Jos Rizal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Jos Rizal (disambiguation).

"Dr. Jos P. Rizal" redirects here. For the sculpture, see Dr. Jos P. Rizal (sculpture).
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Mercado Rizal and the
second or maternal family name is Alonso Realonda.

Jos Rizal

Born

Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado (y) Alonso[1]

June 19, 1861[2]
Calamba, Laguna, Spanish Philippines[2]

Died

December 30, 1896 (aged 35)[3]

Bagumbayan, Manila, Spanish Philippines[3]

Cause of death Execution by firing squad

Monuments

Luneta Park, Manila,

Calamba, Laguna,
Daet, Camarines Norte

Other names

Pepe, Jose (nicknames)[4][5]

Alma mater

Ateneo Municipal de Manila,University of Santo

Tomas,Universidad Central de Madrid

Organization

La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Spouse(s)

Josephine Bracken (1896)[6]

Parent(s)

Francisco Mercado Rizal (father)

Teodora Alonso Realonda (mother)

Signature

Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado[7] y Alonso Realonda, popularly known as Jos Rizal (Spanish
pronunciation: [xose risal]; June 19, 1861 December 30, 1896), was a Filipino
nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of thePhilippines.
An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the
Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial
revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its
planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine
independence.
He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine
law to be one of the national heroes.[8] He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tngere[9] and El
filibusterismo,[10] and a number of poems and essays.[11][12]
Contents
[hide]

1Early life

2Education

3Personal life, relationships and ventures

o

3.1Association with Leonor Rivera

3.2Relationship with Josephine Bracken

4In Brussels and Spain (189092)

5Return to Philippines (189296)

o

5.1Exile in Dapitan

5.2Arrest and trial

6Execution

7Works and writings

7.1Novels and essays

7.2Poetry

7.3Plays

7.4Other works

8Reactions after death

o

8.1Retraction controversy

8.2"Mi ltimo adis"

8.3Later life of Bracken

8.4Polavieja and Blanco

9Criticism and controversies

o

9.1National hero status

9.1.1Made national hero by colonial Americans

9.1.2Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo

9.2References to the Catholic Church

9.3Critiques of books

9.4Role in the Philippine revolution

10Legacy
o

10.1Species named after Rizal

11Historical commemoration

12Rizal in popular culture

o

12.1Adaptation of his works

12.2Biographical films/TV series

12.3Others

12.4Famous lines

13See also

14Notes and references

15Sources

16Further reading

17External links

Early life

Jos Rizal's baptismal register

Francisco Mercado Rizal (18181897)

Jos Rizal was born in 1861 to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso in the town of Calamba in
Laguna province. He had nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of
a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted the
additional surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849, after Governor General Narciso Clavera y
Zalda decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among the Filipinos for census purposes (though
they already had Spanish names).
Like many families in the Philippines, the Rizals were of mixed origin. Jos's patrilineal lineage could
be traced back to Fujian in China through his father's ancestor Lam-Co, a Chinese merchant who
immigrated to the Philippines in the late 17th century.[13][14][note 1][15]Lam-Co traveled to Manila from Amoy,
China, possibly to avoid the famine or plague in his home district, and more probably to escape
theManchu invasion. He finally decided to stay in the islands as a farmer. In 1697, to escape the
bitter anti-Chinese prejudice that existed in the Philippines, he converted to Catholicism, changed his
name to Domingo Mercado and married the daughter of an indigenous Philippines resident. On his
mother's side, Rizal's ancestry included Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Tagalog blood. His
mother's lineage can be traced to the affluent Florentina family of Chinese mestizo families
originating in Baliuag, Bulacan.[16]
From an early age, Jos showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at
3, and could read and write at age 5.[14] Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he
dropped the last three names that made up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Pacianoand
the Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "Jos Protasio Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My
family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving
me the appearance of an illegitimate child!"[17] This was to enable him to travel freely and
disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Filipino
priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza) who had
been accused and executed for treason.

Rizal's house in Calamba, Laguna.

Despite the name change, Jos, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests,
impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in
writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine
societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El Filibusterismo, this second surname had
become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal
instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and
be worthy of this family name..."[17]

Education

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Bian, Laguna, before he was sent to Manila.
[18]
As to his father's request, he took the entrance examination in Colegio de San Juan de Letran but
he then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated as one of the nine students in his
class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of
Santo Tomas where he did take up a preparatory course in law.[19] Upon learning that his mother was
going blind, he decided to switch to medicine at the medical school of Santo Tomas specializing later
in ophthalmology.

Rizal as a student at theUniversity of Santo Tomas

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he
traveled alone to Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de
Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended medical lectures at
the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of
the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the
famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April
1887 before the Anthropological Society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language.
He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg", which was both an evocation and a prayer
for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West.
At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned
professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann
von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents:
"I spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a
week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends." He lived in a
Karlstrae boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and
stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tngere.
Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He painted, sketched, and made
sculptures and woodcarving. He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose most famous
works were his two novels, Noli Me Tngere and its sequel, El filibusterismo.[note 2][9]These social
commentaries during the Spanish colonization of the country formed the nucleus of literature that
inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike. Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in
twenty-two languages.[note 3][note 4][20][21]
Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr. Adolf Bernhard Meyer, as
"stupendous."[note 5] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various
skills and subjects.[20][22][22][23] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, farmer, historian,
playwright and journalist. Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of
expertise, in architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics,

martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9
during his time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.

Personal life, relationships and ventures

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived during his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011).

Jos Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th century Filipinos due to the vast and
extensive records written by and about him.[24] Almost everything in his short life is recorded
somewhere, being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of the material having
survived. His biographers, however, have faced difficulty in translating his writings because of Rizal's
habit of switching from one language to another.
They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the West
for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back again to Europe through Japan and
the United States,[25] and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong.
Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University),
Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, came to visit Rizal's maternal
grandmother in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year-old
Batanguea from Lipa, Batangas. It was the first time they met and Rizal described Segunda as
"rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others, rosycheeked,
with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph;
her entire self diffused a mysterious charm." His grandmother's guests were mostly college students
and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting. They suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of
Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. Unfortunately for him, Katigbak
was engaged to Manuel Luz.[26]

Business Card shows Dr. Jos Rizal is an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family in Number 2 of Rednaxela Terrace,
Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central district, Hong Kong Island, as
his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. This period of his life included his recorded affections
of which nine were identified. They were Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot Crescent, London, wealthy and
high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberian merchant family, last descendant of a noble
Japanese family Seiko Usui (affectionately called O-Sei-san), his earlier friendship with Segunda
Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, and eight-year romantic relationship with a distant cousin, Leonor
Rivera (popularly thought to be the inspiration for the character of Mara Clara in Noli me tangere).

