Effect of Vertical Fractures on Reservoir BehaviorCompressible-Fluid Case

M.PRATS
MEMBER A/ME

P. HAZEBROEK
W. R. STRICKLER

ABSTRACT

The pressure and production behavior of a homo geneous cylindrical reservoir producing a single
fl.ui~ through a centrally located vertical fracture of
lzmzted lateral extent was determined by using
mathematical methods to solve the appropriate
differential equation. It is assumed that there is
no pressure drop within the fracture - that is, that
the fracture capacity is infinite. It was found that
the production-rate decline of such a reservoir is
constant (except for very early times) when the
flowing bottom-hole pressure remains constant.
The production-rate decline increases as the fracture length increases. Thus, the lateral extent of
fractures can be determined from the productionrate declines before and after fracturing or from the
decline rate after fracturing when the properties of
the formation and fluids are known.
The production behavior over most of the productive life of such a fractured reservoir can be
represented by an equivalent radial-flow reservoir
of equal volume. The effective well radius of this
equivalent reservoir is equal to one-fourth the total
fracture length (within 7 per cent); the outer radius
of this equivalent reservoir is very nearly equal
(within 3.5 per cent) to that of the drainage radius
of the fractured well.
The effective well radius of a reservoir producing at semisteady state is also very nearly equal
to one-fourth the total fracture length. It thus
appears that the behavior of vertically fractured
reservoirs can be interpreted in terms of simple
radial-flow reservoirs of large wellbore.
INTRODUCTION
An earlier report 1 has considered the effect of
a vertical fracture on a reservoir producing an
incompressible fluid. That investigation of the
fractured reservoir producing an incompressible
Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum
Engineers office Aug. 7, 1961. Revised manuscript received
Feb. 5, 1962. Paper presented at 36th Annual Fall Meeting of
SPE, Oct. 8-11, 1961, in Dallas.
1References given at end of paper.
JUNE, 1962

SPE 98

SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.

HOUSTON, TEX.

fluid was started because of its simplicity. Thus,

pertinent behavior of fractured reservoirs was
obtained at an early date, while experience was
being gained of value in the solution of more complicated fracture problems. One of these more
complicated problems, and the one discussed in
this report, considers the effect of a compressible
fluid (instead of incompressible fluids) on the
production behavior of a fractured reservoir.
In the incompressible-fluid work mentioned, it
was shown that the production rate after fracturing
could be described exactly by an effective well
radius equal to one-fourth the fracture length
whenever the pressure drop in the fracture was
negligible. Because of the simplification in interpretation, it is a matter of much interest to determine whether the production behavior of reservoirs
producing a compressible liquid could be described
in terms of an effective well radius which remains
essentially constant over the producing life of the
field. The details of the mathematical investigation are given in the Appendixes.
IDEALIZA nON AND DESCRIPTION OF
THE FRACTURED SYSTEM
It is assumed that a horizontal oil-producing
layer of constant thickness and of uniform porosity
~nd permeability is bounded above and below by
Impermeable strata. The reservoir has an impermeable circular cylindrical outer boundary of radius
reo The fracture system is represented by a single,
plane, vertical fracture of limited radial extent
bounded by the impermeable matrix above and belo~
the producing layer (reservoir). It is assumed that
there is no pressure drop in the fracture due to
fluid flow. Fig. 1 indicates the general threedimensional geometry of the fractured reservoir
just described. When gravity effects are neglected,
the flow behavior in the reservoir is independent
of the vertical position in the oil sand. Thus, the
flow behavior in the fractured reservoir is described
by the two-dimensional flow behavior in a horizontal
cross-section of the reservoir, such as the one
shown in Fig. 2. Production is due to the expan87

VE"TICAL F"ACTU"E
OF LIMITED "ADIAL EXTE .. T

I
I

I
1--- -r___
.,,4JI'"

,
,

FIG.

"

- I
ItI ... .....
I
\...--1
I
.... '
~
I
I
...
I
I
I
'
I "
I _--\
I

r..-- _--<-=--- '.

1 -

SCHEMA TIC DIAGRAM OF FRACTURED

SYSTEM.

sion of a single fluid of constant compressibility.

This represents the field conditions when the
gas flow in the formation is negligible compared
with the oil flow.

