GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem

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TheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)isaninternationallyagreeduponsetofsafety
procedures,typesofequipment,andcommunicationprotocolsusedtoincreasesafetyandmakeiteasierto
rescuedistressedships,boatsandaircraft.
GMDSSconsistsofseveralsystems,someofwhicharenew,butmanyofwhichhavebeeninoperationfor
manyyears.Thesystemisintendedtoperformthefollowingfunctions:alerting(includingposition
determinationoftheunitindistress),searchandrescuecoordination,locating(homing),maritimesafety
informationbroadcasts,generalcommunications,andbridgetobridgecommunications.Specificradiocarriage
requirementsdependupontheship'sareaofoperation,ratherthanitstonnage.Thesystemalsoprovides
redundantmeansofdistressalerting,andemergencysourcesofpower.
RecreationalvesselsdonotneedtocomplywithGMDSSradiocarriagerequirements,butwillincreasinglyuse
theDigitalSelectiveCalling(DSC)VHFradios.Offshorevesselsmayelecttoequipthemselvesfurther.
Vesselsunder300Grosstonnage(GT)arenotsubjecttoGMDSSrequirements.

Contents
1 History
2 ComponentsofGMDSS
2.1 Emergencypositionindicatingradiobeacon(EPIRB)
2.2 NAVTEX
2.3 Inmarsat
2.4 Highfrequency
2.5 Searchandrescuelocatingdevice
2.6 Digitalselectivecalling
2.7 Powersupplyrequirements
3 GMDSSseaareas
3.1 SeaAreaA1
3.2 SeaAreaA2
3.3 SeaAreaA3
3.4 SeaAreaA4
3.5 GMDSSradioequipmentrequiredforU.S.coastalvoyages
4 Licensingofoperators
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Externallinks

History
Sincetheinventionofradioattheendofthe19thcentury,shipsatseahavereliedonMorsecode,inventedby
SamuelMorseandfirstusedin1844,fordistressandsafetytelecommunications.Theneedforshipandcoast
radiostationstohaveanduseradiotelegraphequipment,andtolistentoacommonradiofrequencyforMorse
encodeddistresscalls,wasrecognizedafterthesinkingofthelinerRMSTitanicintheNorthAtlanticin1912.
TheU.S.Congressenactedlegislationsoonafter,requiringU.S.shipstouseMorsecoderadiotelegraph
equipmentfordistresscalls.TheInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion(ITU),nowaUnitedNationsagency,
followedsuitforshipsofallnations.Morseencodeddistresscallinghassavedthousandsoflivessinceits

inceptionalmostacenturyago,butitsuserequiresskilledradiooperatorsspendingmanyhourslisteningtothe
radiodistressfrequency.Itsrangeonthemediumfrequency(MF)distressband(500kHz)islimited,andthe
amountoftrafficMorsesignalscancarryisalsolimited.
Notallshiptoshoreradiocommunicationswereshortrange.Someradiostationsprovidedlongrange
radiotelephonyservices,suchasradiotelegramsandradiotelexcalls,ontheHFbands(330MHz)enabling
worldwidecommunicationswithships.Forexample,PortisheadRadio,whichwastheworld'sbusiest
radiotelephonystation,providedHFlongrangeservices.[1]In1974,ithad154radiooperatorswhohandled
over20millionwordsperyear.[2]Suchlargeradiotelephonystationsemployedlargenumbersofpeopleand
wereexpensivetooperate.Bytheendofthe1980s,satelliteserviceshadstartedtotakeanincreasinglylarge
shareofthemarketforshiptoshorecommunications.
Forthesereasons,theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO),aUnitedNationsagencyspecializingin
safetyofshippingandpreventingshipsfrompollutingtheseas,beganlookingatwaysofimprovingmaritime
distressandsafetycommunications.In1979,agroupofexpertsdraftedtheInternationalConventionon
MaritimeSearchandRescue,whichcalledfordevelopmentofaglobalsearchandrescueplan.Thisgroupalso
passedaresolutioncallingfordevelopmentbyIMOofaGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem
(GMDSS)toprovidethecommunicationsupportneededtoimplementthesearchandrescueplan.Thisnew
system,whichtheworld'smaritimenationsareimplementing,isbaseduponacombinationofsatelliteand
terrestrialradioservices,andhaschangedinternationaldistresscommunicationsfrombeingprimarilyshipto
shipbasedtoshiptoshore(RescueCoordinationCenter)based.ItspelledtheendofMorsecode
communicationsforallbutafewusers,suchasamateurradiooperators.TheGMDSSprovidesforautomatic
distressalertingandlocatingincaseswherearadiooperatordoesn'thavetimetosendanSOSorMAYDAY
call,and,forthefirsttime,requiresshipstoreceivebroadcastsofmaritimesafetyinformationwhichcould
preventadistressfromhappeninginthefirstplace.In1988,IMOamendedtheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS)
Convention,requiringshipssubjecttoitfitGMDSSequipment.SuchshipswererequiredtocarryNAVTEX
andsatelliteEPIRBsbyAugust1,1993,andhadtofitallotherGMDSSequipmentbyFebruary1,1999.US
shipswereallowedtofitGMDSSinlieuofMorsetelegraphyequipmentbytheTelecommunicationsActof
1996.