Association with Leonor Rivera

See also: Leonor Rivera

A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by Jos Rizal

Leonor Rivera is thought to be the inspiration for the character of Maria Clara in Noli Me
Tngere and El Filibusterismo.[27] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was only 14 years
old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera was 16 years of age. Their correspondence
began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell. [28]
The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept Rizal focused on his studies in Europe. They
employed codes in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. A letter from Mariano
Katigbak dated June 27, 1884, referred to Rivera as Rizal's "betrothed". Katigbak described Rivera
as having been greatly affected by Rizal's departure, frequently sick because of insomnia.
When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had moved back
to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal was forbidden by his father Francisco Mercado to see Rivera in
order to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger because at the time Rizal was already labeled by
the criollo elite as a filibustero or subversive[28] because of his novel Noli Me Tngere. Rizal wanted
to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Rivera's uncomplaining fidelity. Rizal
asked permission from his father one more time before his second departure from the Philippines.
The meeting never happened. In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year,
although Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera. The reason for Rivera's year of silence was the
connivance between Rivera's mother and the Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway
engineer who fell in love with Rivera and was favored by Rivera's mother.[28][29] The news of Leonor
Rivera's marriage to Kipping devastated Rizal.

His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper.
In the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Prez, he left an impression that was to be
remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and
regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research
on Antonio de Morga's writings, he became a regular guest in the home of Dr. Reinhold Rost of
the British Museum who referred to him as "a gem of a man."[24][note 6] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor
of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes.
They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia.

Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife whom he reportedly married shortly before his execution

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

Further information: Josephine Bracken
In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong, when she
accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eyes checked by Rizal. [30] After
frequent visits, Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each other. They applied to marry but, because of
Rizal's reputation from his writings and political stance, the local priest Father Obach would only hold
the ceremony if Rizal could get permission from the Bishop of Cebu. He was unable to obtain an
ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to Catholicism.[6]
After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong, and before heading back
to Dapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members of Rizal's family in Manila. His
mother suggested a civil marriage, which she believed to be a lesser sacrament but less sinful to
Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the
Bishop.[31] Rizal and Josephine lived as husband and wife in a common-law marriage in Talisay in
Dapitan. The couple had a son who lived only for a few hours after Josephine suffered a
miscarriage; Rizal named him after his father Francisco. [32]

In Brussels and Spain (189092)

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations
of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He lived in the boarding house of the
two Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna, who had a niece Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16.
Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite
niece of his landladies." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance
with the 17-year-old niece, Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons were all with young women. [33] He
found records clarifying their names and ages.

Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the young Suzanna a box of
chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure, I did not take the chocolate. The box
is still intact as on the day of your parting. Dont delay too long writing us because I wear out the
soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you. There will never be
any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come
back"[33] In 2007, Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be
placed at the house.[33]
The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels, Noli Me
Tngere, published in Berlin in 1887, and El Filibusterismo, published in Ghent in 1891. For the
latter, he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings angered both the Spanish colonial
elite and many educated Filipinos due to their symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the
power of the Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary-born professor and
historian, wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from real life and that every episode can be
repeated on any day in the Philippines.[34]
Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian
Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. This did not dissuade him from writing the
preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli Me Tngere into German. As Blumentritt had
warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was
eventually tried by the military, convicted and executed. Teaching the natives where they stood
brought about an adverse reaction, as thePhilippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c. 1890).

As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed essays, allegories,
poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal used
a pen name, Dimasalang). The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of
individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same
sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own words, "a
double-faced Goliath"corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following
agenda:[note 7]

That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (The Philippines

was a province of New Spain now Mexico, administered from

Mexico city from 1565 to 1821. From 1821 to 1898 it was

administered directly from Spain.)

Representation in the Cortes

Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars

Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans in parishes and
remote sitios

Freedom of assembly and speech

Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish intellectuals as
Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others did endorse them.
Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting article
in La Epoca, a newspaper in Madrid. He implied that the family and friends of Rizal were evicted
from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. The incident (when Rizal was ten)
stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but
she said she was trying to help. With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she
was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court. [23] In 1887,
Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year led them to speak out
against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans'
evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. General Valeriano Weyler had the
buildings on the farm torn down.
Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel. Retana
published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers, writing Rizal's most
important biography, Vida y Escritos del Jos Rizal.[35][note 8]

Return to Philippines (189296)

Exile in Dapitan
Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league
advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor.
At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities
because of the publication of his novel.

Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal.

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt.

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported
to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga, a peninsula ofMindanao.[36] There he built a school, a
hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture. [citation
needed]
Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the
thousands, was a memorial.[citation needed]
The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language (considered
a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims
of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency in young men.[citation needed] They would later enjoy
successful lives as farmers and honest government officials. [citation needed] One, a Muslim, became a datu,
and another, Jos Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor
of Zamboanga.[37][citation needed]
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray Francisco
de Paula Snchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by
Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the
ecumenism familiar to us today.[38]
We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt His when I am
convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt
one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life
for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the
sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to Him;
before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable
being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: It could be; but the God
that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in (revelation); but not in
revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them
impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human
'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written... No, let us not make God in our
image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and
sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an
instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean
of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that
voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it
proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until
we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, His love, His providence, His

eternity, His glory, His wisdom? The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth
his handiwork.[39]
His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellowscientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and
which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the
development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the
viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it. [24] He condemned the
uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and had
used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty.[40]
He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the incoming
revolution, believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further suffering in the country
and loss of Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I consider myself happy for being able to suffer a
little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [...]. I believe further that in any undertaking, the more
one suffers for it, the surer its success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my poor
judgment does not see it as such."[41]
In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game for his students, with questions
and answers for which a wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and
the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch, spoon and salter.

Arrest and trial

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full-blown
revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising.[citation needed] Rizal had earlier volunteered his services as
a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-General Ramn Blanco to serve in Cuba to
minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of
recommendation from Blanco.
Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on October 6, 1896.
He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution
through his association with members of the Katipunan. During the entire passage, he was
unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do
so.
While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the current revolution in its
present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national
identity were prerequisites to freedom.
Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy, was convicted on all
three charges, and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out
of office. The friars, led by then Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda, had 'intercalated' Camilo
de Polavieja in his stead, as the new SpanishGovernor-General of the Philippines after pressuring
Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.

Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was thenBagumbayan.

Moments before his execution on December 30, 1896, by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish
Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the executioners should
they fail to obey orders.[42] The Spanish Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: it was
normal. Aware of this the Sergeant commanding the backup force hushed his men to silence when
they began raising "vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards.
His last words were those of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est", it is finished.[20][43][note 9]
He was secretly buried in Pac Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister
Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards
posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there never having any ground
burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.
His undated poem, Mi ltimo adis believed to be written a few days before his execution, was
hidden in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions,
including the final letters and his last bequests.[44]:91 During their visit, Rizal reminded his sisters in
English, "There is something inside it", referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras
which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This
instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes", in which another item was secreted.
Exhumation of his remains in August 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined,
his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes
had disintegrated. And now he is buried in Rizal Monument in Manila. [23]
In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love
them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896."[24] He gave his family instructions for his burial:
"Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross over it. My name, the date of my birth and of my
death. Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my grave with a fence, you can do it. No
anniversaries."[45]
In his final letter, to Blumentritt Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of
rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience.[24] Rizal is believed to be the first Filipino
revolutionary whose death is attributed entirely to his work as a writer; and through dissent and civil
disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy Spain's moral primacy to rule. He also
bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When
Blumentritt received it in his hometown Litomice(Leitmeritz) he broke down and wept.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua franca of the Spanish Philippines, though some of his
letters (for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in Tagalog. His works have
since been translated into a number of languages including Tagalog and English.