FIG. 2 -

RESERVOIR CROSS-SECTION.

the cumulative recovery can be expressed in terms

of the production by eliminating the exponentials
from Eqs. 3 and 4.
. . . . . (5)

RESUL TS FOR CONSTANT

TERMINAL PRESSURE
As developed in Appendix A, the dimensionless
production rate and cumulative production are given,
respectively, by

The coefficient a (L D ) has been found to be

given approximately by
(6)

a (LD) = 0.035 - 0.988 In L D

CD

C"e -'Y"t D, (1)

"-1
and

-'Y"t D

for values of LD between 0.0005 and 0.5. Values

of a(LD ) are very nearly unity as can be seen
from Fig. 3.
Thus, it appears that the length of a fracture
can be determined from a plot of the logarithm of
actual production rate vs real time. For sufficiently
large times, such a plot would be a straight line
of negative slope. The tate of decline of the production rate obtained from such a plot is related
to the field, fracture and fluid properties by

rate of decline (2)

C" and Y.. are known functions of the relative

fracture length LD.
For moderate values of tD (> 0.1), all but the
first term in the series given in Eqs. 1 and 2 are
negligible. Further discussion will be limited to
values of tD > 0.1. Thus,

2k
t!.t

(3)

1.00
.99
.98

r---.....

"-

.96

.9 5
.94
.9 3

and

(7)

per cycle'

where a is a known function of the dimensionless

fracture length, given by Eq. 6.

.97

a -'ltD/a.
e
,
a

2.3

"'-

'"

'\
\
1\

.9 2

.9 I
.9 0 .001

.004

.01

.04.1

.4

DIMENSIONLESS FRACTURE LENGTH, LD

FIG. 3 -

where a = 2/Yl and a = 2C1 /Yl' For larg; times

88

COEFFICIENT a VS DIMENSIONLESS
FRACTURE LENGTH.

SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE WELL RADIUS

The approximate production rate and cumulative
oil production for the fractured well, given by Eqs.
3 and 4, can be compared to those obtained in the
absence of the fracture. It can be shown from Ref.
2 that the rate and cumulative production for an
unfractured well can be approximated by
1
qeV ==- 01 (reV)
NpcD"" 1 - e

-2t D !Ot(r eD )

. . (9)

where 01 (reD) IS gIven approximately by the

relation

In r

- 0 726 +

eV'

0.13

yr eV

- 1

...( 10)

This condition is required in order that the time

scale be the same for both the fractured and the
unfractured we 11.
Eqs. 6, 10, 13 and 15 could be combined to give
the ratio of the effective well radius to the fracture
length, r ~/2L. $ince Eqs. 6 and 10 are approximate,
the ratio r 'w/2L plotted in Fig. 4 was obtained by
the same procedure but with the actual decline
factors developed in this paper for the fractured
well, and in Ref. 2 for the unfractured well.
The graph shows that this ratio does not differ
much from 0.25, whereas the value r ~ /2L = 0.25
was found to be valid for all fracture lengths in
the incompressible-fluid case (see Ref. 1). Further,
the product r:DLV is only slightly less than 2.0,
which means that r'e is very nearly equal to re'
As an example, we shall discuss the case of the
largest fracture considered in this paper, i.e., a
fracture length equal to half the reservoir diameter.
For LV = 0.5, we find from Fig. 4 that
/2L =
0.2675, and from Eq. 12 that

<,

Similar equations,

r~V

1 + -14 L2
V

. . . . . . .( 12)

apply to an equivalent reservoir having a production

behavior similar to that of a fractured reservoir.
This equivalent reservoir is defined as one which
has not been fractured (radial flow prevails) and
has well and drainage radii such that its production
behavior is similar to that of a fractured reservoir
of equal drainage area.
We have already remarked that the coefficient a
appearing in Eq. 3 is very nearly unity (see Fig.
3). This means that the production characteristics
of the fractured and unfractured wells are the same
for sufficiently large times if we take

.( 13)

-,- 2
[2L~
r

3.86. . . . .(16)

Thus, an unfractured well having an r ~V value

of 3.86 should have the same production response
as a fractured well having an Lv value of 0.5. This
agreement is illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6, where
qv, q'cV, NpV' and N peV have been plotted against
tv. The graphs show that for practical purposes
the agreement is excellent even Jor so large a
fracture length.
THE CONSTANT-TERMINAL-RATE CASE
We have found that a close similarity in production behavior exists between a fractured reservoir
and a suitably-chosen equivalent circularlysymmetric reservoir under the assumption of production at constant well pressure. It seems reasonable to expect that this similarity will be preserved
in the case of production at constant rate. Unfortunately, the treatment of the constant-terminal-rate
case is much more difficult, especially with respect

as can readily be determined by comparing Eqs.

