1

(a)

Explain how to use a concave mirror to heat up water in a container

usingsolarenergy.

(b)

Diagram 3.3 shows a microscope. You are given two convex lenses P
andQ,withfocallengthsof20cmand5cmrespectively.Bothofthe
lensesareusedtobuildamicroscope.

Diagram3.3
Whatismeantbyfocallength?

Diagram5.4
Table5.4showsthecharacteristicsoffourdifferenttelescopes.
Telescope Typeof
Focallengthof
Poweroflens Diameterof

lens
objectivelens
lens
S
Convex
40
10
5.0
T
Concave
10
40
5.0
U
Convex
10
40
2.5
V
Concave
40
10
2.5
Explainthesuitabilityofeachcharacteristicofthetelescopeanddetermine
the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very far object. Give
reasonforyourchoice.
Answer

Characteristics

Using an appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain suitable

modifications to enable the microscope to form brighter and clear
image.Yourmodificationscanbeemphasizedonthefollowingaspects:
Theselectionoflensasobjectivelensandasaneyepiece
Thediameterofthelens
Thedistancebetweentheobjectivelensandeyepiece
Conditionoftheplacetostorethemicroscope
.Additionalcomponenttothemicroscope
Answer
Suggestion

Diagram 5.4 shows an astronomical telescope to be used to view distant

objects.

Reason

So,thetelescopeSischosenbecauseitusesconvexlens,focal lengthoftheobjectivelensis
long,powerofthelensisbigandthediameterofthelensisbig.

Reason

Diagram6.1andDiagram6.2showtwoidenticalobjectslocatedatdifferent
positionsinfrontofidenticalconvexlens.Realimageswithdifferentheight
areproduced.

Diagram6.1

Diagram6.2

(a)

Whatismeantbyfocallength?

(b)

UsingDiagram6.1andDiagram6.2,compare;
(i) Thefocallengthofthelens.

(ii)

(iii) Theheightofimage,h1andh2.

FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswithitsprincipalF.

Boththelenseshavethesamefocallength.

Theobjectdistance,u1andu2.
u1isshorterthanu2.
h1islongerthanh2.

(iv) State the relationship between the object distance and the
heightofimage.

(v)

Shortertheobjectdistance,longertheheightofimage.

Name the light phenomenon that occurs in Diagram 6.1 and

Diagram6.2.
Refraction

(c)

Diagram6.3showsanobject,Oplacedatthefrontofaconcavelensof
focallength2cm.Thelightraysoftheobjectpassingthroughthelens
usingthelightphenomenonin6(b)(ii).

(i)

Diagram6.3

Sketchraydiagramoftheobjecttoshowanimageisformed.

(ii)

Statethreecharacteristicsoftheimageformed.

(iii) Stateoneuseofconcavelens.

Upright//Diminished//Virtual
Tomakespectaclelens

Diagram 7.1 shows a method used to detect leakage of pipes lay

underground. A little radioisotope substance is dissolved in the water that
flowsinthepipes.AGeigerMullertubewhichisconnectedtotheratemeter
is then moved over the pipes according to the layout plan of the
undergroundpipes.

(ii)

Explainyouranswerin7(d)(i).
Alphaispositivechargeandthusdeflectedtonegativeplate.
Betaisnegativechargeandthusdeflectedtopositiveplate.

(iii) Calculatethenumberofparticleandparticlethatemittedin
theThorium234decaysafterwritingthedecayequation.
Answer
234
90

4
0
Th 226
88 Ra +2( 2 He )+2( 1 e )+Energy

So,releasetwoalphasandtwobetas.

Diagram7.1
Table7.1showsthereadingsoftheratemeteratthedifferentlocations.
LocationofGeigerMullerTube A
B
C
D
E
F
Readingoftheratemeter
290 295 284 372 290 216
(countsperminute)
Table7.1
(a) Whatismeantbyradioisotope?
(b)

(c)

Based on Table 7.1, state the location on the pipe where the leakage
takesplace.Statereasonforyouranswer.

Diagram 7.2 shows a nuclide Thorium234,

234
90

Th is placed in a

container.Thorium234nuclidedecaystoanuclideRadium226, 226
88 Ra
byemittingparticleandparticle.
Thoriumnuclide

Thorium234 has halflife of 20 days and initial mass of 48 g.

CalculatethemassofundecayedThorium234after60days.

(v)

(d)

Table7.1showsthecharacteristicsoffiveradioisotopesP,Q,R,SandT.
Radioisotope Halflife Ionizing Radiation
Stateof
power
matter
P
5minutes
Low
Gamma
Liquid
Q
8days
High
Alpha
Solid
R
6hours
Low
Gamma
Liquid
S
5years
Low
Beta
Solid
T
7hours
High
Alpha
Liquid
Table7.1
Asamedicalofficer,youarerequired todeterminethemostsuitable
radioisotopeasaradiotherapytreatmentforabraintumor.Explainthe
characteristicsofallthefiveradioisotopesgivenandthen,choosethe
mostsuitableradioisotopetobeused.Justifyyourchoice.
Answer

Definethemeaningofhalflife.
Halflifeisthetimetakenforhalfoftheradioactivesubstancetodecay.

LocationDshowstheleakagetakesplace.
Becausesuddenincreaseinthereadingofratemetershowingthattheradioisotopeis
comingoutfromtheleakagetobedetectedbyratemeter.

