Big Bang Powerpoint

Big Bang
Theory
PowerPoint
Name: ______________ # ____ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Recombination
Photon Epoch
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Hadron Epoch
Hadron Epoch
Quark Epoch
The Primordial Era
Electroweak Epoch
Inflationary Epoch
Grand Unification Epoch
Left is late
Right on time
Big Bang Theory
Color Code by Time

Inflationary Epoch
Electroweak Epoch
Quark Epoch
Hadron Epoch
Lepton Epoch
Photon Epoch
Name: ______________ # ____ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Recombination
Photon Epoch
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Hadron Epoch
Hadron Epoch
Quark Epoch
The Primordial Era
Electroweak Epoch
Inflationary Epoch
Left is late
Right on time
Big Bang Theory
What is a Theory?
A Theory is a system of rules

and principles that can be
applied to different
circumstances. Usually there is
evidence which suggests that a
theory is true.
What is a Theory?
A Natural Law is a theory that

has been refined, tested, and
confirmed.
A Theory is only good until
additional evidence
disproves it.
What is the Big Bang?
The Big Bang Theory is

the dominant scientific
theory about the origin
of the universe.

According to the Big Bang,
the universe was created
sometime between 10 billion
and 20 billion years ago from
a cosmic explosion that
hurled matter in all
directions.
Our best
understanding is
13.7
billion years old.
Who first proposed the Big

Bang?
In 1927, the Belgian priest

Georges Lematre was
the first to propose that
the universe began with
the explosion of a
primeval atom.
Georges Lematre
Who first proposed the Big Bang?
Lematres proposal
came after observing

the red shift in distant
nebulas by
astronomers.
Red Shift
Red shift
indicates objects
moving away from
an observer.
Red Shift
Wavelengths are longer,
moved towards the red
part of the spectrum
Red Shift
Blue Shift
Blue shift
indicates objects
moving towards
an observer.
Blue Shift
Blueshift
Wavelengths are
shorter,
moved towards the
blue part of the
spectrum
Blue Shift
Blueshift
Wavelengths are shorter,
moved towards the blue
part of the spectrum
Blue Shift
Evidence for the Big Bang
In 1929,
Edwin Hubble
found experimental evidence
to help justify Lematre's
theory and confirm the
redshifts.
Edwin Hubble
Whirlpool Galaxy
He found that distant

galaxies in every direction
are going away from us
with speeds proportional
to their distance.
Galaxies are vast

collections of stars.
Galaxies like the Milky
Way have hundreds of
billions of stars.
Some galaxies have

trillions of stars while
others have only a few
million stars.
Whirlpool Galaxy
What does this mean?
This means that the

closer Galaxies are
moving away from us
slowly.
The farther Galaxies

are moving away faster
yet.
This means that the closer

Galaxies are moving away
from us slowly.
The farther Galaxies are
moving away faster yet.
Expanding Raisins
Galaxies in the Universe are

like raisin bread, the close ones
only move a little when baked.
Expanding Raisins
When the bread bakes, the

far raisins move the most.
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ContentMe
dia/990404b.gif
Hubbles Law
Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion
This simple ratio

between the distance
and the speed of
galaxies moving away
from each other, set
Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion
This ratio
is now known as
Hubbles law.
It shows that the
universe is expanding.
An Expanding and
Accelerating Universe
Distance vs. Velocity

Hubbles Law
Origin of the term Big Bang
The term "Big Bang"

was coined in 1949
by Fred Hoyle during
a BBC radio
program,
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
Foundations of the Big Bang Model
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
The first key idea dates to 1916

when Einstein developed his
General Theory of Relativity
which he proposed as a new
theory of gravity.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
His theory generalizes Isaac Newton's
original theory of gravity, c. 1680, in
that it is supposed to be valid for bodies
in motion as well as bodies at rest.
Newton's gravity is only valid for
bodies at rest or moving very slowly
compared to the speed of light (usually
not too restrictive an assumption!).
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
A key concept of General Relativity is
that gravity is no longer described by a
gravitational "field" but rather it is
supposed to be a distortion of space
and time itself. Physicist John Wheeler
put it well when he said "Matter tells
space how to curve, and space tells
matter how to move."
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
Originally, the theory was able to
account for peculiarities in the
orbit of Mercury and the bending
of light by the Sun, both
unexplained in Isaac Newton's
theory of gravity. In recent years,
the theory has passed a series of
rigorous tests.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
After the introduction of General
Relativity a number of scientists,
including Einstein, tried to apply the
new gravitational dynamics to the
universe as a whole. At the time this
required an assumption about how the
matter in the universe was distributed.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
The simplest assumption to

make is that if you viewed the
contents of the universe with
sufficiently poor vision, it
would appear roughly the
same everywhere and in every
direction.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
That is, the matter in the

universe is homogeneous and
isotropic when averaged over
very large scales.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
This is called the