.270

3 and 11.
The drainage radius and effective well radius
of the unfractured well remain to be determined.
The only condition that has been imposed on these
quantities is that the drainage area affected by
the unfractured well be equal to that affected by
the fractured well.
r,2 (r,2 w
eV

1) . . . . . . (14)

.266

r:.v

.262

2L

.258

.254

//

./

or

.3

~~J 2 = 4L1> (r;~

JUl'"E, 1962

.4

LO
- 1) . . . . . . . . . . (15)

FIG. 4 - EFFECTIVE WELL RADIUS IN

TERMS OF FRACTURE LENGTH.
89

2.8

~ 2.4

"

..J

::J

::J

~ 20

;::
o

o
a::

..,

1.2

..J
Z

~z A~--+---+---~~~--~--~--~---+---+---4
wO
...J;::

1.6

0.

(/'I
If)

.8

Zu

O::J

Vio

ZO

..,a::

~ to-

If)

z
w

.6

a::

U
::J

.8

I-

.4

~o.

J1:r--+--k
qOI (FRArUREDI RESrVOIRll

00

.05

.10

.15

f..-q~ol (EQUI~ALENTI RESE RVOIR1

1

.20

.25

.30

.35

.40

....

.45

.50

RA TE HISTORIES OF FRACTURED AND

EQUIV ALENT RESERVOIRS.

to computation. It is, however, not difficult to

derive a solution for the pressure drop which is
valid for large times. In Appendix B it is shown
that for large t D the pressure drop at the fracture
is given by

6p, " 2::h [2'D '

[ 3J 4 + L

- L D][ 4 +

(17)

16J4 + L ~
We compare this with the corresponding expression
for the reservoir of circular symmetry

t-..p w

..!Ll!:- 2t +
27Tkh [

T,4 In T'
eD
eD

(T ~b

.10

.15

.25

3T eD
,2_ 1 ]

- 1)2

which is also valid for large t D (see Ref. 2).

We take as condition of equivalence that the
well pressure in the latter case is equal to the
pressure in the fracture in the former case at the
same values of t D' Then the cumulative production
and ultimate recoveries will be equal in both these
cases at the same value of tD' This condition is
satisfied when the constant terms in both expressions
are equal.
For the longest fracture that we have considered,
LD = 0.5, we find that T~D = 3.80. This is in
satisfactory agreement with the value T ~D = 3.86
found in the constant-terminal-pressure case. The
effective well radius corresponding to this value
of T~D is T'w = 0.273(2L).
Thus, it appears that the effective radius of a
fracture is independent of whether the reservoir
is producing at a constant rate or at a constant
pressure.

Although results presented here are developed

for a single liquid of constant compressibility, it

.35

.40

.50

'0

FIG. 6 CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION OF FRACTURED AND EQUIVALENT RESERVOIRS.

should be pointed out that several authors 5-7 have

presented methods for applying single-phase results
to two-phase (or multi-phase) flow systems. These
methods essentially represent the multi-phase
system as a single-phase system of average or
characteristic properties. It is anticipated that
these and similar methods can be applied to the
results presented here to extend their range of
applicability to reservoirs where both oil and free
gas flow simultaneously.
A successful frac job always results in an
increase in oil-production rate. Eqs. 6 and 7 show
that the rate of decline of the production rate is
higher after a frac job than before, a fact often
observed in practice. The higher initial production
rates after a frac job tend to increase the amount
of oil recovery before the limiting production rate
is reached, whereas the high rate of decline tends
to decrease this recovery. Even when the additional
oil recovery is not appreciable, the oil is produced
earlier. Results presented in this paper can be used
to determine the initial production response, rate of
decline, additional oil and degree of acceleration
from the planned penetration of a contemplated frac
job.
Conversely, when the effective fluid and reservoir
properties are known, the rate of decline following
a frac job can be used to interpret the fracture
penetration.
-A comparison of the rate of decline before and
after a frac job also offers the possibility of yielding the fracture penetration without a knowledge
of the effective fluid and rock properties. In this
latter case, use is made of Eqs. 7 and 10 to obtain