ComponentsofGMDSS
ThemaintypesofequipmentusedinGMDSSare:

Emergencypositionindicatingradiobeacon(EPIRB)
CospasSarsatisaninternationalsatellitebasedsearchandrescuesystem,establishedbyCanada,France,the
UnitedStates,andRussia.Thesefourcountriesjointlyhelpeddevelopthe406MHzEmergencyPosition
IndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB),anelementoftheGMDSSdesignedtooperatewithCospasSarsatsystem.
TheseautomaticactivatingEPIRBs,nowrequiredonSOLASships,commercialfishingvessels,andall
passengerships,aredesignedtotransmittoalertrescuecoordinationcentersviathesatellitesystemfrom
anywhereintheworld.TheoriginalCOSPAS/SARSATsystemusedpolarorbitingsatellitesbutinrecentyears
thesystemhasbeenexpandedtoalsoinclude4geostationarysatellites.NewestdesignsincorporateGPS
receiverstotransmithighlyaccuratepositions(withinabout20metres)ofthedistressposition.Theoriginal
COSPAS/SARSATsatellitescouldcalculateEPIRBpositiontowithinabout3nauticalmiles(5.6km)byusing
Dopplertechniques.Bytheendof2010EPIRBmanufacturersmaybeofferingAIS(automaticidentification
system)enabledbeacons.Theserviceabilityoftheseitemsarecheckedmonthlyandannuallyandhavelimited
batteryshelflifebetweentwoandfiveyearsusingmostlyLithiumtypebatteries.406MHzEPIRB'stransmita
registrationnumberwhichislinkedtoadatabaseofinformationaboutthevessel.

NAVTEX

Navtexisaninternational,automatedsystemforinstantlydistributingmaritimesafetyinformation(MSI)
whichincludesnavigationalwarnings,weatherforecastsandweatherwarnings,searchandrescuenoticesand
similarinformationtoships.Asmall,lowcostandselfcontained"smart"printingradioreceiverisinstalledon
thebridge,ortheplacefromwheretheshipisnavigated,andcheckseachincomingmessagetoseeifithas
beenreceivedduringanearliertransmission,orifitisofacategoryofnointeresttotheship'smaster.The
frequencyoftransmissionofthesemessagesis518kHzinEnglish,while490kHzissometimeusedto
broadcastinalocallanguage.Themessagesarecodedwithaheadercodeidentifiedbytheusingsingleletters
ofthealphabettorepresentbroadcastingstations,typeofmessages,andfollowedbytwofiguresindicatingthe
serialnumberofthemessage.Forexample:FA56whereFistheIDofthetransmittingstation,Aindicatesthe
messagecategorynavigationalwarning,and56istheconsecutivemessagenumber.