(iv)

48g24g12g6g
202020
So,massundecayedis20g.

Radioisotope is an unstable nucleus which has same proton number but different
nucleonnumber.

Characteristics

Reason

Nuklidathorium

Container
Bekas

(i)

Diagram7.2
InDiagram7.2,drawthepathofparticleandparticle.
Answer
So, the radioisotope P is chosen as its halflife is short, has low ionizing power, use
gammaradiationandisinliquidstate.

Neptunium239( 239
93 Np )has93protonsanddecaystonuclideXwithproton
numberof94.
ThemassofNeptunium=239.04251am.u
massofnuclideX=239.02312a.m.u
Massofelectron=0.00054a.m.u,1a.m.u=1.67x1027kg,
Speedoflight,c=3x108ms1
(a) Whatisthemeaningofprotonnumber?

(b)

Protonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotoncontainedinnucleus.

NametheradiationgivenoutinthedecayofNeptunium239.
Betaparticle

(c)

WritethedecayequationforthedecayofNeptunium239.

(d)

(i)

Statethetypeofnuclearprocessfor8(c).

(ii)

Calculatethemassdefect,inkg,inthisnuclearprocess.

Nuclearfission

Table8.1showsthefourdesignsP,Q,RandSofnuclearreactorwith
differentspecifications.
Design Typeof
Halflifeof
Specificheat
Materialof
reaction nuclearfuel capacityofgas shield
P
Fusion
Long
Low
Brick
Q
Fission
Short
High
Concrete
R
Fission
Long
Low
Concrete
S
Fusion
Short
High
Brick
Table8.1
You are required to determine the most suitable design of nuclear
reactorsothatthenuclearenergycanbeusedefficientlyandsafelyin
the generation of electricity. Determine the most suitable design and
justifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics

So,thedesignRischosenbecauseitstypeofreactionisfission,halflifeofthefuelis
long,specificheatcapacityofgasislowandmaterialoftheshieldisconcrete.

(iii) Calculatethetotalenergyreleasedinthisprocess.

(e)

Diagram 8.1 shows the schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor at a

nuclearpowerstation.

(f)

Table8.2showsthecharacteristicsoffourradioisotopesP,Q,RandS.
Radioisotope Halflife Typesof Stateof
Ionising
ray
matter
power
P
7hours Alpha
Solid
High
Q
7years Gamma
Solid
Low
R
10days Gamma Liquid
High
S
8years
Beta
Solid
Low
Table8.2
Asafactoryengineer,youarerequiredtodeterminethemostsuitable
radioisotope that can be used to detect the volume of guava juice in
tin.Determinethemostsuitableradioisotopeandgivethereasonfor
yourchoice.Answer
Characteristics

Diagram8.1

Reason

So,radioisotopeQischosenasitshalflifeisshort,usegammaray,insolidstateand
haslowionizingpower.

Reason

Diagram9.1andDiagram9.2showmovementsofidenticalbarmagnetinto
thesolenoid withthesameforceastoproduce current.Bothsolenoidsare
madeofsamewireswhichareconnectedtoazerocenteredgalvanometer.

Coilofinsulatedcopperwire
Gegelungdawaikuprumbertebat

Magnet

Magnet

Softironcore
Terasbesilembut

Diagram9.1Diagram9.2
(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence
below.
The method of producing current without electrical supply is called
(electromagnet,electromagneticinduction).
(b) OnDiagram9.1andDiagram9.2:

(i) StatethepolarityofregionP.

(ii) Namethelawusedtodeterminethepolarityin9(b)(i).

(c)

BasedonDiagram9.1andDiagram9.2,compare:
(i) Thenumberofturnsofcoils

Diagram9.3
Explainhowthebicycledynamoworkstoproducealternatingcurrent
tolightupthelamp.
1st:Thecoilrotateswithinthemagneticfield.
2nd:Magneticfieldlinescutbythecoil.
3rd:Cutofmagneticfieldlinescausestheinducedcurrentflowinthecircuit

(g)

Diagram9.4showsamovingcoilammeterwhichislesssensitive.

Northpole
Lenzslaw

Diagram9.4
Explainhowyouwoulddesignamovingcoilammeterthatcanfunction
better.Inyourexplanation,emphasizethefollowingaspects:
NumberofturnsofcoilMaterialofcore
ShapeofthemagnetStiffnessofhairspring
Typeoftheammeterscale
Additionalcomponenttogiveaccuratereading
Answer

NumberofturnsofcoilsinDiagram9.1ismorethaninDiagram9.2

(ii) Deflectionofthepointerofthegalvanometer
DeflectionofpointerofgalvanometerishigherinDiagram9.1thaninDiagram
9.2

(d)

Statetherelationshipbetweenthenumberofturnsofcoilsand
(i) deflectionofthepointerofthegalvanometer

(ii) magnitudeofinducedcurrent

(e)

State what will happen to the deflection of galvanometer if a soft

magnetisused?

(f)

Morenumberofturnsofcoils,moredeflectionofthepointerofgalvanometer

Suggestion

Morenumberofturnsofcoils,highermagnitudeofinducedcurrent

Deflectionofgalvanometerwillincrease

Diagram9.3showsacrosssectionofabicycledynamowhichhastwo
magnets with difference pole, a coil of insulated copper wire. The
outputofthedynamoisconnectedtothebicyclelamp.

