ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LAB

1) SELF INDUCTANCE, MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AND

COEFFICIENT OFCOUPLING OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
2) RESONANCE IN SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
3) RESONANCE IN PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
4) MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
5) VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM AND
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
6) IMPEDANCE AND ADMITANCE PARAMETERS
7) TRANSMISSION AND HYBRID PARAMETERS
8) THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
9) LOCUS DIAGRAM
10) COMPENSATION THEOREM

EXPERIMENT-1
SELF INDUCTANCE, MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AND COEFFICIENT OF
COUPLING OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM: To determine the self inductance, mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling of
a single phase transformer.
NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1) Rated Voltage:
2) Rated KVA
3) Rated Frequency:
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1)1- Variac 2) Voltmeters 3) AmmetersCIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PROCEEDURE:
CIRCUIT-1
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the varaic output voltage in the minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Vary the variac till rated voltage is obtained on the HV side.
5. Note down the readings of all meters.
CIRCUIT-2
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the varaic output voltage in the minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Vary the variac till Rated is obtained on the LV side.
5. Note down the readings of all meters.
CALCULATIONS:
CIRCUIT-1
Input impedance,Z1 = R1+jL1= V1/I1
Neglecting resistance, L1=V1/I1
Self inductance of HV coil L1=V1/I1
Mutual inductance M12= V2/I1
CIRCUIT-2
Input impedance,Z2 = R2+jL2= V2/I2
Neglecting resistance, L2=V2/I2
Self inductance of LV coil L2=V2/I2
Mutual inductance M21= V1/I2
M=M12+M21/2
Coefficient of coupling K= M/L1L2
TABULAR COLUMN:
CIRCUIT
I1(A) V1(V) V2(V)

SELF
INDUCTANCE(L)

CIRCUIT-1
CIRCUIT-2
RESULT:

Self inductance of HV coil L1=

Self inductance of LV coil L2=
Mutual inductance M12=
Mutual inductance M21=
Coefficient of coupling K=

MUTUAL
INDUCTANCE (M)

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.

2) Connections should be made properly
3) Always kept the varaic output voltage in minimum position before
and after switch on the supply.
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error
VIVA-VOCE: 1) Define self, mutual inductance & coefficient of coupling?
2) Why K value less than one?
3) What happen when resistance of winding also consider?

EXPERIMENT-2
RESONANCE IN SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
AIM: To find different characteristics of a series RLC circuit at resonance condition
APPARATUS: 1) Ammeter
2) Decade resistance box.
3) Decade Inductance box.
4) Decade Capacitance box.
5) Function generator.(FG)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
An AC circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage and resultant
current are in phase. Resonance in series circuit is referred to as series resonance. Thus at
resonance, power factor will be unity, the net reactance will be zero and the equivalent
complex impedance of the circuit consists of only the resistance.
Since inductance and capacitance are essentially energy storing devices, it is
convenient to discuss their efficiency to store energy which is called Quality factor. The
quality factor determines the selectivity of the resonant circuit. As the resistance
decreases the quality factor increases and band width decreases. The current will be
maximum at resonace.Below the resonance, capacitive reactance is more and above
resonance inductive reactance is more. On the impedance versus frequency curve at half
power frequencies, the resistance and reactance are equal.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2) Fix the input voltage to 6V p-p
3) By varying the frequency of the function generator ,note the
readings of Ammeter.
5

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
The given RLC series connected element values are
R=1K Ohm, L=20mH, C=50nF
1
Resonant Frequency (fr)=_________ =
2 (LC)
Lower cut-off Frequency (f1)= fr - R / (4 L)
Upper cut-off Frequency (f2)= fr

R / (4 L)

Band-width = f2 - f1
Quality Factor (Q) = fr / ( f2 - f1)

TABULAR COLUMN : Voltage = 6 Vpp (Maintained constant)

S.N
O

FREQUENCY

I(mA
)

XL = L
(Ohm)

XC =1/ C
(Ohm)

EXPECTED GRAPHS :

Z=(R2 +( XL - XC)2)

(Ohm)

RESULT:
S.NO

QUANTIT
Y

THEORETICAL
VALUES

PRACTICAL
VALUES

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the apparatus before making connections

2) Connections should be made properly.
3) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the
experiment.
4) Note down the readings with out parallax error.
VIVA-VOCE: 1) Define resonance?
2) Define resonant frequency, half power frequencies, Band widthQ-factor, selectivity?
3) How the circuit behaves before and after resonant frequency?
4) Explain the expected graphs?