Cosmological Principle.
This assumption is being
tested continuously as we
actually observe the
distribution of galaxies on
ever larger scales..
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
The following picture shows

how uniform the distribution
of measured galaxies is over a
30 swath of the sky.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
In addition the
cosmic microwave background
radiation,
which is the leftover heat from
the Big Bang is called the CMB.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
CMB has a temperature which is

highly uniform over the entire
sky. This fact strongly supports
the notion that the gas which
emitted this radiation long ago
was very uniformly distributed.
Foundations of the
Big Bang Model
General Relativity and

Cosmological Principle
These two ideas form the entire
theoretical basis for Big Bang
cosmology and lead to very
specific predictions for observable
properties of the universe.
Tests of Big Bang

Cosmology
Expansion
The Light Elements
The CMB
Confirmation of the Theory

The Big Bang Theory received its
strongest confirmation when the
cosmic background radiation
was discovered in 1964 by Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson.
Confirmation of the Theory
Arno Penzias and

Robert Wilson, later
won the Nobel Prize for
this discovery.
Penzias and Wilson

Arno Penzias
and Robert
Wilson in front of
the Bell
Laboratories
Radio Telescope.
Click the picture to hear the sound.
Background Radiation
Penzias and Wilson found radio

signals in all areas of the sky.
These radio signals have a
hissing sound.
The radio waves are at a
temperature of 3 degrees
above absolute zero.
Support for the Theory
The big bang was initially

suggested because it
explains why distant
galaxies are traveling
away from us at great
speeds.
Support for the Theory
The theory also predicts

the existence of cosmic
background radiation (the
glow left over from the
explosion itself).
Cosmic Background Radiation

The Cosmic
Background
Radiation is
microwave
radiation found in
all parts of the
sky.
Cosmic Background Radiation

The color
changes are due
to only
0.1 degrees of
temperature
difference.
What Does This Mean?
If all the Galaxies are

moving away from us,
are we at the center of
the Universe?
What Does This Mean?
No, if we could be on
another galaxy we would
see the same thing,
everything would be
moving away from that
galaxy.
The Center?
This means that all matter

seen in the Universe was
formed at the same time,
at the same place, in the
center of the Universe.
The Center?
Everything can be
considered to be at the
center of the Universe,
according to your
perspective.
Reversing Time
Astronomers have taken all

the Galaxies and moved
them backward in time to
the point when they would
have come from the same
point.
Reversing Time
This point is called a

singularity.
What was it like?
Astrophysicists do not
know the proper physics
to describe the
beginning exactly, but
have some ideas.
What was it like?
At one ten millionth of

a second, the
temperature of the
Universe was very hot,
over
1 Trillion degrees.
WMAP has produced a new, more detailed picture of the infant universe. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. The white bars show the "polarization" direction o
e oldest light. This new information helps to pinpoint when the first stars formed and provides new clues about events that transpired in the first trillionth of a second of the universe
Density of the Beginning
The density was

estimated to have been
13
more than 5 x 10
grams per cubic
centimeter.
Density of the Beginning
This matter was highenergy photons.

According to Einsteins
Theory, energy can
convert to matter.
Matter in the Universe

As energy converted to
matter, antimatter was also
created.
This antimatter and matter
collided, giving back
energy to the system.
Matter in the Universe
As the Universe
continued to expand,
the temperature cooled.
4 Seconds of Time
After 4 seconds of time,

the Universe had cooled
enough for electrons,
protons, and neutrons to
form.
30 Minutes of Time
By the time the Universe

was 30 minutes old it had
cooled sufficiently that
nuclear reactions had
combined to form
elements.
30 Minutes of Time
25 % helium
75 % hydrogen
30 Minutes of Time
25 % helium
75 % hydrogen
300,000 years
At 379,000 years
from the Big Bang,
the Universe had cooled
enough for it to become
transparent and light could
escape.
Before this time, no light could
escape.
300,000 years
The temperature had

reached 3,000
degrees.
Dark Age
As the Universe
continued to expand, the
glow of the Big Bang
had faded so it became
dark.
Dark Age
Eventually, matter
coalesced from nebulas
of dust and gas to form
stars.
These stars had no
metals in them.
First Stars
The first stars formed with

the ratio of 75% hydrogen
and 25% helium.
These were massive stars
and were very unstable and
lived for a short time.
First Stars
These were massive stars

and were very unstable and
lived for a short time, before
exploding in extreme
violence as a supernova
explosion.
First Stars
These massive stars