Reason

Diagram10.1showsthreetransformersX,YandZ.Eachtransformerhasits
own specific number of turns of primary and secondary coils respectively.
Each transformer is connected to 240 V alternating current suppliers. The
output for each transformer is connected to electric filament bulbs in
differentarrangement.

(d)

A student wants to build a simple transformer. Table 10.1 shows the

characteristicoffourcores.
Core
Shapeofthe Materialof
Typeof
Thicknessof
core
core
core
wire
A
Softiron
Laminated
Thick
B
Steel
Single
Thin
C
D

TransformerXTransformerYTransformerZ
Diagram10.1
(a) Whatistransformer?

(b)

(i)

StatethetypeoftransformerusedinDiagram10.1.

(ii)

Stateonereasonwhythea.c.voltageissupplied.

Steel
Softiron

Single
Laminated

Thin
Thick

Table10.1
Explain the suitability of the characteristics given so that it can produce the
mostefficienttransformer.Choosethebestcoreandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer

Transformerisadeviceusedtostepuporstepdowntheinputa.cvoltage.

Characteristics

Reason

Stepdowntransformer
Sothatthevoltagecanbealternatedaccordingtothechangingmagneticflux
beinginducedtosecondarycoilintransformer

(iii) Statethefunctionofdiodeinthecircuit.

(b)

Statetheprincipleappliedfortheworkingprincipleoftransformer.

(c)

Whentheswitchison,0.25Acurrentflowsthroughtheprimarycoilin
eachtransformer.Allthebulbslightsupnormally.
(i) Calculatetheinputpower.

(ii)

So,coreDischosenbecauseitcoreisUshape,madeofsoftiron,laminatedanduse
thickwire.

Tochangethea.cvoltagetod.cvoltage

(e)

Diagram10.2 showsacrosssectionofamovingcoilmicrophone.

Electromagneticinduction

All the transformers in Diagram 10.1 have the same output

voltage.Calculateitsoutputvoltage.

(iii) CalculatetheoutputpowerforallthetransformersX,YandZ.

(iv) Between transformer X, Y and Z, which one has the highest

efficiency?Why?

Diagram10.2
Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain suitable
modifications or ways to enable the microphone to detect sound effectively
andgeneratebiggercurrentbasedonthefollowingaspect:
(i)thicknessofdiaphragm(ii)strengthofthematerialfordiaphragm
(iii)numberofturnsofcoil(iv)diameterofthewireofcoil
(v)strengthofmagnet
Characteristics

Transformer Z. Because its output power is closed to input power with its
efficiencyof90%

Reason

Diagram 11.1 shows an apparatus used to investigate one physics concept.

When an air is blown from region P, the water level in the arms of tube
changesasshown.

(a)

(b)

Diagram11.1
Namethephysicsprincipleinvolved.

(f)

Table 11.1 shows four Bunsen burners, P, Q, R and S, with different

specifications.
Bunsen StructureofBunsenburner Meltingpoint Density of
burner
ofmaterial
material
P
High
High

High

Low

High

Low

Low

Low

Bernoullisprinciple

(i)

ComparetheairspeedatregionPandregionQ.
AirspeedatregionPislowerthanatregionQ.

(ii)

ComparetheairpressureatregionPandregionQ.
AirpressureatregionPishigherthanatregionQ.

(iii) ExplainwhythereisadifferenceinairpressureatregionPand
regionQ.
AccordingtoBernoullisprinciple,regionwhichhashighairspeedwillhaslow
pressureandviceversa.
AtregionP,theairspeedislowbutwithhighpressure.
AtregionQ,theairspeedishighbutwithlowpressure.

(c)

CalculatethedifferenceinwaterpressurebetweenregionPandregion
Q.Giventhedensityofwateris1000kgm3.

Table11.1
You are required to determine the most suitable Bunsen burner that
canproducebiggerblueflameandportable.
Study the specifications of all the four Bunsen burners from the
followingaspects:
(a)Sizeofgasnozzle(b)Sizeoforifice
(c)Meltingpointofthematerial(d)Densityofthematerial
Explainthesuitabilityoftheaspects.Justifyyourchoice.

Differenceinwaterpressure=hg
=(0.05)(1000)(10)Pa
=500Pa

(d)

Suggest three ways by which the difference in water pressure can be

increased.Givereasonsforyouranswers.
Suggestion1:increasethespeedofairflow
Reason:differenceinairpressurebetweenPandQwillbebigger
Suggestion2:reducethediameteroftubeQ.
Reason:higherspeedproduceatQresultinlowerpressureatQ
Suggestion3:reducethediameterofarms
Reason:thearmswillbemoresensitivetosmallchangeinpressure

(e)

Characteristics

Whatwillhappentothewaterlevelifthenonuniformhorizontaltube
isreplacedwithuniformhorizontaltube?
Thedifferenceinwaterlevelwillbereversed.

So,BunsenburnerRischosenbecauseitssmallgasnozzle,smallorifice,hashigh
meltingpointandlowdensitymaterial.

Reason

Diagram12.1showsanordinarybicycle.