EXPERIMENT-3
RESONANCE IN PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
AIM: To find different characteristics of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance.
APPARATUS: 1) Ammeter .
2) Decade resistance box.
3) Decade Inductance box.
4) Decade Capacitance box.
5) Function generator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
An AC circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage and resultant
current are in phase. Resonance in parallel circuit is referred to as parallel resonance.
Thus at resonance, power factor will be unity, the net susceptance will be zero and the
equivalent complex admittance of the circuit consists of only the conductance.
Since inductance and capacitance are essentially energy storing devices, it is
convenient to discuss their efficiency to store energy which is called Quality factor. The
quality factor determines the selectivity of the resonant circuit and is defined as the band
of frequencies which lies between two points on either side of resonant frequency where
impedance falls to 1/2 times of its value at resonance. At these frequencies, the
conductance and susceptance are equal.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2) Fix the input voltage to 6V p-p
3) By varying the frequency of function generator, note the
readings of Ammeter
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

The given RLC Parallel connected element values are

R=1 Ohm, L=20mH, C=50nF
1
Resonant Frequency (fr)=_________ = 5.032 KHz
2 (LC)
Lower cut-off Frequency (f1)= fr - 1/2[-1/2RC+(1/2RC)2+1/LC]
Upper cut-off Frequency (f2)= fr + 1/2[1/2RC+(1/2RC)2+1/LC]
Band-width = f2 - f1
Quality Factor (Q) = fr / ( f2 - f1)

TABULAR COLUMN : Voltage- 6V p-p (Maintained constant)

S.N
O

FREQUENC
Y

I(mA
)

XC =1/ C

XL = L
(Ohm)

(Ohm)

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

Y= (1/R)2+(1/XL-1/Xc)2
(Ohm)

Z=1/Y

RESULT :
S.NO

QUANTITY

THEORETICAL
VALUES

PRACTICAL
VALUES

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the apparatus before making connections.

2) Connections should be made properly
3) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
4) Note down the readings with out parallax error
VIVA-VOCE: 1) Define resonance?
2) Define resonant frequency, half power frequencies, Band widthQ-factor, selectivity?
3) How the circuit behaves before and after resonant frequency?
4) Explain the expected graphs?

EXPERIMENT-4
10

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for DC Circuits
APPARATUS 1) Resistors
2) Regulated power supply
3) Voltmeter
4) Ammeter
5) Decade resistance box
6) Connecting wires.
7) Bread board.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The maximum power is delivered to the load when load resistance is equal to the
source resistance.
APPLICATION: Radio speaker system or a micro phone supplying the input signals to
voltage pre-amplifiers.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) Fix the input supply voltage to 4v.
3) Then vary the load resistance and note down the corresponding Ammeter & Voltmeter
readings.
4) Calculate the power for each set of values.

11

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
Step: 1To find Rth :
Short circuit voltage source & open circuit load resistance.

R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R3 R1
R1 R 2
Rth ==
=
Step: 2 To find Vth :
open circuit load resistance only.
Z = R1 + R2 =
V1
Z
I=
=
V1
Vth =I x R2 = R1 R 2 x R2
Step: 3 To find IL :
Vth
Rth RL
IL =
Vth

Maximum power transferred to the load = {IL2at Rth R L } x Rth = 4 Rth

.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO
RL(K)
VL(V)
IL(mAmp)
P=VLIL(W)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

12

RESULT:
Maximum power is transferred to the load i.e.P=______ when load resistance is equal to
the source resistance

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.

2) Connections should be made properly
3) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the
Experiment
4) Note down the readings with out parallax error
VIVA-VOCE:1)State maximum power transfer theorem?
2) What is the condition for maximum current transfer to the load?
3) What is the application of maximum power transfer theorem?
4) What is the efficiency of power transfer when maximum power transfer
to the load?