Novels and essays

Noli Me Tngere, novel, 1887 (literally Spanish for 'touch me not',

from John 20:17)[46]

El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tngere

Alin Mang Lahi" ("Whate'er the Race"), a Kundiman attributed to Dr.

Jos Rizal[47]

The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)

Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at

Restaurante Ingles, Madrid

The Diaries of Jos Rizal

Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal's letters to his

family members, Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo Pastells and other reformers

"Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine

islands)

Filipinas dentro de cien aos essay, 188990 (The Philippines a

Century Hence)

La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of

Filipinos)[48]

Makamisa unfinished novel

Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young

Women of Malolos

Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas

Filipinas (essay, 1889, Events in the Philippine Islands)

The Triumph of Science over Death, by Rizal.

Poetry

A La Juventud Filipina

El Canto Del Viajero

Briayle Crismarl

Canto Del Viajero

Canto de Mara Clara

Dalit sa Paggawa

Felicitacin

Kundiman (Tagalog)

Me Piden Versos

Mi primera inspiracion

Mi Retiro

Mi Ultimo Adis

Por La Educacin (Recibe Lustre La Patria)

Sa Sanggol na si Jesus

To My Muse (A Mi Musa)

Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo

A Man in Dapitan

El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of Gods)

Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[49]:381

San Euistaquio, Mrtyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)[50]

Plays

Other works
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work was "The
Triumph of Science over Death", a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair,
standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman symbolized the ignorance of
humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore symbolized the enlightenment science
brings over the whole world. He sent the sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt,
together with another one named "The Triumph of Death over Life".
The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the humankind
achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific advancements. The original
sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A
large replica, made of concrete, stands in front of Fernando Caldern Hall, the building which
houses the College of Medicine of the University of the Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in
Ermita, Manila.

Reactions after death

An engraving of the execution of Filipino insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta).

Historical marker of Jos Rizal's execution site.

Retraction controversy
Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document which
stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have
been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church."[note 10] However, there are doubts of its
authenticity given that there is no certificate of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken.
[51]
Also there is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery.[52]
After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction
document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's handwriting. Senator Rafael
Palma, a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a
retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs.[53] He called the retraction story
a "pious fraud."[54] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach,[20] a Protestant minister; Austin
Coates,[29] a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National Archives.[55]
Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine historians such
as Nick Joaquin,[note 11]Nicolas Zafra of UP[56] Len Mara Guerrero III,[note 12] Gregorio Zaide,[58] Guillermo
Gmez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,[55]John Schumacher,[59] Antonio Molina,[60] Paul Dumol[61] and Austin
Craig.[23] They take the retraction document as authentic, having been judged as such by a foremost
expert on the writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting
experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice", H. Otley Beyer and Dr. Jos I. Del Rosario,
both of UP.[56]
Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer
book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his
execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman, cites that Rizal's
4confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12

historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals. [62] One witness was the
head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of his notarized declaration and was highly
esteemed by Rizal for his integrity.[63]
Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical
method, in contrast with merelycircumstantial evidence, UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas
Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history." [56] Guzmn attributes the denial of
retraction to "the blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of some Masons. [62]
Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes," [58][note
13]
his reversion to the "true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"[63] and a return to the "ideals of his
fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot; on the contrary, it increased that
stature to greatness."[66] On the other hand, senator Jose Dioknostated, "Surely whether Rizal died
as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or
Mason, Rizal is still Rizal the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism
that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'."[67]

"Mi ltimo adis"

Main article: Mi ltimo adis
The poem is more aptly titled, "Adis, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Fatherland"), by
virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line of the poem itself. It first
appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an
accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he
edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the
photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally
appeared under 'Mi ltimo pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few
years. Thus, when the JesuitBalaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to
Josephine was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to
revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write
"Adis."
Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United
States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of
Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny
claimed a nobler victim?"[68] Subsequently, the US Congress passed the bill into law which is now
known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902.[69]
This was a major breakthrough for a US Congress that had yet to grant equal rights to African
Americans guaranteed to them in the US Constitution and the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in
effect. It created the Philippine legislature, appointed two Filipino delegates to the US Congress,
extended the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos, and laid the foundation for an autonomous government.
The colony was on its way to independence.[69] The Americans, however, would not sign the bill into
law until 1916 and did not recognize Philippine Independence until the Treaty of Manila in 1946fifty
years after Rizal's death.This same poem which has inspired independence activists across the
region and beyond was recited (in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar) by Indonesian
soldiers of independence before going into battle.[70]

Later life of Bracken

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day,[71] promptly joined
the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud across enemy
lines, and helped reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in Imus under the revolutionary General
Pantalen Garca. Imus came under threat of recapture that the operation was moved, with Bracken,
to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite.[72]

She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by
the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly
deported. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente
Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the Philippines. She died
of tubercolosis in Hong Kong in March 15, 1902, and was buried at the Happy Valley Cemetery.
[72]
She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet stranger, my
friend, my joy...".

Polavieja and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While visiting Girona,
in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and
the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain. [73] Ramon Blanco
later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.[citation needed]

Criticism and controversies

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic,
have kept his legacy controversial.

Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, Laguna, the ancestral house and birthplace of Jos Rizal, is now a museum
housing Rizal memorabilia.

Jos Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila. Slightly renovated and date repainted in English.

National hero status

The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the sometimes bitter
question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero.[74][75] But then again, according to the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino
historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no Filipino historical figure, including Rizal, that was officially
declared as national hero through law or executive order.[76][77] Although, there were laws and
proclamations honoring Filipino heroes.
Made national hero by colonial Americans
Some[who?] suggest that Jose Rizal was made a legislated national hero by the American forces
occupying Philippines. In 1901, the American Governor General William Howard Taft suggested that
the U.S. sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. Jose Rizal was
an ideal candidate, favourable to the American occupiers since he was dead, and non-violent, a
favourable quality which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not threaten the American rule or change
the status quo of the occupiers of Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate independence for
Philippines either.[78] Subsequently, the US-sponsored commission passed Act No. 346 which set the
anniversary of Rizals death as a day of observance. [79]
Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the
greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the Philippines after Aguinaldo lost the
PhilippineAmerican War. The United States promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political
advocacy (in fact, repudiation of violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose
ideas could inspire resistance against American rule. Rizal was selected over Andrs Bonifacio who
was viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."[80]
Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo
On the other hand, numerous sources[81] quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo, and not the
second Philippine Commission, who first recognized December 30 as "national day of mourning in
memory of Rizal and other victims of Spanish tyranny. As per them, the first celebration of Rizal Day
was held in Manila on December 30, 1898, under the sponsorship of the Club Filipino. [82]

