Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Key words: broiler breeder, flock age, egg weight, chick quality, broiler performance
2010 Poultry Science 89:27352742
doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00403
INTRODUCTION
The study of factors that influence the production of
high-quality chicks is of great interest to hatching egg
producers in Canada because they are paid based on
the number of salable (not hatched) chicks produced.
The effects of flock age and egg size (egg weight) on
diverse production parameters have been studied (Wilson, 1991). However, in past research, these 2 factors
have always been linked together (e.g., egg weight as a
consequence of flock age; Wyatt et al., 1985). There is a
lack of research evaluating the separate effects of flock
age and egg weight on salable chick production.
The quality of hatching eggs is imperative because
eggs provide both physical protection and nutrition for
2010 Poultry Science Association Inc.
Received August 15, 2009.
Accepted September 6, 2010.
1 The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the University of Alberta, New Mexico State University, or
the authors of the products mentioned or criticism of similar products
not mentioned.
2 Corresponding author: gfasenko@nmsu.edu
2735
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of flock age and egg weight on hatching
egg characteristics, fertility, hatchability, salable chick
production, and broiler performance using a commercial Cobb 500 broiler breeder flock. Hatching eggs from
the same breeder flock in 3 weight categories (light,
average, and heavy) were obtained from a commercial
hatchery when the birds were 29 and 59 wk of age.
One group of eggs per age and weight category was
selected to assess specific gravity and was broken open
to weigh egg components. Another group of eggs was
incubated for 21.5 d and incubation parameters were
measured. At hatching, all salable chicks were individually weighed and placed in floor pens, where they
were grown out for 41 d. Daily mortality, weekly feed
consumption, and individual BW at 21 and 41 d were
recorded. Irrespective of flock age and egg weight, all
2736
Ulmer-Franco et al.
Egg Collection
Hatching eggs produced by a commercial Cobb 500
broiler breeder flock were obtained from a commercial
hatchery, where they had been stored for 3 to 4 d at
18C and 60 to 70% RH. Eggs from the same flock were
obtained at young (29 wk) and old (59 wk) ages (n
= 1,368 eggs/age). At each collection time, the average egg weight for that flock age was determined by
randomly selecting and weighing 72 eggs. Eggs were
weighed and classified in 3 weight ranges based on the
average egg weight: light (L), average (A), and heavy
(H). Eggs were categorized in the following way: the A
eggs were within 1.5 g from the average egg weight,
the L eggs were 3.0 to 6.0 g lighter than the average,
and the H eggs were 3.0 to 6.0 g heavier than the average egg.
Egg Characteristics
For each flock age, 30 eggs were randomly selected for
each of the weight categories. Specific gravity (SG) was
assessed by the flotation method (Bennett, 1992). Eggs
were then weighed and broken open, and wet eggshell
and wet yolk weights were recorded. Albumen weight
was calculated by subtracting wet yolk and wet shell
weights from the total egg weight. The eggshells and
yolks were dried at 65C for 3 d in a Despatch V Series
Heat Processing Unit (Despatch Industries Inc., Minneapolis, MN) and the dry weights were determined.
egg weight and chick weight at hatching has been reported (Wiley, 1950). Even though egg weight at setting determines chick weight at hatching, controversy
exists concerning the accuracy of day-old chick weight
as a predictor of posthatch performance and market
BW. Some authors have found chick weight to be an
accurate predictor of final BW (Proudfoot and Hulan,
1981; Sklan et al., 2003), whereas for others, this has
not been the case (Gardiner, 1973; Shanawany, 1987).
Old breeder flocks produce a greater number of heavier
chicks as a result of increased egg weight (Suarez et
al., 1997; ODea et al., 2004). However, the percentage
of chicks with low quality scores was reported to be
higher in older (45-wk) than in younger (35-wk) flocks
(Tona et al., 2004). Poor chick quality, as reflected by
a high number of culled chicks, has been associated
with heavier than average egg weight for a particular
flock age (Kumpula and Fasenko, 2004; Lawrence et
al., 2004).
The objective of this research was to study the effects of flock age (young vs. old) and egg weight (light,
average, heavy) independently of each other and to
determine the effect of these factors on hatching egg
characteristics, fertility, hatchability, salable chick production, and broiler performance in a commercial Cobb
500 broiler breeder flock. It was hypothesized that 1)
young hens would produce the highest number of salable chicks, 2) heavier than average eggs at each flock
age would have the highest embryo mortality and the
highest percentage of culled chicks, and 3) lighter than
average eggs and eggs from the young flock age would
produce the smallest chicks, but these chicks would
reach the same BW at market age as those hatching
from older flock ages and heavier eggs.
were culled. Hatchability was calculated based on salable chicks only. All salable chicks were individually
weighed and neck tagged (Mark III Swiftack Tagging
Gun, Avery Dennison, Pasadena, CA). All unhatched
eggs were broken open to determine the approximate
day of embryonic death. Embryonic mortality was
grouped into 3 categories: early (1 to 7 d of incubation), mid (8 to 14 d of incubation), and late (15 to 21
d of incubation).