Inmarsat
SatellitesystemsoperatedbytheInmarsatcompany,overseenbytheInternationalMobileSatellite
Organization(IMSO)arealsoimportantelementsoftheGMDSS.ThetypesofInmarsatshipearthstation
terminalsrecognizedbytheGMDSSare:InmarsatB,CandF77.InmarsatBandF77,anupdatedversionof
thenowredundantInmarsatA,provideship/shore,ship/shipandshore/shiptelephone,telexandhighspeed
dataservices,includingadistressprioritytelephoneandtelexservicetoandfromrescuecoordinationcenters.
Fleet77fullysupportstheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)andincludesadvanced
featuressuchasemergencycallprioritisation.TheInmarsatCprovidesship/shore,shore/shipandship/ship
storeandforwarddataandemailmessaging,thecapabilityforsendingpreformatteddistressmessagestoa
rescuecoordinationcenter,andtheInmarsatCSafetyNETservice.TheInmarsatCSafetyNETserviceisa
satellitebasedworldwidemaritimesafetyinformationbroadcastserviceofhighseasweatherwarnings,
NAVAREAnavigationalwarnings,radionavigationwarnings,icereportsandwarningsgeneratedbythe
USCGconductedInternationalIcePatrol,andothersimilarinformationnotprovidedbyNAVTEX.SafetyNET
workssimilarlytoNAVTEXinareasoutsideNAVTEXcoverage.
InmarsatCequipmentisrelativelysmallandlightweight,andcostsmuchlessthananInmarsatBorF77
station.InmarsatBandF77shipearthstationsrequirerelativelylargegyrostabilizedunidirectionalantennas
theantennasizeoftheInmarsatCismuchsmallerandisomnidirectional.
UnderacooperativeagreementwiththeNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA),
combinedmeteorologicalobservationsandAMVERreportscannowbesenttoboththeUSCGAMVER
Center,andNOAA,usinganInmarsatCshipearthstation,atnocharge.
SOLASnowrequiresthatInmarsatCequipmenthaveanintegralsatellitenavigationreceiver,orbeexternally
connectedtoasatellitenavigationreceiver.Thatconnectionwillensureaccuratelocationinformationtobesent
toarescuecoordinationcenterifadistressalertisevertransmitted.
AlsothenewLRITlongrangetrackingsystemsareupgradedviaGMDSSInmarsatCwhicharealsocompliant
alongwithinbuiltSSAS,orshipsecurityalertsystem.SSASprovidesameanstocovertlytransmitasecurity
alertdistressmessagetolocalauthoritiesintheeventofamutiny,pirateattack,orotherhostileactiontowards
thevesseloritscrew.

Highfrequency
AGMDSSsystemmayincludehighfrequency(HF)radiotelephoneandradiotelex(narrowbanddirect
printing)equipment,withcallsinitiatedbydigitalselectivecalling(DSC).Worldwidebroadcastsofmaritime
safetyinformationcanalsomadeonHFnarrowbanddirectprintingchannels.

Searchandrescuelocatingdevice
TheGMDSSinstallationonshipsincludeone(twoonvesselsover500GT)SearchandRescueLocating
device(s)calledSearchandRescueRadarTransponders(SART)whichareusedtolocatesurvivalcraftor
distressedvesselsbycreatingaseriesoftwelvedotsonarescuingship's3cmradardisplay.Thedetection

rangebetweenthesedevicesandships,dependentupontheheightoftheship'sradarmastandtheheightofthe
SearchandRescueLocatingdevice,isnormallyabout15km(8nauticalmiles).Oncedetectedbyradar,the
SearchandRescueLocatingdevicewillproduceavisualandauralindicationtothepersonsindistress.