The veracity of both claims seems to be justified and hence difficult to ascertain. However, most
historians agree that a majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal during his lifetime, [83] as he was a
member of the richer elite classes (he was born in an affluent family, had lived abroad for nearly as
long as he had lived in the Philippines) and wrote primarily in an elite language (at that
time, Tagalog andCebuano were the languages of the masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom (the
masses were more concerned about day to day issues like earning money and making a living,
something which has not changed much today).[84]
Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the
leader of its liberation forces". He gives the opinion that Andrs Bonifacio not replace Rizal as
national hero, like some have suggested, but that be honored alongside him. [85]
Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies. [86] The historian Rafael
Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal
and that although the Bonifacio's revolver produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal
generated a more lasting achievement.[87]

References to the Catholic Church

In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camellias'. The
writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias,
about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no account
in Viola's letter whether it was more than one-night and if it was more a business transaction than an
amorous affair.[88][89][note 14]

Critiques of books
Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet",
said of him, a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear
and hope, between faith and despair.[90] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two
novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's
idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is
struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure and
spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable.[91]
Many thinkers tend to find the characters of Mara Clara and Ibarra (Noli Me Tngere) poor role
models, Mara Clara being too frail, and young Ibarra being too accepting of circumstances, rather
than being courageous and bold.[92]
In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: ...our liberty will (not) be secured at the
sword's point...we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that
height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of
cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn.[91] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is
also debated, not only based on his own writings, but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts
of Po Valenzuela, a doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and
the Katipunan.

Role in the Philippine revolution

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the Spanish
authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an armed struggle for
independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Rizal had even refused him entry to his
house. Bonifacio, in turn, had openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal. [note 15]
But years later, Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising as long as the
Filipinos were well-prepared, and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had suggested that
the Katipunan get wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on their side, or at least ensure
they would stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary

forces since he had studied military science.[note 16] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered
prematurely, they should fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to
historian Teodoro Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true
stance toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him. [93]
Before his execution, Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. But as noted by
historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a stanza which equates his coming
execution and the rebels then dying in battle as fundamentally the same, as both are dying for their
country.[94]

Legacy
Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi, Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also advocated liberty through
peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. Coinciding with the appearance of those other
leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own
of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European
civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed.[note 17]

Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that Gandhi or
Nehru may have corresponded with Rizal, neither have they mentioned him in any of their memoirs
or letters. But it was documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal
Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned, specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his daughter
Indira.[95][96]
As a political figure, Jos Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that
subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrs Bonifacio,[note 18], a secret society which would
start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the foundation of the First Philippine
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government
peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution, and would only support
"violent means" as a last resort.[98] Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and
self-government was the restoration of the dignity of the people,[note 19] saying "Why independence, if
the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?"[99] However, through careful examination of his

works and statements, including Mi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals himself as a revolutionary. His image
as the Tagalog Christ also intensified early reverence to him.
Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of
Spain's early relations with his people.[100] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early
colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's injustices giving rise to Gomburzaand the Philippine
Revolution of 1896. The English biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe
that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism
and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a
national identity to nation-building.[29][note 20]
The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored several books about Jose Rizal: Rizal
in Belgium and France, Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like Rizal (published by the National
Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels of
Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of Unselfishness". He received an award from the president of the
Philippines "in recognition of his unwavering support and commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and his invaluable contribution to engender the teachings and
ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines and in Europe". One of the greatest researchers about
Rizal nowadays is Lucien Spittael.
Several titles were bestowed on him: "the First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown Race", among
others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of
chapters all over the globe [3] [4]. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a
sublimation of Christ.[102] In September 1903, he wascanonised as a saint in the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente, however it was revoked in the 1950s.[103]

Species named after Rizal

Jos Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and soon after he was banished at Dapitan where he
plunged himself into studying of nature. He then able to collect a number of species of various
classes: insects, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, shells, snakes and plants.
Rizal sent many specimens of animals, insects, and plants for identification to the (Anthropological
and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden[104]), Dresden Museum of Ethnology. It was not in his interest
to receive any monetary payment; all he wanted were scientific books, magazines and surgical
instruments which he needed and used in Dapitan.
During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent several specimens of flying dragons to Europe. He believed
that they were a new species. The German zoologist Benno Wandolleck named them Draco
rizali after Rizal. However, it has since been discovered that the species had already been described
by the Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulengerin 1885 as Draco guentheri.[105]
There are three species named after Rizal:

Draco rizali a small lizard, known as a flying dragon

Apogania rizali a very rare kind of beetle with five horns

Rhacophorus rizali a peculiar frog species. Rhacophorus rizali[106]

Historical commemoration

Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in
the arts and sciences, in literature and in his profession as an
ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the Anthropological Society

of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of

his farewell poem and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[107]

The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he fell at the
Luneta in Bagumbayan, which is now called Rizal Park, a national
park in Manila. The monument, which also contains his remains,
was designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the William
Tell sculpture in Altdorf, Uri.[note 21] The monument carries the
inscription: "I want to show to those who deprive people the right to
love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for
our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for
those one loves for his country and for others dear to him." [24]

The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the
District of Morong into the Province of Rizal. Today, the wide
acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the countless towns, streets,
and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor.

Close-up image of Rizal's statue at the Rizal Monument in Manila.

Second Tallest Jos Rizal statue in the world. Located at Calamba,Laguna,

Rizal's hometown. It was inaugurated on 2011, synchronous on the 150th
Birth Celebration of the hero.

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970Philippine peso coin

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

The Portrait of Rizal, painted in oil by Juan Luna

Republic Act 1425, known as the Rizal Law, was passed in 1956 by
the Philippine legislature requiring all high school and colleges to
offer courses about his life, works and writings.

Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid;[109] Tokyo;

[110]
Wilhelmsfeld, Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian, China;[111] Chicago;
[112]
Jersey City; Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey; Honolulu;[113] San
Diego;[114] Los Angeles including the suburbs Carson and West
Covina (both near Seafood City, Mexico City, Mexico;[115] Lima, Peru;

Litomerice, Czech Republic;[117] Toronto;[citation needed]Montreal, Quebec,

Canada.[citation needed]
[116]

A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabin de la

Rosa on one side and a bronze bust relief of him by Philippine
artist Guillermo Tolentino stands at the Asian Civilisations
Museum Green marking his visits to Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891
and 1896.[118]

A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina district, Lima, Peru,

designed by Czech sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop a pedestal
base with four inaugural plaque markers with the following
inscription on one: "Dr. Jos P. Rizal, Hroe Nacional de Filipinas,
Nacionalista, Reformador Political, Escritor, Lingistica y Poeta,
18611896."[119][120]

A Rizal bust sits in front of the Filipino American Council of Chicago,

celebrating a one-day visit Dr. Rizal made to Chicago on May 11,
1888, as seen below.