(c)

Diagram12.4
Theobjectiveistotraveltherocketasfaraspossible.Usingtheappropriate
physicsconcepts,suggestandexplainthefollowingaspects:
(i)Theshapeoftherocket(ii)Volumeofwatertobefilledtobottle
(iii)Thestabilityofthemotion(iv)Densityofmaterialtotherocket
(v)Angleoflaunching

Diagram12.1
You are required to give some suggestions to enable the cyclist to ride the
bicycle safely at higher speed. Your explanations are based on following
characteristics:
(i)
Massofbicycle
(ii)
Typeofmaterialforthebodyofbicycle
(iii)
Widthoftyres
(iv)
Typeofbrakingdistance
(v)
Theattireoraccessoriesforthecyclist
Answer
Suggestion

(b)

Answer
Suggestion

Reason

Diagram 12.2 and Diagram 12.3 shows the situation of the canopy of
thelorrybeforelorrymovesandwhenthelorrymovesatahighspeed.

Diagram12.2Diagram12.3
Explainwhythecanopyofthelorryliftsupwhenthelorrymovesata
highspeed.Nametheprincipleinvolved.

(d)

Reason

Diagram12.5 showsfourracingcars,P,Q,R andS,withdifferentspecifications.

Car
Shape
Ridgeson
Engine
Materialfor
tyre
power
thecarbody
P
Yes
518kW
Lightand

elastic
Aerodynamics
Q
745kW
Heavyandstiff
None

Aerodynamics
R
Yes
518kW
Heavyand

elastic
Invertedaerofoil
S
None
745kW
Lightandstiff

Invertedaerofoil
Diagram12.5
Youarerequiredtoinvestigatethespecificationsgivensothatthecarcanrun
veryfast.Determinethemostsuitablecarandjustifyyourchoice.
Characteristics

1st:Beforelorrymoves,theairspeedoutsideandinsidethecanopyissame.
2nd: When the lorry moves, the air speed outside the canopy is high causing low
pressureoutside.Insidethecanopy,theairspeedislowbutwithhighpressure.
3rd:HighpressureinsidethecanopypushesupthecanopyasshoninDiagram12.3
4th:PhysicsprincipleinvolvedistheBernoullisprinciple.

Reason

So,carSischosenbecauseitisinvertedaerofoil,noridgeontyres,enginepowerisbig
andmaterialofbodyislightandstiff.

Diagram12.4showsawaterrocketmadefromanempty1.5litreplasticbottle
byaddingwaterandpressurizingitwithairforlaunching.

10

Diagram 13.1 shows a submarine floating in sea water due to the effect of
buoyantforce.

(a)

(b)

(ii)

(iii) Deducetherelationshipbetweentheweightoftheshipandthe
weightofthewaterdisplaced.

(iv) A ship that travels round the world will has Plimsoll symbol as
showninDiagram13.4.

Explainhowasubmarineisabletosubmergeintodeepseawater.

Explainwhytheboatisabletofloat?

Weightoftheshipisequaltotheweightofwaterdisplaced

1st:Tosubmerge,thelowervalveoftheballasttankisopenedtoletinthewater.
2nd:Theuppervalveisopentoletoutthetrappedairinsidetheballasttank
3rd:Whentheweightofsubmarineishigherthanbuoyantforce,thesubmarinestarts
tosubmerge.
4th:Theloweranduppervalvesareclosedwhenthesubmarinehasreachedthedepth
required.

(c)

(i)

Theboatdisplacesthewaterandthusgainsthesamebuoyantforcetofloat.

Buoyantforceisanupthrusttotheobjectfromwatercausingtheobjecttofloat.

SeaRiver
Diagram13.3
Nametheprincipleappliedforthefloatingoftheboat.
Archimedesprinciple

Diagram13.1
Whatisthemeaningofbuoyantforce?

Diagram13.2showstheairballoonwhichisusedasaweatherballoon
to carry a radiosonde instrument for collecting data about the
atmosphere.

Diagram13.4
StatethecommonfunctionofthePlimsollline.
To guide navigator the maximum weight load limits that can still be safely
loadedbytheshipbeforeitstartstosink.

(i)

Diagram13.2
StatetheArchimedesprinciple.

Archimedes principle states that the when the object is immersed partially or
whollyintofluid,theweightofwaterdisplacedisequaltotheweightofobject
beingimmersed.

(ii)

Explainwhyaweatherballoonthatisrisingupintheairwillstop
atcertainaltitude.
1st:Densityofairdecreasesasthealtitudeincreases
2nd:Buoyantforcebecomesmaller
3rd:Atcertainheight,theweightofairdisplacedisequaltotheweightof
balloon.
4th:Therefore,nonetforcetopushtheballoonup.

(d)

(e)

Youarerequiredtogivesomesuggestionsonhowtodesigntheboatin
Diagram 13.3 as to increase the floating force and safer. Explain the
suggestionsbasedonthefollowingaspects:
Materialused
Shapeofboat
Densityofboat
Additionalcomponents
Safetyfeature
Answer
Suggestion

Diagram 13.3 shows two boats of the same weight floating on the
surfaceofwaterintheseaandintheriver.

