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Section 2.

3 Basic Differentiation Formulas

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Basic Differentiation Formulas


DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT FUNCTION:
d
(c) = 0
dx

c = 0

or

Proof: Suppose f (x) = c, then


f (x + h) f (x)
cc
0
= lim
= lim = lim 0 = 0
h0
h0
h0 h
h0
h
h

f (x) = lim
EXAMPLES:
1 = 0,

5 = 0,

0 = 0,

(7/9) = 0,

!
1+ 5
= 0,
2

= 0,

(x 3 x + 1 x4/3 ) = 0

THE POWER RULE: If n is a positive integer, then


d n
(x ) = nxn1
dx

or

(xn ) = nxn1

Proof: Before we prove this result rigorously, let us consider cases n = 2, 3, 4.


If n = 2, then
x 2 a2
(x a)(x + a)
f (x) f (a)
= lim
= lim
= lim (x + a) = a + a = 2a
xa x a
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa

f (a) = lim
If n = 3, then

x 3 a3
(x a)(x2 + xa + a2 )
f (x) f (a)
= lim
= lim
xa x a
xa
xa
xa
xa

f (a) = lim

= lim (x2 + xa + a2 ) = a2 + a a + a2 = 3a2


xa

If n = 4, then
f (x) f (a)
x 4 a4
(x a)(x3 + x2 a + xa2 + a3 )
= lim
= lim
xa
xa x a
xa
xa
xa

f (a) = lim

= lim (x3 + x2 a + xa2 + a3 ) = a3 + a2 a + a a2 + a3 = 4a3


xa

In general, we have
f (x) f (a)
x n an
(x a)(xn1 + xn2 a + . . . + xan2 + an1 )
= lim
= lim
xa
xa x a
xa
xa
xa

f (a) = lim

= lim (xn1 + xn2 a + . . . + xan2 + an1 ) = nan1


xa

Section 2.3 Basic Differentiation Formulas

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLES:
(a) If f (x) = x2 , then f (x) = (x2 ) = [n = 2] = 2x21 = 2x1 = 2x.
(b) If f (x) = x9 , then f (x) = (x9 ) = [n = 9] = 9x91 = 9x8 .
(c) If f (x) = x, then f (x) = (x1 ) = [n = 1] = 1 x11 = 1 x0 = 1 1 = 1.
THE POWER RULE (GENERAL VERSION): If n is any real number, then
d n
(x ) = nxn1
dx

(xn ) = nxn1

or

EXAMPLES:
(a) If f (x) = x4 , then f (x) = (x4 ) = [n = 4] = (4)x41 = 4x5 .
1
1
(b) If f (x) = , then f (x) = (x1 ) = [n = 1] = (1)x11 = x2 = 2 .
x
x

1
1
1
(c) If f (x) = x, then f (x) = (x1/2 ) = [n = 1/2] = x1/21 = x1/2 = .
2
2
2 x

(d) If f (x) = x2 3 x, then


7
f (x) = (x2 x1/3 ) = (x2+1/3 ) = (x7/3 ) = [n = 7/3] = x7/31
3
(

3
3
3
3
7 4/3
7 x4
7 x3+1
7 x3 x
7 x3 3 x
7x 3 x
= x =
=
=
=
=
3
3
3
3
3
3
or
=

3+1

7x 3
7x 3 + 3
7x 3 x 3
7x 3
=
=
=
3
3
3
3

7x 3 x
=
3

1
(e) If f (x) =
, then
3
x2


2
2
1

= (x2/3 ) = [n = 2/3] = x2/31 = x5/3


f (x) =
2/3
x
3
3


2
2
2
2
2
2

=
=
=
=
= 5/3 =
3
3
3
3
3
3
3x
3 x5
3 x3+2
3 x3 x2
3 x3 x2
3x x2
or



2
2
2
2
2
= 5 = 3+2 = 3 + 2 = 3
=
2
3
3x x2
3x 3
3x 3 3
3x 3 x 3
3x 3

4
x

.
(f) Find f (x) if f (x) =
x1 x5
2

Section 2.3 Basic Differentiation Formulas

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

4
x
, then
(f) If f (x) =
x1 x5
  1/4 




x
x1/4

=
= x1/4(1+5/2) = x1/4+15/2 = x5/4 = [n = 5/4]
f (x) =
1
5/2
1+5/2
x x
x


5 5/41
5
5
5
5
5 9/4
5
= x
= 2
=
=
=
= x
=

4
4
4
4
4
9
8+1
8
8
4
4
4x 4 x
4 x
4 x
4 x x
4 x x
or


5
5
5
5
5
= 9 = 8+1 = 8 + 1 = 8 1 = 2
4x 4 x
4x 4
4x 4 4
4x 4 x 4
4x 4
THE CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE: If c is a constant and f is a differentiable function, then
d
d
[cf (x)] = c f (x)
dx
dx

or

(cf (x)) = cf (x)

or

(cf ) = cf

Proof: We have
c[f (x + h) f (x)]
f (x + h) f (x)
cf (x + h) cf (x)
= lim
= c lim
= cf (x)
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h

(cf (x)) = lim

2
, then
EXAMPLE: If f (x) =
35x

 