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

The National Historical Institute logo for the 150th Birth Anniversary of Jos
Rizal

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. Jos Rizal's
residence in Hong Kong

A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with

Professor Becker while in Wilhemsfeld. There is a small Rizal
Park in that city where a bronze statue of Rizal stands. The street
where he lived was also renamed after him. A sandstone fountain in
Pastor Ullmer's house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhelmsfeld,
was given to the Philippine government and is now located at Rizal
Park in Manila.[121]

Throughout 2011, the National Historical Institute and other

institutions organized several activities commemorating the 150th
birth anniversary of Rizal, which took place on June 19 of that year.

The London Borough of Camden placed a Blue Plaque at 37

Chalcot Crescent, where Rizal lived for some time, with the words:
"Dr. Jos Rizal, Writer and National Hero of the Philippines".

Rizal in popular culture

Adaptation of his works
The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than a century
after his birth. In the 10th FAMAS Awards, he was honored in the Best Story category for Gerardo de
Len's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tngere. The recognition was repeated the following year with

his movie version of El Filibusterismo, making him the only person to win back-to-back FAMAS
Awards posthumously.[citation needed]
Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de Len: Noli me
tangere in 1957 and El filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939 overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired
by Rizal's tale of the same name.[122]

Biographical films/TV series

Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the 1956 film, Ang Buhay at Pag-ibig
ni Dr. Jose Rizal

Portrayed by Albert Martinez in the 1997 film, Rizal sa Dapitan.

Portrayed by Dominic Guinto and Cesar Montano in the 1998

film, Jos Rizal.

Portrayed by Joel Torre in the 1999 film, Bayaning 3rd World.

Portrayed by Nasser in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan.

Portrayed by Jhiz Deocareza and Alden Richards in the 2014 TV

series, Ilustrado.

Portrayed by Jericho Rosales in the 2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang

Unang Pangulo.

Nearly every town and city in Philippines contains a street named

after Rizal (Rizal street and Rizal Avenue)

At least ten towns / cities in Philippines are named "Rizal" (for

example : Rizal Cagayan)

A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) is named Dr.

Jose P Rizal Marg

The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class destroyer named after

Rizal by the United States Navy and launched on September 21,
1918.

The Jos Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are
dedicated to Rizal.[123]

Rizal also appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as

a secret character in multiplayer, alongside other historical figures
such as William Shakespeare and Winston Churchill. He can be
unlocked by completing the single-player mode, or through cheat
codes.[124][125]

Others

The Tekken series introduced a character by the name of Josie

Rizal in acknowledgement of Jos Rizal.

"One only dies once, and if one does not die well, a good
opportunity is lost and will not present itself again."

"He who does not know how to look back at where he came from
will never get to his destination.

"Our liberty will not be secured at the sword's point... We must

secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when the people
reaches that height, God will provide a weapon, the idols will be
shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of cards, and liberty will
shine out like the first dawn."

"There are no tyrants if there are no slaves

Famous lines

[hide]

Part of Jos Rizal's ancestry

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and remo
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m-co

Inez de la Rosa

Eugenio Ursua

Francisco Mercado

Bernarda Monicha

Cirila Alejandro

ancisco Rizal Mercado

Lorenzo Alberto Alonso

Manuel Alonso

Narcisa Rizal

Paciano Rizal

Clemente Mercado

Manuel de Quintos

Lucia Rizal

Olympia Rizal

e all of the ancestor's siblings, only the notable ones.

Juan Alonso

Jos Rizal

Mara Rizal

Gregorio Alonso

Josefa Rizal

Concepcin Rizal

Trinidad Rizal

[show]Ancestors of Jos Rizal

See also

Jos Rizal University

Jos Rizal's Global Fellowship

Rizal Shrine (Calamba City)

Rizal Shrine (Manila)

Rizal Technological University

Makamisa

Rizal Without the Overcoat

Jos Mart, Cuban national hero also executed by the Spanish in

1895

Dr. Jos P. Rizal (sculpture), Houston, Texas

Notes and references

Notes
1.

Jump up^ When Jos was baptized, the record showed his parents
as Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda."Jos Rizals
Lineage"

2.

Jump up^ His novel Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written
outside Japan and China and was one of the first novels of anticolonial rebellion. Read Benedict Anderson's commentary: [1].

3.

Jump up^ He was conversant in Spanish, French, Latin, Greek,

German, Portuguese, Italian, English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also
made translations from Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Chinese, Greek,
Hebrew and Sanskrit. He translated the poetry of Schiller into his
native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some knowledge
of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun.

4.

Jump up^ In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino", (La Solidaridad,

c.1888), he wrote: "Man is multiplied by the number of languages he
possesses and speaks."

5.

Jump up^ Adolf Bernard Meyer (18401911) was a German

ornithologist and anthropologist, and author of the book Philippinentypen (Dresden, 1888)

6.

Jump up^ Dr. Reinhold Rost was the head of the India Office at the
British Museum and a renowned 19th century philologist.

7.

Jump up^ In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896),

he states: Reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for
reforms that come from below are upheavals both violent and
transitory.(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit)

8.

Jump up^ According to Laubach, Retana more than any other

supporter who 'saved Rizal for posterity'. (Laubach, op.cit., p. 383)

9.

Jump up^ Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent

Spaniards of his day. Soon after his execution, the philosopher Miguel
de Unamuno in an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal as a
"Spaniard", "...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far more Spanish
than those wretched menforgive them, Lord, for they knew not what
they didthose wretched men, who over his still warm body hurled
like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva Espana!'"Miguel
de Unamuno, epilogue to Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr.
Jos Rizal.(Retana, op. cit.)

10. Jump up^ Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras,

escritos, impresos y conducta ha habido contrario mi cualidad de
hijo de la Iglesia Catlica: Jesus Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A
Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jos Rizal (Manila:
1983)
11. Jump up^ Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine National
Centennial Commission, 1996:""It seems clear now that he did retract,
that he went to confession, heard mass, received communion, and
was married to Josephine, on the eve of his death".
12. Jump up^ "That is a matter for handwriting experts, and the weight of
expert opinion is in favor of authenticity. It is nonsense to say that the
retraction does not prove Rizal's conversion; the language of the
document is unmistakable."[57]
13. Jump up^ The retraction, Javier de Pedro contends, is the end of a
process which started with a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili.[64]
[65]

14. Jump up^ Rizal's third novel Makamisa was rescued from oblivion by
Ocampo.
15. Jump up^ Bonifacio later mobilized his men to attempt to liberate
Rizal while in Fort Santiago. (Laubach, op.cit., chap. 15)
16. Jump up^ Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan, but became a
general under Emilio Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in
the PhilippineAmerican War.
17. Jump up^ Also stated in Rizal's essay, "The Philippines: A Century
Hence", The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the
prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the
currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will be
generated. (read etext at Project Gutenberg)

18. Jump up^ Bonifacio was a member of La Liga Filipina. After Rizal's
arrest and exile, it was disbanded and the group splintered into two
factions; the more radical group formed into the Katipunan, the militant
arm of the insurrection.[97]
19. Jump up^ Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas
Filipinas (1609), which he copied word for word from the British
Museum and had published, called attention to an antiquated book, a
testimony to the well-advanced civilization in the Philippines during
pre-Spanish era. In his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal
stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the
advancement of his countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression',
and the Spanish colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way
brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the lack of material inducement,
the demoralization--'the indio should not be separated from
his carabao', the endless wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the
Chinese piracyall these factors, according to Rizal, helped the
colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio 'on a level with the beast'.
(Read English translation by Charles Derbyshire at Project
Gutenberg.)
20. Jump up^ According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars
of nationalist thinking.[101] (See also Nitroglycerine in the Pomegranate,
Benedict Anderson, New Left Review 27, MayJune 2004 (subscription
required))
21. Jump up^ Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog
in 1886.[108]

References
1.