Reason

11

(a)

Table 14.1 shows four hot air balloons P, Q, R and S with different
features.
Balloon Sizeand
Numberof
Typeof
Temperatureof
volume
burners
balloon
airinside
fabric
P
Smalland
1
Synthetic
100C
3
800m
nylon
Q
Largeand
2
Synthetic
120C
3
2500m
nylon
R
Largeand
1
Canvas
60C
2500m3
S
Smalland
2
Canvas
70C
800m3
Table14.1
You are required to investigate the hot air balloon which is able to
carry three or four people to a higher altitude in a shorter time.
Determinethemostsuitableballoonandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics

(c)

You are asked to investigate the characteristics of four submarines

showninTable14.2.
Volumeof Number
Maximum
Shapeofsubmarine
ballasttank ofairtank pressuretobe
tolerated
3000litre
15
4.5atm
P

2500litre
30
6.0atm
Q

350litre
3
6.1atm
R

400litre
1
2.0atm
S

Table14.2
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the submarines and
determinethesubmarinewhichcantravelfaster,staylongerindeeper
seawaterandabletocarrymorecrew.Givereasonsforyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics

Reason

Reason

So,theballoonQischosenbecauseitisbigsizewithhighvolume,usemoreburners,
theballoonismadeofsyntheticnylonandtemperatureofairinsideishigh.

(b)

So,thesubmarineQischosenbecauseithashighvolumeofballasttankwithmoreair
tanks,cantoleratehigherpressureandisinstreamlineshape.

Theweightofaboatwithoutloadis15000N.Theboatisthenloaded
withaheavybox.Thevolumeoftheimmersedportionoftheboatis
5.0m3.
(i) Calculatethebuoyantforceexertedtotheboat.
[Densityofseawateris1020kgm3]

(ii)

Calculate the maximum weight of the box so that the boat will
notsinkcompletely.

12

Diagram15.1

Diagram15.2

Diagram15.3

Diagram15.1showsoneendofaspringisfixedtoawoodenblock.
Diagram15.2showsthespringiscompressedbyasteelballofmass0.52kg
usingaforceF.
Diagram15.3showsthesteelballmovesaftertheforce,Fisremoved.
[Thespringconstant=50Nm1]

(a)

(c)

(i)

Whatismeantbyelasticity?
Elasticity is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the
appliedforceisremovedwithelasticlimitisnotexceeded.

(ii)

Theelasticityofaspringcanbeexplainedbyonelaw.Statethat
law.
Hookeslaw

(d)

Whenthespringiscompressed,itslengthdecreasesandreturnsback
to its original length after compressive force is removed due to
elasticity property of a material. Based on the forces between atoms,
explainwhythespringiselastic.

(e)

Diagram15.4showsatrampoline.Itusestheelasticpropertyofa
materialtorebounceapersonupwards.

RefertoabovenotePage13..

Whatismeantbyforce?
Forceistheproductofmassandacceleration

(b)

(i)

Nametheformofenergystoredincompressedspringasshown
inDiagram15.2.

(ii)

CalculatethevalueofF.

(iii) Statetheconversionofenergywhentheballisreleased.

(iv) Calculatethespeedofball,v.

Diagram15.4
Youarerequiredtogivesomesuggestionstoimprovethedesignofthe
trampolinesothatitcanbeusedbythechildrensafelyandcanjump
higher.Explainthesuggestionsbasedonthefollowingaspects:
(i)thenumberofspringused
(ii)springconstant
(iii)thematerialusedforframe
(iv)thematerialusedforfabric
(v)extrafittingordesignofthetrampolinetoensuresafety

Elasticpotentialenergy

Elasticpotentialenergyischangedtokineticenergy

Suggestion

(v)

Statetheprincipleyouusedtofind(iv).
Principleofconservationofenergy

Reason

13

AtypicaltorchlightwithbatteriesisshowninDiagram16.1.

Answer
Characteristics

(a)

(i)

Diagram16.1
Namethetypeofcurrentusedinthetorchlight.

(ii)

DrawacircuitdiagramforthetorchlightinDiagram16.1.

Reason

Directcurrent
So,thetypeSischosenbecauseithasnoextensioncordlength,havefusefor
everysocket,haspowersurgeprotectionandhaveheadplugearthing.

(b)

(c)

Diagram16.2showsatwodoorrefrigeratorforhouseholduse.

Energy efficiency and safety are important considerations in the

purchaseanduseofelectricalproductsandappliances.
(i) Afuseinapowerplugislabeled8A.
Whatdoesthelabel8Amean?
Meansmaximumcurrentbeingloadedtothepowerplugis8A.

(ii)

Table16.1showsfourtypesofpowersocketextensionsP,Q,R
andSavailableinasupermarket.
Type

Type

Extension
cord
length
5m

None

5m

None

Number
offuse
Four
sockets
onefuse
Four
sockets
onefuse
Each
socket
onefuse
Each
socket
onefuse

Power
Surge
Protection
Available

Not
Available

Not
available

Available

Earthing
system

Diagram16.2
Using the knowledge about heat flows, explain the modification
needed to produce a refrigerator which is constantly cold, energy
savingandlastingforthepurposeofkeepingthefreshnessofthefood
stored in it. Your modification should be based on the following
characteristics:Materialusedtomakethedesk,Typeoflampusedin
refrigerator, Power of the refrigerator, Air circulation in the
refrigerator,Specificheatcapacityofthecoverofrefrigerator

Not
available

Available

Not
available

Available

Characteristics

Table16.1
Using physics concepts, explain the suitability of the power
socketextensionsforeachaspectwhichcanbeusedsafelyand
efficiently for normal home use. Determine the most suitable
socketextensionandjustifyyourchoice.