exploded giving rise to
more massive elements,
such as oxygen, nitrogen,
iron, and uranium.
Element
Abundance (% of
total
Abundance
number of atoms)
(% of total mass)
Hydrogen
91.2
71.0
Helium
8.7
27.1
Oxygen
0.078
0.97
Carbon
0.043
0.40
Nitrogen
0.0088
0.096
Silicon
0.0045
0.099
Magnesium
0.0038
0.076
Neon
0.0035
0.058
Iron
0.030
0.014
Sulfur
0.015
0.040
Birth of Black Holes
As Galaxies formed, the

first massive stars
formed in the center of
the Galaxy where most
of the matter was found.
Birth of Black Holes
When these massive

stars exploded they
formed Black Holes.
We see evidence of
these Black Holes in the
first Galaxies.
Black Holes
As matter
gets
sucked
into the
Black Hole,
energy
leaves as a
jet at the
poles.
Is all matter light, such as

hydrogen and helium?
Our Solar System has a lot of

heavier elements, such as
iron and uranium. These
elements were not found in
the early Universe.
Is all matter light, such as

hydrogen and helium?
It has been suggested that

the matter for our solar
rd
system is 3 generation,
meaning it has been a part of
at least 2 other stars which
have exploded.
Star Dust
Heavy elements can

only be made from
the explosion of
massive stars.
Star Dust
Due to the fact that our

bodies are made of
heavier elements, such
as iron in our blood, we
can say that humans are
made of Star Dust.
When we look into the

depths of space, we see a
myriad number of galaxies,
all moving away from us.
These galaxies are

accelerating. This
means they are going
faster and faster.
What Causes This Acceleration?
Something must be
causing the Universe to
go faster.
What Causes This Acceleration?
Dark Matter and Dark

Energy are suggested to
be causing this
acceleration.
The Visible Universe
The dark energy is the

push that causes our
Universe to accelerate
outward.
The Visible Universe
is only
4% visible matter,
dark matter about 30%, and
dark energy about 66%.
Will the Universe keep

expanding?
Astronomers think with the

amount of matter found in
the Universe, that the
Universe will keep
accelerating and expanding
forever outward.
What will happen to the

Universe?
As the Universe
continues to expand, the
stars and galaxies will
become farther away
and more difficult to see.
What will happen to the

Universe?
Eventually, all the stars

and galaxies that we
currently see will slowly
burn out leaving the
Universe dark and cold.
The Hubble
Deep Field
picture
shows
thousands of
galaxies,
some at the
beginning of
their
formation.
The
Hubble
Ultra Deep
Field
picture
shows
thousands
of
galaxies,
some at
the
beginning
of their
formation.
What is the End?
This is the end of our

powerpoint.
The end of the
universe will look like
this
The Dark Era
BlackHole Era
Degenerate Era
Stelliferous Era
Dark Ages
Photon Epoch
The Dark Era
BlackHole Era
Degenerate Era
Stelliferous Era
Dark Ages
Photon Epoch
Color Code by Time

Inflationary Epoch
Electroweak Epoch
Quark Epoch
Hadron Epoch
Lepton Epoch
Photon Epoch

Big Bang Powerpoint

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Big Bang

Name: ______________ # ____ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

The Primordial Era

Big Bang Theory

Color Code by Time

Name: ______________ # ____ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

The Primordial Era

Big Bang Theory

A Theory is a system of rules

A Natural Law is a theory that

What is the Big Bang?

The Big Bang Theory is

What is the Big Bang?

What is the Big Bang?

Who first proposed the Big

In 1927, the Belgian priest

Who first proposed the Big Bang?

came after observing

Evidence for the Big Bang

Evidence for the Big Bang

He found that distant

Evidence for the Big Bang

Galaxies are vast

Evidence for the Big Bang

Some galaxies have

What does this mean?

This means that the

What does this mean?

The farther Galaxies

What does this mean?

This means that the closer

Galaxies in the Universe are

When the bread bakes, the

This simple ratio

Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion

Distance vs. Velocity

Origin of the term Big Bang

The term "Big Bang"

Foundations of the Big Bang Model

The first key idea dates to 1916

The simplest assumption to

That is, the matter in the

This is called the

The following picture shows

CMB has a temperature which is

General Relativity and

Tests of Big Bang

Confirmation of the Theory

Confirmation of the Theory

Arno Penzias and

Penzias and Wilson

Penzias and Wilson found radio

Support for the Theory

The big bang was initially

Support for the Theory

The theory also predicts

Cosmic Background Radiation

Cosmic Background Radiation

What Does This Mean?

If all the Galaxies are

What Does This Mean?

Name: __________ # Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Name: __________ # Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6