ j ll 1

*A/*J* Ij

( -> * & * J &

v . *.\_>-

J - ^ j J

^J J ~ j J

<S J J ^ %
J 'i

jP J

lji-1 J *P ; j i

^ l^A Ij 4 ^

(<-p1>- j _ j )

. C j J j ^ l j l - 4j A

b J

l 4j *

j S * J

jS

J ^ ^

^ jll 1 J '

( _ ^ j ^ 4 _/$"* j

3 < s^ j ^ l r ^ l j j j j

f >K^

O^J J

c j~

J p

>j

J '~ ^ J J

c*^4-4

jljj

(v V
A a J I j j l j j J <4^ , *^ sY - / J C J a ^

jA

^ i^A 1J j^-4 aJUj Y

U ji l4

A ^ J- ^J

^r*1

" 2

^asxISsjM

j i J)

j - ^ l i A -i'lS Y

J*J1 j j

(_<*'jl

1 J U lj

4 I & aJ I S ^ J l ^ J l j ' A P j ^ ^

4 b l J4-4 4

j ^

j )

(v V

^T)

'I ^

A V
A

' J l / q p

t f A

'

i-j l>.
14l*vl*t jjJ I

b <
<l>. b j

4i lieJ l>. j ^

j b l 4j

U5^"jjj Ij I

^j*/IaXs!_3 4a~^j_j v_jIx5^jjJIj! ^Jj>e^ <

jla*

^ b Aj UcJ b5"

J . r i ^*3 J

irav

M /ir/r v
J b j f * * w-cwJ

oj b

, L

d'sL Z s

\ jU

( J

i&

- f

'

"* ^ d f

i r m o>>

DATE DTE
DUE
M

i'e Z - f

f
*

RETURNED

IwwU 1 > -

f* ?

MAR 1 5

1 9 9 M f9

\
_ r

r* tfr-------t ^ e.---------- = 4^
^
; i
i\r\\!

n ro v

o n
/
L 8 i94

1/ 1
f

c 9 1972

K N G PRESS N O 306

This is a reproduction of a book rom the McGill University Library collection.

T itle:
M ajm 'ah-i sukhanranlha va m aqalah'ha dar barah-i falsafah va irfan-i IslamT
Series:
Silsilah-i danish-i Irn! ; v. 4.
Publisher, year: Tihran : Danishgah-i Mak'gTl, Muassasah-i M utlaat-i IslamT, S hubah-i Tihran, 1971

The pages were digitized as they were. The original book may have contained pages with
poor print. Marks, notations, and other marginalia present in the original volume may also
appear. For wider or heavier books, a slight curvature to the text on the inside o f pages may
be noticeable.
ISBN o f reproduction: 978-1-77096-178-4
This reproduction is intended for personal use only, and may not be reproduced, republished, or re-distributed commercially. For further information on permission
regarding the use of this reproduction contact McGill University Library.
McGill University Library
www.mcgill.ca/library