Reason

14

Diagram17.1showsahairdryerlabelled240V,500Wconnectedtoathree
pinplug.Diagram17.2showsthefuseinthethreepinplug.

Diagram17.1Diagram17.2
(a) State three properties of the material of the heating element in the
hairdryer.

(b)

(i)

Whatisthemeaningofthelabel0.5Aonthefuse?

(ii)

Table17.1showsthespecificationofafewmetalstobeusedas
afusewire.
Diameter Resistivity
Metal Melting Specificheat
point/C capacity/Jkg1C1
W
1100
900
Big
Low
X
600
900
Small
High
Y
1100
240
Big
Low
Z
700
240
Small
High
Table17.1
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals
and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the fuse
wire.Givereasonsforyourchoice.

(ii)

Statewhetherthe0.5Afuseissuitabletobeusedintheplug.
Not suitable. The hair dryer needs 2.08 A to function. This current of 2.08 A
whichpassestothefuseof0.5Awillburnthefusedirectlybeforeworkingup
thehairdryer.

Hashighmeltingpoint,hashighresistance,haslowspecificheatcapacity
Maximumcurrentthatcanbeloadedtothefuseis0.5A

Characteristics

(iii) Calculatetheenergyusedbythehairdryerwhenitisswitched
onfor10minutes.

(d)

Fusetakessometimetomeltorblow.Afastblowingfuseisrequired
toprotectsemiconductorequipmentswhichcannotstandhighcurrent
surge for too long. When a fuse blows, sparking may occur and
produceshightemperature.

Table 17.2 shows the specifications of five fuses that can be used to
protectasemiconductordevice.
Fuse Thicknessoffuse
Cartridge
Rating Melting
wire
tye
point
P
Medium
Rubber
10A
Medium
Q
Thin
Glass
10A
Low
R
Thin
Ceramic
13A
Low
S
Thick
Plastic
10A
High
Table17.2
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a 240V, 2000 W
semiconductormaterialdevice.Studythespecificationsofallfivefuses
givenandjustifyyourchoice.

Reason

Characteristics

Reason

So,themetalZischosenbecauseitsmeltingpointislow,specificheatcapacity
islow,smalldiameteranditsresistivityislow.

(c)

ThehairdryerinDiagram17.1isswitchedon.
(i) Calculatethecurrentflowingthroughthehairdryer.

So,thefuseQischosenbecauseitsthicknessoffusewireisthin,cartridgetyeismade
ofglass,fuseratingis10Aandthemeltingpointislow.
##Remember:Thefuseitselfmustbecangethotfasterwithhighresistanceandeasily
getmeltsothatthecircuitisshortopenandthusprotecttheelectricalcomponentfrom
gettingburnt.

15

16

Diagram 18.1 and Diagram 18.2 shows an experiment to study the

relationship betweenthepressureandvolumeofairtrappedinanairtight
container.Thepistonsforbothdiagramsarepusheddownslowly.

Diagram18.1Diagram18.2
(a) StatethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbyBourdongauge.

(b)

BasedonDiagram18.1andDiagram18.2;
(i) Comparethevolumeofthegasintheairtightcontainer

(ii)

(iii) Temperatureofthegasintheairtightcontainer
(i)

(ii)

(ii)

StatethesensitivityoftheBourdonGauge.

(b)

(i)

State the correct position of the eye while taking reading from
theBourdonGauge?

(ii)

Whatisthepressureofthegasinsidetheroundbottomflaskas
shownbytheBourdongauge?

(c)

The round bottom flask is then heated. Would the reading of the
Bourdongaugeincreaseordecrease?

(d)

(i)

Stateonelawthatyouusedin(c).

(ii)

Definethelawyoustatein(d)(i).

Increases

Statethegaslawinvolved.

Pressurelaw

Boyleslaw

Using your answer in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), state the relationship

betweenthevolumeofgasandthereadingofBourdongauge.
VolumeofgasisinverselyproportionaltothereadingofBourdongauge

(i)

165Pa

The temperature of the gas in the airtight container for both diagram are
same.

(c)

(a)

Perpendiculartothescale

ThereadingofBourdongauge
ThereadingofBourdongaugeinDiagram18.1islowerthaninDiagram18.2

5Pascal[#smallestscale]

Volume of gas in the airtight container in Diagram 18.1 is more than in

Diagram18.2

(iii) Definethegaslawyounamein(c)(ii).

Pressurelawstatesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisdirectly
proportional to its absolute temperature such that the volume of gas is kept
constant.

Boyleslawstatesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisinversely
proportionaltoitsvolumeatconstanttemperature.

(d)

(e)

An experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between

the pressure, P and the temperature, of a fixed mass of a gas as
showningraphbelow.

Asyringecontains50m3ofairatapressureof100kPa.Thispistonis
pulled outwards slowly so that the air expands. What would be the
volumeoftheairwhentheairpressuredropsto80kPa?

(i)

FromBoyleslaw:P1V1=P2V2
(100)(50)=80(V2)
V2=62.5m3

What is the value of temperature, To when the pressure of the

gasiszero?