Jump up^ Valdez, Valdez & et al. 2007, p. 57.

2.

^ Jump up to:a b Valdez, Valdez & et al. 2007, p. 59.

3.

^ Jump up to:a b Valdez, Valdez & et al. 2007, p. 7.

4.

Jump up^ Nery, John (2011). "Revolutionary Spirit: Jose Rizal in

Southeast Asia", p. 240. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4345-06-4.

5.

Jump up^ Fadul 2008, p. 31.

6.

^ Jump up to:a b Fadul 2008, p. 21.

7.

Jump up^ http://www.joserizal.com/

8.

Jump up^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws

Honoring Filipino Historical Figures" (PDF). Reference and Research
Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress.
Retrieved September 8, 2009.

9.

^ Jump up to:a b Noli Me Tngere, translated by Soledad Locsin

(Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996)ISBN 971-569-188-9.

10. Jump up^ Jos Rizal; Jos Rizal National Centennial Commission
(1961). El filibusterismo (in Spanish). Linkgua digital. pp. 9. ISBN 97884-9953-093-2.
11. Jump up^ Zaide, Gregorio F.; Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). Jose Rizal:
Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National
Hero. Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 971-642070-6.
12. Jump up^ "Rizal y Alonso, Jos Protasio, 18611896". Virtual
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15. Jump up^ http://www.philippine-embassy.de/bln/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=804&Itemid=357&lang=dehttp://w
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01.htmlhttp://allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/8/0/21807656/6
084787.png?
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16. Jump up^ Austin Craig (January 8, 2005). The Project Gutenberg
EBook of Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine
Patriot. www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
17. ^ Jump up to:a b Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo,
University of Washington, Dept. of History.
18. Jump up^ Maria Stella S. Valdez (2007). Doctor Jose Rizal and the
Writing of His Story. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 77. ISBN 978-971-234868-6.
19. Jump up^ Parco de Castro; M. E. G. "Jose Rizal: A birthday wish
list". The Varsitarian. RetrievedJune 27, 2011.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr (Manila:
Community Publishers, 1936).
21. Jump up^ Witmer, Christoper (June 2, 2001). "Noli Me Tangere
(Touch Me Not)". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved on September 29,
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22. ^ Jump up to:a b The Many-Sided Personality. Jos Rizal University.
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23. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors of Rizal.
Internet Archive. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Kalaw, Teodoro."Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes,
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25. Jump up^ Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V. Gutierrez; Ricardo

Valencia Gutierrez; Ricardo V. Gutierrez (2006). Positively No Filipinos
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5, 2014.
26. Jump up^ Zaide, Gregorio (1957). Rizal's Life, Works and Writings.
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27. Jump up^ Martinez-Clemente, Jo (200-06-20) Keeping up with legacy
of Rizals true loveInquirer Central Luzon at inquirer.net. Retrieved on
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28. ^ Jump up to:a b c Leonor Rivera, Jos Rizal University, joserizal.ph
29. ^ Jump up to:a b c Coates, Austin. "Leonor Rivera", Rizal: Philippine
Nationalist and Martyr, Oxford University Press (Hong Kong), pp. 52
54, 60, 84, 124, 134136, 143, 169, 185188, 258.
30. Jump up^ Fadul 2008, p. 17.
31. Jump up^ Craig 1914, p. 215.
32. Jump up^ Fadul 2008, p. 38.
33. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cuizon, Ahmed (June 21, 2008). "Rizals affair with 'la
petite Suzanne'",Inquirer/Cebu Daily, Retrieved on September 20,
2012.
34. Jump up^ Harry Sichrovsky (1987). Ferdinand Blumentritt: an
Austrian life for the Philippines : The Story of Jos Rizal's Closest
Friend and Companion. p. 39. ISBN 978-971-13-6024-5.
35. Jump up^ Retana, Wenceslao. Vida y Escritos del Jos Rizal. Libreria
General de Victoriano Suarez, Madrid 1907.
36. Jump up^ "Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal. Governor-General
Eulogio Despujol, Manila, July 7, 1892." In Miscellaneous
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(Manila: National Historical Institute.)
37. Jump up^ "PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA ZAMBOANGA DEL
NORTE GOVERNORS". The Daily Dipolognon. Retrieved August
16, 2015.
38. Jump up^ Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells
Correspondence (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996)
39. Jump up^ Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from
Rizal, edited by Teodoro Kalaw (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 193038)
40. Jump up^ "Rizalismo (isang sanaysay)". Definitely Filipino.

41. Jump up^ Rizal, Dapitan, September 1, 1892. In Raul J. Bonoan, The
Rizal-Pastells Correspondence. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University
Press, 1994, 86s.
42. Jump up^ Russell, Charles Edward; Rodriguez, Eulogio Balan
(1923). The hero of the Filipinos: the story of Jos Rizal, poet, patriot
and martyr. The Century co. p. 308.
43. Jump up^ Austin Coates, Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and
Martyr (London: Oxford University Press, 1968) ISBN 0-19-581519-X
44. Jump up^ Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison:
Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of WisconsinMadison, ISBN 1-881261-05-0
45. Jump up^ "Letters Between Rizal and his Family, #223". The Life and
Writings of Jos Rizal. Retrieved on September 29, 2012
46. Jump up^ "The life and works of Jose Rizal". www.joserizal.com.
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47. Jump up^ "The Life and writings of Dr. Jose Rzal". National Historical
Commission of The Philippines. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
48. Jump up^ "The life and works of Jose Rizal". Retrieved September
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49. Jump up^ Foreman, J., 1906, The Philippine Islands, A Political,
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Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
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Retrieved September 3, 2013.
51. Jump up^ Ricardo Roque Pascual, Jos Rizal Beyond the
Grave (Manila: P. Ayuda & Co., 1962)
52. Jump up^ Ildefonso T. Runes and Mameto R. Buenafe, The Forgery
of the Rizal "Retraction" and Josephine's "Autobiography" (Manila: BR
Book Col, 1962).
53. Jump up^ "Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the Debate, Silliman Journal
(Vol. 12, No. 2, April, May, June 1965), pages 168183". Life and
Writings of Jos Rizal. Retrieved September 9,2009.
54. Jump up^ Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice
Hall, 1949)
55. ^ Jump up to:a b Ambeth Ocampo (2008). Rizal Without the Overcoat.
Anvil Publishing.
56. ^ Jump up to:a b c Nicolas Zafra (1961). Historicity of Rizal's Retraction.
Bookmark.