Broiler Performance
Statistical Analysis
The experimental design was a 2 3 factorial arrangement with age (29 and 59 wk of age) and egg
weight (L, A, and H) as main effects. The statistical
model for the ANOVA was as follows: Yijk = + Ai +
Wj + AiWj + ijk, where Yijk is the characteristic that
was measured, is the overall mean, Ai is the main
effect of flock age, Wj is the main effect of egg weight,
AiWj is the effect of the interaction between flock age
and egg weight, and ijk is the random error term.
The experimental unit differed according to the parameter that was measured. For hatching egg characteristics, the experimental unit was each egg; for incubation parameters, it was each tray of 18 eggs; and for
broiler performance, it was each pen of broilers. Body
weight was individually measured. All percentage data
were subjected to angular transformation to stabilize
variances (arcsine square root percentage transformation) before statistical analysis. All data were analyzed
using the MIXED model of SAS software (SAS Institute, 20022003), with egg tray and broiler pen as
random factors. The probability level was set at P
0.05. Where the model indicated significance, the least
squares means were separated using the pdiff procedure
2737
2738
Ulmer-Franco et al.
Table 1. Effects of 2 breeder flock ages, 3 egg weights, and their interaction on hatching egg characteristics in a commercial Cobb
500 broiler breeder flock
Flock age
29 wk
59 wk
SEM
Egg weight2
Light (L)
Average (A)
Heavy (H)
SEM
Age egg weight
29 wk L
29 wk A
29 wk H
59 wk L
59 wk A
59 wk H
SEM
Egg
weight (g)
n1
Item
90
90
60
60
60
30
30
30
30
30
30
53.8b
71.3a
0.1
58.3c
62.6b
66.8a
0.1
49.8f
53.6e
58.0d
66.8c
71.5b
75.6a
0.1
Specific
gravity
1.069b
1.075a
0.001
1.071b
1.073a
1.072a
0.001
1.066c
1.071b
1.070b
1.075a
1.076a
1.075a
0.001
Albumen
weight (%)
63.3a
58.5b
0.2
60.5b
60.7b
61.6a
0.2
63.0
63.0
64.0
58.0
58.4
59.2
0.3
Wet yolk
weight (%)
27.8b
31.3a
0.2
30.0a
29.7ab
29.1b
0.2
28.5
27.8
27.1
31.5
31.5
31.0
0.3
Dry yolk
weight (%)
13.9b
16.7a
0.2
15.6
15.3
15.1
0.2
14.4
13.8
13.6
16.7
16.9
16.5
0.3
Dry shell
weight (%)
8.8
8.6
0.1
8.6
8.8
8.7
0.1
8.5b
9.0a
8.8b
8.7b
8.6b
8.5b
0.1
afMeans
2739
Broiler Performance
Flock Age. Body weight at 21 d (early) and 41 d
(final) as well as early and overall BW gains were significantly lower in chicks hatching at the young breeder
flock age than in chicks hatching at the older flock age
(Table 4). This could be related to the lowest feed con-
Table 2. Effects of 2 breeder flock ages, 3 egg weights, and their interaction on fertility, hatchability, egg weight loss, embryonic
mortality, and culled chicks in a commercial Cobb 500 broiler breeder flock
Flock age
29 wk
59 wk
SEM
Egg weight9
Light (L)
Average (A)
Heavy (H)
SEM
Age egg weight
29 wk L
29 wk A
29 wk H
59 wk L
59 wk A
59 wk H
SEM
acMeans
Fertility2
(%)
n1
Item
63
63
42
42
42
21
21
21
21
21
21
76.7b
94.4a
1.0
84.2
85.1
87.5
1.2
74.4
75.7
80.2
94.0
94.4
94.9
1.6
Weight loss3
(%)
12.8a
11.9b
0.1
12.7a
12.3b
11.9c
0.1
13.1
12.7
12.3
12.3
11.9
11.5
0.1
Hatch of fertile4
(%)
88.0
87.0
1.1
88.3
89.9
84.3
1.4
90.2
90.7
83.1
86.3
89.1
85.6
2.0
Early dead5
(%)
4.8
4.0
0.6
5.6
3.0
4.6
0.8
6.2
3.5
4.8
5.1
2.6
4.4
1.0
Mid dead6
(%)
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.5
1.1
0.3
0.7
0.5
1.4
0.5
Late dead7
(%)
5.2
4.6
0.7
2.8c
4.8b
7.0a
0.9
2.4
4.6
8.7
3.2
5.1
5.3
1.2
Culls8
(%)
1.2
2.0
0.4
1.3
1.2
2.4
0.4
0.3b
0.3b
3.2a
2.3a
2.1a
1.6ab
0.7
2740
Ulmer-Franco et al.