(ii)

WhatisthenamegiventoTo?

The experiment above is usually applicable if a gas expands or

compressedslowly.Whyisthisso?
TheBoyleslawisapplicableifthetemperatureofthegasisconstant.Thegasmustbe
expandedorcompressedslowlyastoreducethecollisionbetweenthemoleculesofgas.
The collision of molecules increase the friction of molecules between them and this
frictionwillproduceheat.Iftheheatproduced,thenthetemperatureofthegasisnot
constantalready.

(e)

273C

Absolutezerotemperature

Diagram19.1
Whatismeantbysensitivity?

Sensitivityistheabilitytodetectthesmallchangeinitsreading

Gaspressure

Diagram19.1showsaBourdongaugewhichisusedtomeasuregaspressure
insidearoundbottomflask.

17

Diagram20.1showsacarandalorrystoppingataredtrafficlight.Whenthe
trafficlightturnsgreenasinDiagram16.2,thecarisfoundtomoveaheadof
thelorry.

P
Q
M
N
S
Answer

Diagram20.1Diagram20.2
(a) Whatismeantbymass?
Massisthequantityofmattercontainedbyanobject.

(b)

Typeof
Sizeof
Backhoe tyre

BasedonDiagram20.1andDiagram20.2,comparethemassesofthe
vehiclesandtheirabilitytospeedahead.Relatethemassofthevehicle
and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept in
physicswithregardtothemotionofobjects.

Fluidusedin Mass
hydraulic
system
Large
Liquid
Large
Large
Liquid
Small
Large
Gas
Large
Medium
Liquid
Large
Large
Liquid
Large

Characteristics

Base
area

Centre
of
gravity
Large
Low
Large
Low
Small
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High

Reason

The mass of the lorry is more than the car causing the lorry has less ability to speed
ahead.Thebiggermassoflorrycausesthelorryhardertostartmovingfromrest.The
physicsconceptinvolvedistheinertia.

(c)

Definethephysicsconceptyounamein(b).

So,thebackhoePischosenbecauseitstyreisbig,fluidusedinhydraulicsystemis
liquid,haslargemass,thebaseareaislargeandhaslowcentreofgravity.

Inertiaisthetendencyofanobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeexertingontheobject.

(d)

Basedonthephysicsconceptstatedin(b)(i),explainwhyadriverlurch
forwardswhenacarheisdrivingcomestoasuddenhalt.

(g)

Whenthecarcomestoasuddenhalt,theinertiaisverybigactingontothedriver.The
inertiawillcausethedrivertocontinuetomoveforwardalthoughthecarhasstopped.
Asaresult,thedriverwillbesurgedforward.

(e)

Explainhowyouwouldgotoescapefrombeingchasedbyabullbased
ononeconcept.
1st:Iwillperformmyruninzigzagdirectionswithnodefinitedirectionofrun.
2nd:Thebullhasbiggermassifcomparedtome.Thismeansthatthebullwillhas
biggerinertiaastheinertiadependsonthemass.
3rd:Duetoinertia,thebullishardertochangeitsdirectionandwilllosecontrolandfall

(f)

Diagram 20.4 shows a transformer connected between a 240 V a.c.

powersupplyandtwolightbulbs.Thebulbsareatnormalbrightness
andthereadingoftheammeteris0.25A.

You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in

Table20andchooseabackhoethatcandoheavyworks,anexampleof
a backhoe is shown in Diagram 20.3. Explain the suitability of the
characteristics each backhoes. Determine the most suitable backhoe.
Givereasonforyourchoice

(1)

Diagram20.4
StatethetypeoftransformerinDiagram20.4.

(2)

Whatistheoutputvoltageofthetransformer?

Stepdowntransformer
6V

(3)

Calculatetheefficiencyofthetransformer?
Inputpower,P=IV=2400.25=60W
Outputpower,P=12W+24W=36W
Efficiency=(36/60)100%=60%

(4)

Explainwhythetransformermustusea.c.inputvoltage?
Sothatthevoltagecanbechangedeasily

Diagram20.3

18

Diagram21.1showsabrightspot,M,formedonthescreenonthecathode
rayoscilloscope,CRO,whenitisswitchedon.

(a)

(b)

Diagram21.1
Whatisthemeaningofcathoderay?

CalculatethevalueofthevoltageshownbyN.

(f)

TheCROinDiagram21.2isconnectedtoalternatingcurrentsupply,a.c
andthetimebaseissetoff.
On Diagram 21.3 below, sketch the output waveform that will be
displayedonthescreen.

Diagram21.3

Answer

Cathoderayisafastmovingelectronbeam

Whatisthemeaningofthermionicemission?
Thermionic emission is the process of releasing electrons from a heated cathode
surface.

(c)

Nametheparticlethatproducesthebrightspot,M,whenithitsthe
fluorescentscreenoftheCRO.

Electron

(d)

(e)

(g)

StateonecommonfunctionofCRO.
To display waveform //To measure short time interval // To measure the potential
difference

Explainhowtoproduceabrightspot,MonthescreenofCRO?
Thed.cvoltageissuppliedtotheCROwiththetimebaseissetoff.

Diagram21.2showsthebrightspot,Nwhenadirectcurrentd.c.supply
isconnectedtotheYinputoftheCRO.