(t-..t/ cycle) after

- - - - - - - - (In TeD
(~t/cycle) before

0.726) ,
(19)

and combination of this expression with the relationship between a and L D (Eq. 6) yields the fracture
penetration

LD

1.035 exp [-1.012 (In

DISCUSSION

90

.30

DIMENSIONLESS TIME SCALE,

DIMENSIONLESS TIME SCALE, '0

FIG. 5

0.5

(i.\t/ cycle) after

before

(~t/cycle)

TeD -

0.726)

J. . . . . . .

(20)

SOCIETY OF PETROLEl'M E:\"GJ:\"EERS JOIIR:\"AJ.

This method for estimating the fracture penetration from the decline rates before and after a frac
job tacitly assumes that the drainage area and
pertinent values of the fluid and reservoir properties
remaIn unchanged in the presence of the fracture.
CONCL USIONS
The following conclusions applicable to fractured
reservoirs producing a compressible liquid can be
drawn from the results discussed in this paper.
For fracture lengths no larger than half the reservoir diameter and under the assumptions started
in the text, it is possible to associate with a fractured reservoir a reservoir of circular symmetry
having very nearly the same production history.
The well radius of this circular reservoir is onefourth the fracture length within 7 per cent, and the
radius of exterior boundary is slightly larger than
the boundary radius of the fractured reservoir, the
difference being less than 3.5 per cent.
The length of the fracture can be determined
from the rate of decline of the production rate.
NOMENCLATURE

2C I/Yl

drainage area
oil compressibility, atm- 1

see Eq. 1 for meaning

thickness of formation, em
of formation, darcies
half the fracture length, em

= permeability

k
L

x,y = rectangular co-ordinates, em

a = 2/Yl

t1p

Pi - P

see Eq. 1 for meaning

= see Eq. 10 for meaning
fl = viscosity of oil, cp
= porosity of formation, fraction

Yn
on

REFERENCES

1. Prats, M.: "Effect of Vertical Fractures on Reservoir

Behavior Incompressible-Fluid Case", Soc. Pet.
Eng. Jour. (june, 1961) 105.
2. van Everdingen, A. F. and Hurst, W.: "The Application of the Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems
in Reservoirs", Trans., AIME (1949) Vol. 186, 305.
3. McLachlan, N. W.: Theory and Application of Mathieu
Functions, The Clarendon Press, Oxford U. (1947).
4. u. S. Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Labs,
Computation Lab: Tables Relating to Mathieu Functions, Columbia U. Press, N. Y. (1951).
5. Perrine, R. L.: "Analysis of Pressure Buildup
Ctrves", Drill. and Prod. Prac., API (1956) 482.
6. Martin, J. C.: "Simplified Equations of Flow in GasDrive Reservoirs and the Theoretical Foundation of
Multi-Phase Pressure Build-up Analyses", Trans.,
AIME (1959) Vol. 216, 309.
7. Cook, E. C.: "Effects of Gas Saturation on Static
Pressure Calculations from Two-Phase Pressure
Build-up Curves", Trans., AIME (1959) Vol. 216, 49.
8. Douglas, Jim, Jr., Peaceman, D. W. and Rachford,
H. H., Jr.: "Calculation of Unsteady-State Gas Flow
Within a Square Drainage Area", Trans., AIME (1955)
Vol. 204, 190.

APPENDIX A

LITe

cumulative oil produced from fractured

reservoir, expressed as a function of the
total amount of oil recoverable by dropping the formation pressure to Pf
cumulative oil produced from a circular
reservoir, expressed as a fraction of the
total amount of oil recoverable by dropping the formation pressure to Pw
reservoir pressure, atm

PD
Pf

pl(Pi - Pf)

Pw

bottom-hole flowing pressure, atm

production rate, cc/second
dimensionless production rate for fractured
reservolC
dimensionless production rate for circular
reservolC
drainage radius of reservoir, em
well radius