2 1/5  2
1
2
2 1/5

x
=
x
=

x1/51 = x6/5
f (x) =
3
3
3
5
15
EXAMPLE: Find equations of the tangent line and normal line to the curve y = 2x3
the point (1, 2).

x at

Solution: A point-slope equation of a line is


y y0 = m(x x0 )
where m is the slope. Since x0 and y0 are given (x0 = 1 and y0 = 2), we only have to find the
slope. We have
7
f (x) = (2x3 x1/2 ) = (2x3+1/2 ) = 2(x7/2 ) = 2 x7/21 = 7x5/2
2
therefore the slope of the tangent line at (1, 2) is f (1) = 7 15/2 = 7. So, an equation of the
tangent line is
y 2 = 7(x 1)

The normal line is perpendicular to the tangent line, so its slope is the negative reciprocal
1
of 7, that is, . From this it follows that an equation of the normal line is
7
1
y 2 = (x 1)
7
3

Section 2.3 Basic Differentiation Formulas

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

THE SUM/DIFFERENCE RULE: If f and g are both differentiable functions, then


d
d
d
[f (x) g(x)] =
f (x) g(x)
dx
dx
dx
or
(f (x) g(x)) = f (x) g (x)

or

(f g) = f g

Proof: We have
(f (x + h) g(x + h)) (f (x) g(x))
h0
h

(f (x) g(x)) = lim

[f (x + h) f (x)] [g(x + h) g(x)]


h0
h

= lim

g(x + h) g(x)
f (x + h) f (x)
lim
h0
h0
h
h

= lim

= f (x) g (x)

3x2 5 x
EXAMPLE: If f (x) =
, then
6x4
  2
 
 

 2
5x1/2
3x
3 24 5 1/24
1 2 5 7/2
3x 5x1/2

=
=

x
x
=
x x
f (x) =
6x4
6x4
6x4
6
6
2
6
 


1 2  5 7/2 
5 7/2
1 2
x
x
x

=
=
2
6
2
6
 
1
5
7
35
21
= (2)x

x7/21 = x3 + x9/2
2
6
2
12
REMARK: We can combine two previous rules in one. If c1 , c2 are constants and f, g are both
differentiable functions, then
d
d
d
[c1 f (x) c2 g(x)] = c1 f (x) c2 g(x)
dx
dx
dx
or
(c1 f (x) c2 g(x)) = c1 f (x) c2 g (x)

or

(c1 f c2 g) = c1 f c2 g

3x2 5 x
, then
EXAMPLE: If f (x) =
6x4
 2
  2
 
 

3x 5x1/2
5x1/2
3x
3 24 5 1/24
1 2 5 7/2

f (x) =
=
=
x
x
=
x x

6x4
6x4
6x4
6
6
2
6
1 2  5 7/2 
x

x
2
6
 
5
7
35
1
21

x7/21 = x3 + x9/2
= (2)x
2
6
2
12

Section 2.3 Basic Differentiation Formulas

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

THE DERIVATIVE OF THE SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS: We have


d
(sin x) = cos x
dx

or

(sin x) = cos x

d
(cos x) = sin x
dx

or

(cos x) = sin x

and

Proof: We have
sin(x + h) sin x
h0
h

(sin x) = lim

[We use sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin ]




sin x cos h sin x cos x sin h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h sin x
= lim
+
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
h


sin x(cos h 1)
cos h 1
sin h
sin h
= lim
= sin x lim
+ cos x
+ cos x lim
h0
h0
h0 h
h
h
h
= sin x 0 + cos x 1 = cos x
In the same way we prove that (cos x) = sin x.
EXAMPLE: If f (x) = 3 sin x 4 cos x, then
f (x) = (3 sin x 4 cos x) = 3(sin x) 4(cos x) = 3 cos x 4( sin x) = 3 cos x + 4 sin x
EXAMPLE: If f (x) = sin x, then
f (x) = cos x
f (x) = (cos x) = sin x
f (x) = ( sin x) = cos x
f (x) = ( cos x) = ( sin x) = sin x
Therefore

f (x) = f (4) (x) = f (8) (x) = f (12) (x) = f (16) (x) = . . . = sin x
f (x) = f (5) (x) = f (9) (x) = f (13) (x) = f (17) (x) = . . . = cos x
f (x) = f (6) (x) = f (10) (x) = f (14) (x) = f (18) (x) = . . . = sin x
f (x) = f (7) (x) = f (11) (x) = f (15) (x) = f (19) (x) = . . . = cos x

For instance, it immediately follows from here that


f (2010) (x) = f (2008+2) (x) = f (4502+2) = f (x) = sin x
5

Section 2.3 Basic Differentiation Formulas

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Appendix
 
cos h 1
0 A
(cos h 1)(cos h + 1) A
cos2 h 1
lim
=
= lim
= lim
h0
h0
h0 h(cos h + 1)
h
0
h(cos h + 1)
A

(1 cos2 h)
h0 h(cos h + 1)

= lim

sin2 h
h0 h(cos h + 1)

= lim

= lim

h0

sin h sin h

h
cos h + 1

sin h
sin h
lim
h0 h
h0 cos h + 1

= lim

sin h
h0 cos h + 1

= 1 lim
DSP

sin 0
1 + cos 0

0
1+1

=0

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