57. Jump up^ Guerrero, Len Maria III (1963). "The First Filipino: A
Biography of Jos Rizal". National Historical Institute of The
Philippines, Manila.
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Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. National
Bookstore.
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60. Jump up^ Molina, Antonio M. (1998). "Yo, Jos Rizal". Ediciones de
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61. Jump up^ "Uncovering Controversial Facts about Jos
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62. ^ Jump up to:a b Marciano Guzman (1988). The Hard Facts About
Rizal's Conversion. Sinagtala Publishers.
63. ^ Jump up to:a b Jesus Cavanna (1983). Rizal's Unfading Glory: A
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64. Jump up^ Javier de Pedro (2005) Rizal Through a Glass Darkly,
University of Asia and the Pacific
65. Jump up^ "Evolution of Rizal's Religious Thought".
66. Jump up^ (1950-01-06). "Joint Statement of the Catholic Hierarchy of
the Philippines on the Book 'The Pride of the Malay Race'". CBCP
(Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines) Documents.
Retrieved on September 30, 2012.
67. Jump up^ Garcia, Ricardo P. (1964). "The Great Debate: The Rizal
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68. Jump up^ Esteban de Ocampo, "Why is Rizal the Greatest Filipino
Hero?" National Historical Institute. ISBN 971-538-053-0
69. ^ Jump up to:a b Pacis, Vicente Albano (December 27, 1952). "RIZAL
IN THE AMERICAN CONGRESS". The Philippines Free Press Online.
70. Jump up^ "Mi Ultimo Adios by Jose Rizal". Philippine American
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71. Jump up^ Craig 1914, p. 241.
72. ^ Jump up to:a b Fadul 2008, p. 18.
73. Jump up^ Craig 1914, pp. 259260.
74. Jump up^ Ocampo, Ambeth (1990). Rizal without the overcoat.
Manila: Anvil Publishing.ISBN 971-27-0920-5.

75. Jump up^ Almario, Manuel (December 31, 2011). "Commentary,

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76. Jump up^ "Philippine Fast Facts". National Commission for Culture
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77. Jump up^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws
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78. Jump up^ Forbes, Cameron (1945). The Philippine Islands.
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79. Jump up^ Constantino, Renato (December 30, 1969). "Rizal Day
Lecture". Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
80. Jump up^ Constantino, Renato (1980) [1970], "Veneration without
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81. Jump up^ "Aguinaldo's Rizal Day Decree, 1898". Philippine
Freemasons. Retrieved September 3,2013.
82. Jump up^ "General Emilio Aguinaldo decrees December 30, 1898, as
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83. Jump up^ Ocampo, Ambeth. "Was Jose Rizal an Americansponsored Hero?". Reflections of Jose Rizal. NHCP National
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3,2013.
84. Jump up^ Zaide, Gregorio and Sonia (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works,
and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon
City: All Nations publishing Co. Inc.ISBN 971-642-070-6.
85. Jump up^ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], "History of the Filipino
People (8th ed.)". Garotech Publishing Inc., Quezon City. ISBN 9718711-06-6
86. Jump up^ Couttie, Bob (2007). "The End of Veneration". Scribd.com.
Retrieved on September 29, 2012.
87. Jump up^ Rafael Palma (1949). "Pride of the Malay Race", p. 367.
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88. Jump up^ Ambeth Ocampo (1990). "Rizal without the Overcoat". Anvil
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89. Jump up^ Ocampo, Ambeth. "Demythologizing Rizal". Retrieved
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90. Jump up^ Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog Hamlet" in Rizal:

Contrary Essays, edited by D. Feria and P. Daroy (Manila: National
Book Store, 1968).
91. ^ Jump up to:a b Jos Rizal, El Filibusterismo (Ghent: 1891) chap.39,
translated by Andrea Tablan and Salud Enriquez (Manila: Marian
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Gutenberg)
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Noli". The Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
93. Jump up^ Agoncillo, Teodoro. The Revolt of the Masses.
94. Jump up^ Quibuyen, A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony,
And Philippine Nationalism
95. Jump up^ "The Paper". thecommunitypaper.com.
96. Jump up^ Look, Wing, Kam (1997). Jose Rizal and Mahatma Gandhi:
nationalism and non- violence (PDF). Hongkong: The University of
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97. Jump up^ [2]. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
98. Jump up^ Trillana III, Dr. Pablo S. "2 historical events led to birth of
modern RP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
99. Jump up^ Jos Rizal (2007). The Reign of Greed. Echo Library.
p. 231. ISBN 978-1-4068-3936-4.
100. Jump up^ Jos Rizal, "Indolence of the Filipino". Retrieved on
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101. Jump up^ Anderson Benedict (2005). "Under Three Flags:
anarchism and the anti colonial imagination". Verso Publication,
London. ISBN 1-84467-037-6.
102. Jump up^ (2011-08-23). "Spot the Difference: Rizalista as Religious
Cult vs Rizalistas in a Socio-Civic Org'n". Ladies for Rizal Bonn
Chapter. Retrieved on September 20, 2012.
103. Jump up^ Dennis Villegas (June 30, 2011). "'Saint' Jose Rizal".
Philippine Online Chronicles.
104. Jump up^ "Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden Museum fr
Vlkerkunde Dresden".skd.museum.
105. Jump up^ Peter Uetz; Jakob Hallermann; Jiri Hosek. "Draco
guentheri BOULENGER, 1885". The Reptile Database.
Retrieved December 23, 2013.
106. Jump up^ "Jose Rizal [Trivia]". joserizal.ph.