= flowing pressure at fracture face,

Pi = initial reservoir pressure, atm
q

qD
qcD
Te
Tw

TeD

atm

TelTw
, =

denote the equivalent radial flow properties

of a fractured reserVOlr
time, seconds
17ktl flcA

pore volume
JUNE, 1962

RESERVOIR PRODUCING FROM VERTICAL

FRACTURE AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
As in Ref. 1, the reservoir is approximated by
one having an outer boundary of elliptic crosssection. The foci of this ellipse are at the ends
of the fracture. Further, we take the area of the
ellipse equal to the area of the circle, thus keeping the volume of the reservoir unchanged. For not
too great a fracture length, the ellipse is practically
circular. In the most extreme case that has been
considered (a fracture length half the reservoir
diameter), the ratio of the major and the minor axes
is 1.13.
It is shown in Ref. 1 that this choice of elliptical
outer boundary has essentially no effect when the
fractured well produces an incompressible fluid.
Douglas, et aI,8 have also shown that the choice
of a square or circular drainage boundary has only
a small effect on the pressure at the well. From
this it is inferred that the choice of elliptical
outer boundary made here will have essentially
no effect on the results, especially the production
behavior.
The pressure drop t1p, in the fractured reservoir
satisfies the equation
2

iJC a/:1p
k
at'

'iJ /:1,1, = Y

(A-I)
91

with the conditions

-1

qIJ

IIp ..

The dimensionless rate is given by

t 0, . . . . .

at

1T

(A-2)

IIp P, - Pf . . . . . . . (A - 3)

On

d~

--]}

(A-l4)

!=o

To solve the problems, we apply the Laplace

transformation,
IIp D(~, T), s )

In the fracture, and

Otlp

1" Otlp I
G!

2 sinh ~.

~ -2$ sinh 2 !.t]}

..
Jo

. . . . . . . (A-4)

at the reservoir boundary.

It is required to determine the rate of Droduction
qp.

q]} 21Tkh (~ ,
~)
y. - Y f

lL -allp

_ 2kh

..

dl

"::L

/I

-L un

r-

. (A-l5)
The factor 2 sinh 2, e is introduced in order to
simplify the Laplace transform formulas. The
Laplace transform satisfies the equation
2

-a PD

-a PD

2(cosh ~ - cos- 2~)sPD,(A-16)

. . (A-5)
the normal derivative of p being taken along the
fracture. Further, it is required to determine the
cumulative production N p, which is related to qD
by

with the conditions

1

IIp D

for

0, . . . . . . (A-l7)

(A-6)

We introduce elliptical co-ordinates

t
sinh t

= L cosh

Y '" L

sin T/ (A-7)

sinh te cosh te

TT~

sinh 2 te . . (A -8)

q! - - 1:

1T

=~

L 2 sinh

1"- ae- I
OtlP!

t-o

d~ . . . .

(A-I9)

Particular solutions of Eq. A-I6 are found by

separation of variables. The product f(t)g(T/)
satisfies Eq. A-I6 when

According to our assumptions, this must be equal

to the area of the circular res~rvoir; hence~
,2 e

~ - ~ . . . . . (A-I8)

The Laplace transform of qD is

cos T/,

If the exterior boundary ellipse corresponds to

t = t e, the major and minor axes are L cosh te and
L sinh e , respectively, and the area is
TTL

for

, ..

d f
d~2

2te . . . . . . . . . (A-9)

(a

2s cosh ~)f

(A-20)

d g
dT)2

+ (a + 2s cos 2T))f

0,

. . (A-2I)

Then Eq. A-I becomes

2
-a 11P]}

-a~ 2

-a

11P]}

(COSh

~
Slnh

- cos

~.

2~)OtlP]},
-at]}

. . . . (A-lO)

which are the equations for Mathieu functions.

/lp* D is symmetrical about the
and the T/ axes.
Mathieu functions satisfying the requirement are

or

and the conditions of A-2 through A-4 become

IIp]}

IIp IJ

dpIJ

-~

92

for

t JJ .. 0,

(A-H)

for

(A-l2)

for

.. 0,
~

.. .

..

(A-l3)

and

The notations used are those of Ref. 3.

The condition of Eq. A-I8 is satisfied by the
expression
SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL

G2n (;,-s)

Ce~,,(;e,-s)FeY2"(;'-S)

- FeY~,,(~e,-s)Ce2"(;'-S) . ..