13

EXPERIMENT-5
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM AND
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
AIM: To verify the superposition theorem and Reciprocity theorem.
APPARATUS:1)Rheostats2) Ammeter
3) Voltmeter
4) Potential divider
5) Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Superposition theorem
TO FIND TOTAL CURRENT:
CKT-1

TO FIND CURRENT IN R2 WHEN V1 IS ACTING ALONE:

CKT-2

14

TO FIND CURRENT IN R2 WHEN V2 IS ACTING ALONE

CKT- 3
Reciprocity theorem
WHEN V1 ACTING ALONE:

CKT-1
WHEN V2 ACTING ALONE:

CKT-2

15

THEORY:
Superposition theorem:
Superposition theorem states that in any linear network containing two or
more sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses
caused by individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non operative that
is while considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage sources and ideal
current sources in the network are replaced by short circuits and open circuits
respectively.
Reciprocity theorem:
This theorem states that in any linear bilateral network the ratio of a
voltage V introduced in one mesh to the current in any other mesh is the same ratio
obtained if the positions of V and I are interchanged, other emf being removed.
PROCEDURE:
Superposition theorem:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(1)
2) Apply both the voltages V1and V2 and not down the value read the current I in the
Ammeter, through resistor R2
3) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(2) by making one voltage source short
circuited, record the current I1 through resistance R2
4) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(3) by short circuiting the other voltage
source and ,record the current I2 through the resistance R2
5) Now observe that I=I1+I2
Reciprocity theorem:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(1)
2) Note down the voltage V1 and the corresponding current I2
3) Now interchange the voltage source and Ammeter as shown in figure (2)
4) Note down the voltage V2and the corresponding current I1
5) Observe that V1 /I2=V2/I1

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
Superposition theorem
1) When V1 acting alone:
R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R 3 R1
R 2 R3
Z1 ==
=

V1
I= Z 1

I1 in (R2)=I x

R3
R3
R 2 R 3 = V1 x R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1 =

16

2)When V2 acting alone:

R1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
R1 R 2
Z ==
=
V2
I=

R1
R1
I2 in (R2)=I x R1 R 2 = V2 x R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1 =
V 2 R1 V 1R3
I1 + I2 = R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1 =
Hence I = I1 + I2
Reciprocity theorem:
When V1 source acting:
R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R1R 3
R 2 R3
Z1 =
=
V1
I = Z1
1

R2
I2=I1 x R 2 R 3 =
R2
I2=V1 x R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R1R 3 =
V1 R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R1R 3
I2 =
R2
=
When V2 source acting:

Z2 =
V2
I = Z2
2

R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R1R 3
R 2 R3
=
=

R2
I1=I2 x R1 R 2 =

17

I1=V2 x

R2
R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R1R 3 =

V2 R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R1R 3
I1 =
R2
=
V1 V2
Hence I 2 = I1

TABULAR COLUMN:
Superposition theorem:
S.NO

V1(V)

V2 (V)

Reciprocity theorem:
S.NO
V1(V)
V2 (V)

I(mA)

I1(mA)

I1(mA)

I 2(mA)

V1/I2

I 2(mA)

V2/I1

I=I1+I2

V1 /I2=V2/I1

RESULT:
1) Superposition theorem is verified for many applied voltages as shown in the table i.e
I=I1+I2
2) Reciprocity theorem is verified for many applied voltages as shown in the table i.e
V1 /I2=V2/I1

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.

2) Connections should be made properly.
3) Always kept the potential divider output voltage in minimum
Position before and after switch on the supply.
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error
VIVA-VOCE:1)State super position theorem?
2) State reciprocity theorem?
3) What are the applications super position theorem?
4) What are the applications of reciprocity theorem?
5) What are the limitations of super position & reciprocity theorem?

18

EXPERIMENT-6
IMPEDANCE AND ADMITANCE PARAMETERS
AIM: To determine Impedance & Admittance parameters for a given two port network.
APPARATUS:1)Rheostats2) Voltmeter
3) Ammeter
4) Potential divider5) Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Z-parameters:
To find Z11 & Z21:

CKT-1
To find Z12 & Z22:

CKT-2

19

Y-parameters
To find Y11 & Y21:

CKT-1
To find Y12 & Y22:

CKT-2
THEORY:
In Z-parameters the port voltages are expressed in terms of port currents and
Z-parameters. The network is said to be symmetrical network when Z11=Z22 .The network
is said to be reciprocal network, when Z12=Z21. Z12 is reverse transfer impedance obtained
when port-2 is open circuited and Z21 is forward transfer impedance obtained when port-1
is open circuited.
In Y-parameters the port Currents are expressed in terms of port voltages
and Y-parameters. The network is said to be symmetrical network when Y11=Y22 .The
network is said to be reciprocal network, when Y12=Y21Y12 is reverse transfer admittance
obtained when port-2 is short circuited and Y21 is forward transfer admittance obtained
when port-1 is short circuited.