107. Jump up^ Dr. Virchow's obituary on Rizal, 1897 at the Wayback
Machine (archived June 18, 2008)
108. Jump up^ "Rizal in Berlin, Germany". Jos Rizal University.
Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
109. Jump up^ Monumento a Jos Rizal (Madrid) Retrieved January 10,
2007
110.Jump up^ [Hibiya Park Sights]. www.tokyopark.or.jp (in Japanese).Archived from the original on June 26, 2014.
Retrieved March 26, 2015.
111. Jump up^ Article Index INQUIRER.net at the Wayback
Machine (archived May 4, 2008). Web.archive.org (May 4, 2008).
Retrieved on February 19, 2011.
112.Jump up^ Sir Choy Arnaldo, KGOR. Paris in Springtime Knights
and Damas blossom!, Rizal Bulletin, March 29, 2010.
113.Jump up^ Honolulu Star-Advertiser. "Isle Filipinos honor Philippines
hero". Honolulu Star-Advertiser Hawaii Newspaper.
114.Jump up^ "The Star-News Jan 3, 2003". byronik.com.
115.Jump up^ "El Monumento de Jose Rizal, Ciudad De Mexico".
116.Jump up^ "Philippine president to open park in Lima during APEC
Summit". Andina.com.pe. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
117.Jump up^ "Traces of Rizal's visit to Litomerice
(Leitmeritz)". www.univie.ac.at. Archived from the original on October
18, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
118.Jump up^ "Feature: Rizal returns to Singapore" (Press release).
Philippine Information Agency (PIA). June 20, 2008. Retrieved June
24, 2008.
119.Jump up^ . Manila-shimbun.com (in
Japanese). RetrievedDecember 30, 2009.
120. Jump up^ Peru erects monument for Jose Rizal, Michael Lim Ubac,
Philippine Daily Inquirer, November 22, 2008
121. Jump up^ Castillo, Rafael MD. (June 20, 2008). "Dr. Jose Rizal in
Heidelberg". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
122. Jump up^ Mari Arquiza (December 2, 1992). ":: Felipe De
Leon ::". Philmusicregistry.net. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
123. Jump up^ Dr. Jose Rizal Park, Seattle Parks and Recreation
Information

124. Jump up^ "Medal of Honor 2 cheats for Playstation PSone PS1
PSX". absolute-playstation.com.
125. Jump up^ "Medal of Honor cheats for Playstation PSone PS1
PSX". absolute-playstation.com.

Sources

Craig, Austin (1914). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,

Philippine Patriot. Yonker-on-Hudson World Book Company.

Fadul, Jose (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia Rizaliana. Morrisville, North

Carolina: Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-4303-1142-3

Valdez, Maria Stella S.; Valdez; et al. (2007). Doctor Jose Rizal and
the Writing of His Story. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-234868-6.

"Jos Rizal > Quotes". goodreads. Retrieved March 26, 2015.

Hessel, Dr. Eugene A. (1965) Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the

Debate. Silliman University

Mapa, Christian Angelo A.(1993) The Poem Of the Famous Young Elder
Jos Rizal

Catchillar, Chryzelle P. (1994) The Twilight in the Philippines

Venzon, Jahleel Areli A. (1994) The Doorway to hell, Rizal's Biography

Tomas, Jindich (1998) Jos Rizal, Ferdinand Blumentritt and the

Philippines in the New Age.The City of Litomerice: Czech Republic.
Publishing House Oswald Praha (Prague).

The Dapitan Correspondence of Dr.Jos Rizal and Dr. Ferdinand

Blumentritt. Compiled by Romeo G. Jalosjos. The City Government
Dapitan City: Philippines, 2007. ISBN 978-971-9355-30-4.

Fadul, Jose (2002/2008). A Workbook for a Course in Rizal. Manila: De La

Salle University Press. ISBN 971-555-426-1 /C&E Publishing. ISBN 978971-584-648-6

Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2007) The First Filipino. Manila: National Historical
Institute of The Philippines (1962); Guerrero Publishing. ISBN 971-934182-3

Joaquin, Nick (1977). A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten

key figures of Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum.

Further reading

Ocampo, Ambeth R.(2008).Rizal Without the Overcoat. Pasig: Anvil

Publishing.

Ocampo, Ambeth R.(2001).Meaning and history: The Rizal Lectures.

Pasig: Anvil Publishing.

Ocampo, Ambeth R.(1993). Calendar of Rizaliana in the vault of the

National Library.Pasig: Anvil Publishing.

Ocampo, Ambeth R.(1992).Makamisa: The Search for Rizal's Third Novel.

Pasig: Anvil Publishing.

Quirino, Carlos (1997). The Great Malayan. Makati City: Tahanan

Books. ISBN 971-630-085-9

Medina, Elizabeth (1998). Rizal According to Retana: Portrait of a Hero

and a Revolution. Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia. ISBN 956-7483-09-4

Rizal, Jose. (1889)."Sa mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos" in Escritos

Politicos y Historicos de Jos Rizal (1961). Manila: National Centennial
Commission.

Jos Rizal (1997). Prophecies of Jose Rizal about the Philippines: From
the Pen of the Visionary National Hero, Phenomenal Revelations and
Coded Messages about Events Past, Present and Future : Destiny of the
Philippines ... Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-2240-2.

Runes, Ildefonso (1962). The Forgery of the Rizal Retraction'. Manila:

Community Publishing Co.

Thomas, Megan C. Orientalists, Propagandists, and "Ilustrados": Filipino

Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism (University of Minnesota
Press; 2012) 277 pages; Explores Orientalist and racialist discourse in the
writings of Jos Rizal and five other ilustrados.

Zaide, Gregorio F. (2003) Jos Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National Bookstore. ISBN 97108-0520-7

External links
Wikisource has original
works written by or about:
Jos Rizal
Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Jos Rizal
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Jos Rizal.

Interesting Facts About Dr. Jose P. Rizal

The Complete Jose Rizal at Filipiniana.net

Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal

The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jos Mercado Rizal". Catholic

Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Works by Jos Rizal at Project Gutenberg

Works by or about Jos Rizal at Internet Archive

Works by Jos Rizal at Open Library

Works by Jos Rizal at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Jose Rizal Website

Rizal's Little Odyssey

Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal

Comparison between Jose Rizal and Jose Marti (Spanish)

Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the Internet

Chevaliers de Rizal (French)

Poems written by Dr. Jos Rizal

Philippine Literature and Jos Rizal, articles by Jos Tlatelpas, Edmundo

Faroln and others. Published in Spanish by La Guirnalda Polar, webzine,
Canada, 1997.

Songs written by Dr. Jos Rizal

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Jos Rizal
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National symbols of the Philippines

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Filipino painters
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 41845763
LCCN: n80051794
ISNI: 0000 0000 8120 1592
GND: 118601407
SELIBR: 197695
SUDOC: 027102572
BNF: cb11922137c (data)
NLA: 35454499
NDL: 00454313
NKC: jn20000701512
BNE: XX870212

Categories:

Jos Rizal

1861 births

1896 deaths

Ateneo de Manila University alumni

Deaths by firearm in the Philippines

Executed revolutionaries

Executed writers

Anti-Spanish sentiment

Filipino artists

Filipino exiles

Filipino expatriates in Germany

Filipino expatriates in Hong Kong

Filipino Freemasons

Filipino novelists

Filipino ophthalmologists

Filipino painters

Executed Filipino people

Filipino people of Chinese descent

Filipino people of Japanese descent

Filipino people of Spanish descent

Filipino Resistance activists

Filipino revolutionaries

Filipino Roman Catholics

Linguists from the Philippines

Nonviolence advocates

People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church

People executed by Spain by firing squad

People from Calamba, Laguna

Writers from Laguna (province)

Artists from Laguna (province)

People of the Philippine Revolution

Spanish-language writers of the Philippines

Tagalog people

Tagalog-language writers

University of Santo Tomas alumni

19th-century novelists

19th-century painters

Complutense University of Madrid alumni

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This page was last modified on 23 October 2016, at 20:51.

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