(h)

Diagram 21.4 and Diagram 21.5 show two circuits which consist of
identicalammeters,drycellsandsemiconductordiodes.

Diagram21.4Diagram21.5
(1) Nameanexampleofpuresemiconductormaterial.

(2)

Silicon
ThecurrentflowisinforwardbiasinDiagram21.4causesanammeterreading
butnoreadinginDiagram21.4duetothereverseofdiodewhichhasblocked
thecurrentflow

Diagram21.2
TheYgainoftheCROissetat5V/divisionwiththetimebaseisset
off.

(3)

Basedontheanswerin(h)(2),statethefunctionofdiode.
Toallowtheflowofcurrentinonedirectiononly

Explainthedifferenceinthereadingsoftheammeters

19

Diagram22.1showsthepatternofseawaveswhenapproachingthebeach.

ItisobservedthatthefourpendulumsB,C,DandEwilloscillatewith
differentamplitudesbutwiththesamefrequency
(i) Whatisthemeaningofamplitude?

(ii)

(iii) Stateonereasonforyouranswerin22(d)(ii).

(iv) Namethephenomenonstatedin22(d)(iii).

(e)

Ultrasonicechoesarewiselyusedinmedicinetoseetheinternalorgansof
insidethebody.Diagram22.3showstheuseofultrasoundscanneracrossthe
motherswombtoseetheunbornbabies.

Amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementofwavefromtheequilibriumposition

(a)

Diagram22.1
NamethewavephenomenonshowninDiagram22.1.

PendulumC
HasthesamelengthwiththependulumA

Refraction

(b)

Explainintermsofthewavephenomenain22(a),whythewaterwaves
followtheshapeofthebeachasitapproachestheshore.

Resonance

Whenthewavesrefractfromdeepseatoshallowersea,boththewavelengthandthe
energydecrease.Therefore,itbecomesweakerandfollowstheshapeofthebeach.

(c)

Whichpendulumoscillateswiththemaximumamplitude?

Diagram22.1showstheseashoreofafishingvillage.Duringtherainy
season, waves are big. One year the waves eroded the seashore,
causedthejettytocollapseanddamagedthefishermensboats.
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest
building retaining walls and relocating the jetty. You should use your
knowledgeofreflection,refractionanddiffractionofwavestoexplain
thesesuggestion,toincludetheaspects:
i.thedesignandstructureoftheretainingwall
ii.thelocationofthenewjetty
iii.thesizeorenergyofthewaves.
Answer
Suggestion
Reason

Ultrasound scanner
Pengimbas ultrasonik

Ultrasonic waves
Gelombang ultrasonik
Foetus

Diagram22.3
Table22showsthecharacteristicsoftheultrasoundscannerW,X,YandZ.
Scanner

Typeofwave

W
X
Y
Z

Mechanical
Mechanical
Electromagnet
Electromagnet

Frequencies
range(Hz)
<20000
>20000
<20000
>20000

Penetrating
power
High
Low
Low
Low

Ionizing
power
Low
Low
High
High

Table22
Explain the suitability of each characteristic in Table 22 that can be used as
ultrasound scanner to scan the image of foetus safely. Determine the most
suitableultrasoundscannertobeusedandhence,justifyyourchoice.
Characteristics

Reason

(d)

Diagram22.2showsaBartonspendulumwhichconsistsoffivesimple
pendulums hanging on a horizontal string. When A is pulled and
released,itwillcausetheotherfourpendulumstooscillate.
So, scanner X is chosen because it use mechanical wave, use high frequency, low
penetratingpowerandlowionizingpower

Diagram22.2

20

Diagram 23.1 and Diagram 23.2 shows water waves passing through the
entranceoftwodifferentharbours.

(i)

Namethephenomenoninvolved.

(ii)

What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of

waveafterpassingthroughthegap?

Refraction

Frequency:unchanged
Wavelength:decreases
Speedofwave:decreases

Diagram23.1Diagram23.2
(a) Namethetypeofwaveofwaterwave.

(b)

(i)

Namethephenomenoninvolvedinbothdiagrams.

(ii)

What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of

waveafterpassingthroughthegap?

(iii) CompletethewavepatterninDiagram23.3.

Transversewave
Diffraction

Frequency:unchanged
Wavelength:unchanged
Speedofwave:unchanged

(c)

(f)

BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowstheobvious
diffractioneffect?Explainwhy?

Deep area

Shallow area

Kawasan dalam

Kawasan cetek

Diagram23.4showsadriverthatisdrivingunderahotsun,seesapool
of water appearing on the road ahead, but the pool of water
disappearsasthecarapproachesit.

Diagram23.1showsobviousdiffractioneffect.
Becausethesizeofgapislessthanthewavelengthofthewave

(d)

BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowsthebigger
energywaveenteringthegap?

Diagram23.2

(e)

(i)

Diagram23.4
Namethisnaturalphenomenonasobservedbythedriver.
Mirage

Diagram23.3showsthewavesenteringtwodifferentmediums.

(ii)

Statethephysicsconceptthatisinvolvedinthisphenomenon.
Totalinternalreflection

(iii) When light rays propagates from a denser medium to a less

dense medium, state what happen to the direction of the
refractedrays.

(iv) Stateoneapplicationofthisphenomenon.

Refractedawayfromnormal
Opticalfibre

Diagram23.3