n1
Item
Flock age
29 wk
59 wk
SEM
Egg weight4
Light
Average
Heavy
SEM
54
54
36
36
36
494.4a
490.2b
1.2
488.9b
493.7a
494.3a
1.3
Hatching
time3 (h)
503.8a
500.4b
1.0
498.0b
503.3a
505.0a
1.0
Table 4. Effects of 2 breeder flock ages, 3 egg sizes, and their interaction on average broiler BW and BW gains in a commercial Cobb
500 flock
Chick BW1
(g)
Item
Flock age
29 wk
59 wk
SEM
Egg weight6
Light (L)
Average (A)
Heavy (H)
SEM
Age weight
29 wk L
29 wk A
29 wk H
59 wk L
59 wk A
59 wk H
SEM
afMeans
37.3b (714)5
48.9a (714)
0.1
39.9c (476)
b
43.0 (476)
46.5a (476)
0.1
34.1f (238)
37.0e (238)
40.1d (238)
45.6c (238)
48.9b (238)
52.1a (238)
0.1
21-d BW
(g)
716.9b (686)
825.2a (692)
4.2
760.8b (461)
767.6b (461)
784.7a (456)
5.2
697.1 (229)
715.8 (230)
737.7 (227)
824.5 (232)
819.5 (231)
831.6 (229)
7.4
41-d BW
(g)
2,411.1b (665)
2,505.9a (678)
15.5
2,412.6b (448)
2,490.6ab (447)
2,472.3a (448)
19.0
2,346.4 (221)
2,458.7 (221)
2,428.1 (223)
2,478.8 (227)
2,522.5 (226)
2,516.4 (225)
27.0
Early BW
gain2 (g)
680.0b
776.4a
4.2
722.4
724.5
737.7
5.2
665.0
678.8
696.6
778.9
770.7
779.5
7.4
Late BW
gain3 (g)
1,699.2
1,678.0
13.4
1,654.7b
1,720.8a
1,690.3ab
16.4
1,654.4
1,744.2
1,698.8
1,654.9
1,697.3
1,681.8
23.3
Overall BW
gain4 (g)
2,373.8b
2,457.3a
15.6
2,374.6b
2,447.8a
2,423.1a
19.2
2,316.1
2,421.3
2,381.9
2,433.2
2,474.6
2,464.3
27.0
2741
Table 5. Effects or 2 breeder flock ages and 3 egg sizes on early, late, and total feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR)
in commercial Cobb 500 broilers
n1
Item
Flock age
29 wk
59 wk
SEM
Egg weight8
Light
Average
Heavy
SEM
Early feed
consumption2
(g/bird)
6
6
4
4
4
958.9b
1,099.7a
15.4
1,024.2
1,030.7
1,031.6
19.0
Late feed
consumption4
(g/bird)
Early FCR3
(g/g)
1.41
1.41
0.01
1.41
1.42
1.40
0.01
3,107.2
3,115.6
51.4
3,060.0
3,154.3
3,119.8
62.2
Total feed
consumption6
(g/bird)
Late FCR5
(g/g)
1.84
1.86
0.02
1.86
1.84
1.86
0.03
4,071.4
4,212.0
60.3
4,079.2
4,185.1
4,160.8
72.4
Total
FCR7
(g/g)
1.71
1.71
0.01
1.72
1.71
1.72
0.02
a,bMeans
Conclusions
It is known that during incubation, when the embryo
is enclosed in the egg, the yolk content (more specifically, the lipids contained in it) is the main source of
energy for embryonic development (Romanoff, 1960).
Over the first few days posthatch, the remaining content of the yolk sac provides the newly hatched chicks
with energy for growth and development of the small
intestine (Noy and Sklan, 1999). Furthermore, a direct
positive correlation between the nutrient content of
the yolk sac and the subsequent performance of broilers has been reported (Murakami et al., 1992; Vieira
and Moran, 1999). In the present study, eggs laid by
a 29-wk-old broiler breeder flock had a smaller proportion of yolk than those laid at 59 wk of age. The
offspring produced by this young breeder flock were
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support of this
research by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada),
Canadian Hatching Egg Producers (Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada), Alberta Chicken Producers (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), Alberta Livestock Industry Development Fund (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), and Alberta
Innovation and Science (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada).
The donation of hatching eggs from Maple Leaf Hatchery (Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada) is greatly appreciated. The authors also thank M. MacKenzie (Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science,
2742
Ulmer-Franco et al.
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