Digitalselectivecalling
TheIMOalsointroduceddigitalselectivecalling(DSC)onMF,HFandVHFmaritimeradiosaspartofthe
GMDSSsystem.DSCisprimarilyintendedtoinitiateshiptoship,shiptoshoreandshoretoship
radiotelephoneandMF/HFradiotelexcalls.DSCcallscanalsobemadetoindividualstations,groupsof
stations,or"allstations"inone'sradiorange.EachDSCequippedship,shorestationandgroupisassigneda
unique9digitMaritimeMobileServiceIdentity.
DSCdistressalerts,whichconsistofapreformatteddistressmessage,areusedtoinitiateemergency
communicationswithshipsandrescuecoordinationcenters.DSCwasintendedtoeliminatetheneedfor
personsonaship'sbridgeoronshoretocontinuouslyguardradioreceiversonvoiceradiochannels,including
VHFchannel16(156.8MHz)and2182kHznowusedfordistress,safetyandcalling.Alisteningwatchaboard
GMDSSequippedshipson2182kHzendedonFebruary1,1999.InMay2002,IMOdecidedtopostpone
cessationofaVHFlisteningwatchaboardships.Thatwatchkeepingrequirementhadbeenscheduledtoendon
February1,2005.
IMOandITUbothrequirethattheDSCequippedMF/HFandVHFradiosbeexternallyconnectedtoasatellite
navigationreceiver(GPS).Thatconnectionwillensureaccuratelocationinformationissenttoarescue
coordinationcenterifadistressalertistransmitted.TheFCCrequiresthatallnewVHFandMF/HFmaritime
radiotelephonestypeacceptedafterJune1999haveatleastabasicDSCcapability.
VHFdigitalselectivecallingalsohasothercapabilitiesbeyondthoserequiredfortheGMDSS.TheUSCoast
GuardusesthissystemtotrackvesselsinPrinceWilliamSound,Alaska,VesselTrafficService.IMOandthe
USCGalsoplantorequireshipscarryaUniversalShipborneautomaticidentificationsystem,whichwillbe
DSCcompatible.CountrieshavingaGMDSSA1AreashouldbeabletoidentifyandtrackAISequipped
vesselsinitswaterswithoutanyadditionalradioequipment.ADSCequippedradiocannotbeinterrogatedand
trackedunlessthatoptionwasincludedbythemanufacturer,andunlesstheuserconfiguresittoallowtracking.
GMDSStelecommunicationsequipmentshouldnotbereservedforemergencyuseonly.TheInternational
MaritimeOrganizationencouragesmarinerstouseGMDSSequipmentforroutineaswellassafety
telecommunications.

Powersupplyrequirements
GMDSSequipmentisrequiredtobepoweredfromthreesourcesofsupply:
ship'snormalalternators/generators
ship'semergencyalternator/generator(iffitted)and
adedicatedradiobatterysupply.
Thebatteriesarerequiredtohaveacapacitytopowertheequipmentfor1houronshipswithanemergency
generatororbuiltpriortoFebruary1995,and6hoursonshipsnotfittedwithanemergencygeneratororbuilt
afterFebruary1995inordertocomplywithSOLAS.Thebatteriesmustbechargedbyanautomaticcharger,
whichisalsorequiredtobepoweredfromthemainandemergencygenerators.ChangeoverfromACtobattery
supplymustbeautomatic,andeffectedinsuchawaythatanydataheldbytheequipmentisnotcorrupted("no
break").
DuringCoastGuardinspections,thebatteriesmustbeabletogofrom100%dischargetofullychargedinno
longerthan10hoursinordertopasscertification.Thechargertoomustbeobtainableatalltimesduringvessel
operationandshouldbeinspectedtomakesureitfunctionsproperly.Whenthereservesourceofenergy
consistsofbatteries,thebatterycapacitymustbecheckedatintervalsnotexceeding12months.Ifnot
completedwithinpast12months,thismustbedoneduringinspection.

Storagebatteriesprovidedasareservesourceofenergymustbeinstalledinaccordancewithapplicable
electricalcodesandgoodengineeringpractice.Theymustbeprotectedfromadverseweatherandphysical
damage.Theymustbereadilyaccessibleformaintenanceandreplacement.

GMDSSseaareas
GMDSSseaareasservetwopurposes:todescribeareaswhereGMDSSservicesareavailable,andtodefine
whatradioequipmentGMDSSshipsmustcarry(carriagerequirements).PriortotheGMDSS,thenumberand
typeofradiosafetyequipmentshipshadtocarrydependeduponitstonnage.WithGMDSS,thenumberand
typeofradiosafetyequipmentshipshavetocarrydependsupontheGMDSSareasinwhichthey
travel.GMDSSseaareasareclassifieditofourareas:area1,area2,area3andarea4.
Inadditiontoequipmentlistedbelow,allGMDSSregulatedshipsmustcarryasatelliteEPIRB,aNAVTEX
receiver(iftheytravelinanyareasservedbyNAVTEX),anInmarsatCSafetyNETreceiver(iftheytravelin
anyareasnotservedbyNAVTEX),aDSCequippedVHFradiotelephone,two(ifbetween300andlessthan
500GRT)orthreeVHFhandhelds(if500GRTormore),andtwo9GHzsearchandrescueradartransponders
(SART).

SeaAreaA1
AnareawithintheradiotelephonecoverageofatleastoneVHFcoaststationinwhichcontinuousdigital
selectivecalling(Ch.70/156.525MHz)alertingandradiotelephonyservicesareavailable.Suchanareacould
extendtypically30to40nauticalmiles(56to74km)fromtheCoastStation.