(A-22)

From Eq. A-24 we have to derive the function

q D (t D)' Each denominator, G2" (0, -s), has an
infinite number of negative zeros, s = --q, . which
are poles of q-D' According to Heaviside's 'theorem,

Hence, the required solution is a series,

(I)

~PD

~ a2"G2,,(~,-s)ce2"(~'-S),
"=0

where the a2n are to be determined from the condition of Eq. A-l7, or
. . . . . (A-25)
CI)

~ a2"G2,,(0,-s)ce2"(~'-s)
,,-0

The ce 2n are orthogonal functions with properties

where Yn,i = 2 un.i sinh 2~e.

If the terms of this double series are rearranged
in order of magnitude of the Y'" i' we obtain a
single series
CI)

for m

qD(t D) =

~ 11

Cke -'YletD . . . . (A-26)

Ie:l

and

For computations, use has been made of Ref. 4.

This reference gives the quantities

Further,

Ie 2"

Fey 211 (0,0') . . . . . (A-27)

:

Ce 2 ,,(0,O')

and
when Ao(2n) are the coefficients of the cosine
expansion of ce2n' Using these relations, we obtain

. . . . (A-28)

It is therefore convenient to introduce

Gu

and

(0 ,0')

G2n (0,0')

Ce 2 ,,(0,O')

le2n(C7)Ce~n('.'CT) + FeY~n('.'CT) . (A-29)

. . . (A-23)

and

FeY~n(O,CT)

G~n (O,CT) C

(
) Ce ~n (, .,CT)
e,n O,CT

From Eq. A-19,

le:n(CT)Ce~n('.'CT) . (A-30)
Then,

10

Eq. A-26,

where

.................
As Ce 2n (~, -s) is an even function, Ce '2n (~, -s)
vanishes at ~ = 0, and

JUNE, 1962

. (A-31)

The cumulative production is, with Eq. A-10

written in a different form,

93

-"" t D
C" _e_ _

Q)

1 - 2

. . . . . (A-32)

Y"

"=1

Because of slow convergence, the series Eqs.

A-26 and A-32 cannot be used for small values of
tD' For such times, however, the flow into the
fracture is nearly linear; hence, approximate values
for small time can be obtained from the first terms
of the solution for linear flow
0.508
4
qD

'"

in Eq. A-lO. We find that 2tD is the average reservoir pressure and that l/J(g,T]) satisfies the equation

7T%J 2t D sinh

2~e

JtD

cosh

- cos 2T)
~e

2 -----=-------'

sinh

with the following conditions.

I/J is even and periodic in T] with period

for

= ~e'

TT ,

...

(B-5)

-7T, . . . .

(B-6)

2~e

sinh

. (A-33)
and

tD

~
sinh

~e

= 1. 016

~D .
2~e

sinh

<p(0,T)) = constant, . . . . .

(B-7)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-34)

cos
The curve qDIiD vs t D calculated from the series
given by .Eq. A-26 for the smallest permissible
values of t D connects smoothly with the point

0.508

= bo

+ b1~ +
+

cosh

SOLUTION FOR LARGE TIMES FOR THE

CONSTANT-TERMINAL-RATE CASE

2~ +

cos 2T)
. . . . (B-9)

2 sinh ~ e

bo

ge

1
g
2 sinh 2 e

We have to solve Eq. A-10 under the conditions

0 and

b 2 cosh 2(~e - ~) cos 2T)

It is easily found that all the conditions are

satisfied by the following values for the constants:

APPENDIX B

O.

The equation is satisfied by a function of the form

. (A- 35)

Hence, for small tD we can obtain qD from Eq.

A-33. Likewise, wecan obtain NPD from Eq. A-34.

for T)

. . . . (B-8)

<P

"' 0

2T))dT]d~

7T, . . .

(B-1)
-1,
-1

"' 0

. . . (B-2)

and

Especially at the fracture

1. . . .

(B-3)

<P = ~e -

(g

= 0),

(3 cosh ~e - l)(cosh ~e - 1)
4
sinh 4~e
. (B-10)

Substitute

2t D + <P (~, T)) . . . . .

(B-4)

Substituting in Eq. B-4 and eliminating ge by

means of Eq. A-9, we find Eq. 17 in the text of
the paper.
***

SO(:IETY OF PETROLEUM E:-iGIl\EERS JOURNAL