SeaAreaA2
Anarea,excludingSeaAreaA1,withintheradiotelephonecoverageofatleastoneMFcoaststationinwhich
continuousDSC(2187.5kHz)alertingandradiotelephonyservicesareavailable.Forplanningpurposes,this
areatypicallyextendstoupto180nauticalmiles(330km)offshoreduringdaylighthours,butwouldexclude
anyA1designatedareas.Inpractice,satisfactorycoveragemayoftenbeachievedouttoaround150nautical
miles(280km)offshoreduringnighttime.

SeaAreaA3
Anarea,excludingseaareasA1andA2,withinthecoverageofanInmarsatgeostationarysatellite.Thisarea
liesbetweenaboutlatitude76DegreesNorthandSouth,butexcludesA1and/orA2designatedareas.Inmarsat
guaranteestheirsystemwillworkbetween70Southand70Norththoughitwilloftenworkto76degrees
SouthorNorth.

SeaAreaA4
AnareaoutsideSeaAreasA1,A2andA3iscalledSeaAreaA4.Thisisessentiallythepolarregions,northand
southofabout76degreesoflatitude,excludinganyA1,A2andA3areas.[3]

GMDSSradioequipmentrequiredforU.S.coastalvoyages
Presently,untilanA1orA2SeaAreaisestablished,GMDSSmandatedshipsoperatingofftheU.S.coastmust
fittoSeaAreasA3(orA4)regardlessofwheretheyoperate.U.S.shipswhosevoyageallowsthemtoalways
remainwithinVHFchannel16coverageofU.S.CoastGuardstationsmayapplytotheFederal
CommunicationsCommissionforanindividualwaivertofittoSeaAreaA1requirements.Similarly,thosewho
remainwithin2182kHzcoverageofU.S.CoastGuardstationsmayapplyforawaivertofittoSeaAreaA2
requirements.

AsofAugust2013,theU.S.CoastGuardprovidesaSeaAreaA1servicethroughitsRescue21system.[4][5]

Licensingofoperators
Nationalmaritimeauthoritiesmayissuevariousclassesoflicenses.TheGeneralOperatorsCertificateis
requiredonSOLASvesselsoperatingalsooutsideGMDSSSeaAreaA1,whileaRestrictedOperators
CertificateisneededonSOLASvesselsoperatedsolelywithinGMDSSSeaAreaA1,
LongRangeCertificatemaybeissued,andisrequiredonnonSOLASvesselsoperatingoutsideGMDSSSea
AreaA1,whileaShortRangeCertificateisissuedfornonSOLASvesselsoperatingonlyinsideGMDSSSea
AreaA1.
Finallythereisarestrictedradiotelephoneoperator'scertificate,whichissimilartotheShortRangeCertificate
butlimitedVHRDSCradiooperation.SomecountriesdonotconsiderthisadequateforGMDSSqualification.
IntheUnitedStatesfourdifferentGMDSScertificatesareissued:
AGMDSSRadioMaintainer'sLicenseallowsapersontomaintain,install,andrepairGMDSS
equipmentatsea.
AGMDSSRadioOperator'sLicenseisnecessaryforapersontouserequiredGMDSSequipment.
TheholderofbothcertificatescanbeissuedoneGMDSSRadioOperator/MaintainerLicense.
Finally,theGMDSSRestrictedLicenseisavailableforVHFoperationsonlywithin20nauticalmiles
(37km)ofthecoast.
ToobtainanyoftheselicensesapersonmustbeaU.S.citizenorotherwiseeligibleforworkinthecountry,be
abletocommunicateinEnglish,andtakewrittenexaminationsapprovedbytheFederalCommunications
Commission.Liketheamateurradioexaminations,thesearegivenbyprivate,FCCapprovedgroups.Theseare
generallynotthesameagencieswhoadministerthehamtests.Writtentestelements1and7arerequiredforthe
Operatorlicense,andelements1and7RfortheRestrictedOperator.(Passingelement1alsoautomatically
qualifiestheapplicantfortheMarineRadiotelephoneOperatorPermit,theMROP.)
FortheMaintainerlicense,writtenexamelement9mustbepassed.However,toobtainthiscertificatean
applicantmustalsoholdaGeneralradiotelephoneoperatorlicense(GROL),whichrequirespassing
commercialwrittenexamelements1and3(andthussupersedestheMROP).Uponthefurtherpassingof
optionalwrittenexamelement8theshipradarendorsementwillbeaddedtoboththeGROLandMaintainer
licenses.Thisallowstheholdertoadjust,maintain,andrepairshipboardradarequipment.[6]
UntilMarch25,2008GMDSSoperatorandmaintainerlicensesexpiredafterfiveyearsbutcouldberenewed
uponpaymentofafee.Onthatdateallnewcertificateswereissuedvalidforthelifetimesoftheirholders.For
thosestillvalidbutpreviouslyissuedwithexpirationdates,theFCCstates:
AnyGMDSSRadioOperator'sLicense,RestrictedGMDSSRadioOperator'sLicense,GMDSSRadio
Maintainer'sLicense,GMDSSRadioOperator/MaintainerLicense,orMarineRadioOperatorPermitthatwas
active,i.e.,hadnotexpired,asofMarch25,2008,doesnothavetoberenewed.[7]
Sinceanoldercertificatedoesshowanexpirationdate,forcrewmemberssailinginternationallyitmaybe
worthpayingthefee(asof2010itwas$60)toavoidanyconfusionwithlocalauthorities.
Finally,toactuallyserveasaGMDSSoperatoronmostcommercialvesselstheUnitedStatesCoastGuard
requiresadditionalclassroomtrainingandpracticalexperiencebeyondjustholdingalicense.[8]

Seealso
AutomaticIdentificationSystem
LongRangeIdentificationandTracking(LRIT)

GMDSSPublications:TheUnitedKingdomHydrographicOfficepublishesaGMDSSAdmiraltyListofRadio
Signals(GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)VolumeNP2852016/17EditionisISBN
number97800707744322.(DMT)

References
1.Johnson,B(1994)."Englishinmaritimeradiotelephony".WorldEnglishes.13(1):8391.doi:10.1111/j.1467
971X.1994.tb00285.x.
2."ThestoryofPortisheadRadio:Longrangemaritimeradiocommunications:19201995".April6,2001.Retrieved
January9,2008.
3.http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=10750&filename=32.pdf
4."GMDSSAREASANDSEARCHANDRESCUEAREAS".Retrieved7May2014.
5."RESCUE21DISTRESSSYSTEMCOVERAGE".Retrieved7May2014.
6.FCCCommercialRadioOperatorLicenses(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperators/)
7.CommercialRadioOperatorLicenseProgram:TermofLicenses(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperators/index.htm?jo
b=terms_license)
8.GMDSSTrainingandCertification(http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/gmdss/taskForce/Training_and_Certification_of
_GMDSS_Radio_Operators.pdf)

USCoastGuard:GMDSS(http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=GMDSS)
http://www.gmdss.com.au/

Externallinks
ABriefExplanationonGMDSS(http://satco.no/gmdss/)
AMERCAssociationofMarineElectronicandRadioColleges(http://www.amerc.ac.uk)
COSPASSARSATsystemhomepage(http://www.cospassarsat.org/)
SearchAndRescueSatelliteAidedTracking(SARSAT)(http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/)
FCCCommercialOperatorLicenses:Examinations(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperators/exam.html)
FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)
FCCGMDSSRadioMaintainer'sLicense(DM)(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperators/dm.html)FCC
FCCGMDSSRadioOperator'sLicense(DO)(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperators/do.html)FCC
FCCShipRadarEndorsement(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperators/sre.html)FCC
FCCCommercialOperatorLicenses:ExaminationQuestionPools(http://wireless.fcc.gov/commoperat
ors/eqp.html)FCC
GMDSSShipInspectionChecklist(http://www.fcc.gov/eb/ShipInsp/gmdss_checklist.pdf)FCC
"CCIR4934HFSelcallInformationResource".HFLINK.2010.RetrievedJanuary10,2010.
GMDSSTestEquipmentMF/HF/VHF/DSC/NAVTEXTestSet(http://gmdsstesters.com/gmdsstestermr
ts7.html)
GMDSSTrainingSimulatorsPoseidonSimulation,Norway(http://www.poseidon.no/index.php/simulat
ion/gmdsssimulators)
GMDSSTrainingSimulators(http://www.buffalocomputergraphics.com/content/pages/gmdss)
GMDSSTrainingSimulatorsVOXMARIS(http://www.voxmaris.com.ar)
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