20

PROCEDURE:
Z-parameters:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(1)
2) Fix the voltage to 20v and record the readings I1 and V2
3) Calculate Z11 and Z21
4) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(2)
5) Fix the voltage to 15v and record the readings I2 and V1
6) Calculate Z12 and Z22
Y-parameters:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(1)
2) Fix the voltage to 20v and record the readings I1 and I2
3) Calculate Y11 and Y21
4) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(2)
5) Fix the voltage to 15v and record the readings I2 and I1
6) Calculate Y12 and Y22
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
Z-parameters:
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2
By open circuiting the port-2, I2=0
Z1=R1+R2
V1
I = Z1
1

V1
Z11= I1 = R1+R2

V2=I1 x R2
V2
Z = I1 = R
21

By open circuiting the port-1, I1=0

Z2=R2+R3
V2
I = Z2
2

21

V2
Z22= I 2 = R2+R3
V1=I2 x R2
V1
Z = I2 = R
12

Y-parameters:
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
By short circuiting the port-2, V2=0

R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R 3 R1
R 2 R3
Z ==
V1
I1= Z 1

I1
R 2 R3
Y11= V1 = R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
R2
R 2 R3

I2 = - I 1 x
I2
R2
Y21= - V1 = - R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
By short circuiting the port-1, V1=0
R1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
R1 R 2
Z2 ==
=
V2
I = Z2
2

R1
I1= - I2 x R1 R 2

22

I1
R1
Y12= - V2 = - R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
I2
R1 R 2
Y22= V2 = R1R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1

TABULAR COLUMN:
Z-parameters:
S.NO

V1(V)

V2(V)

I1(Amp)

I2(Amp)

V1(V)

V2(V)

I1(Amp)

I2(Amp)

Y-parameters:
S.NO

CAMPARISION:
PARAMETER

THEORETICAL VALUE

PRACTICAL VALUE

RESULT:Z and Y parameters are determined for the given circuit and theoretical
&practical values are compared

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.

2) Connections should be made properly
3) Always kept the potential divider output voltage in minimum
Position before and after switch on the supply.
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error.
VIVA-VOCE:1)What is a port ?
2) What are basic equations for Z & Y parameters?
3) What are the applications of Z&Y parameters?
4) What is the condition for reciprocity & symmetry in Z-parameters?
5) What is the condition for reciprocity & symmetry in Y-parameters?

23

EXPERIMENT-7
TRANSMISSION AND HYBRID PARAMETERS
AIM: To determine Transmission and hybrid parameters for a given Two port network.
APPARATUS: 1) Rheostats2) Voltmeter
3) Ammeter
4) Potential divider5) Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Transmission parameters
To find A & C parameters:

CKT-1
To find B & D parameters:

24

CKT-2

Hybrid parameters:
To find h11 & h21:

CKT-1
To find h12 & h22:

CKT-2
THEORY:
Transmission parameters:

25

In transmission parameters the voltage &current at port -1 are

expressed in terms of voltage and current at port -2 and is given by the following
equations.
V1 = AV2 - BI2
I1 = CV2 - DI2
Here A, B, C,D are the transmission parameters or chain parameters or general circuit
parameters. The ve sign in the second term is for I2 and not for parameters B and D .
The negative sign is due to the opposite direction of I2. In transmission parameters V1,I1
are dependant voltage and current sources and V2,I2 are independent voltage and current
sources.
APPLICATION: Transmission line parameters are used to find the performance of the

transmission line i.e. Efficiency & Regulation.

Hybrid parameters:
The hybrid parameters contain dependant voltage and current sources and independent
voltage and current sources.
APPLICATION: Hybrid parameters find extensive use in transistor circuits
PROCEDURE:
Transmission parameters:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(1)
2) Fix the voltage to 20v and record the readings I1 and V2
3) Calculate A and C
4) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(2)
5) Fix the voltage to 15v and record the readings I1 and I2
6) Calculate B and D
Hybrid parameters:
1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(1)
2) Fix the voltage to 20v and record the readings I1 and I2
3) Calculate h11 and h21
4) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.(2)
5) Fix the voltage to 15v and record the readings I2 and V1
6) Calculate h12 and h22
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
Transmission parameters:
V1 = AV2 - BI2
I1 = CV2 - DI2
By open circuiting port-2,I2=0

26

Z1=R1+R2=
V1
I = Z1 =
1

V2=I1 x R2 =
V 1 R1 R 2
A = V 2 = R2 =
I1
1
C = V 2 = R2 =

By short circuiting port-2,V2=0

R1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R3 R1
R 2 R3
Z=
V1
I1= Z 1

R2
I2=I1 x R 2 R 3 =
R1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
V1
R2
B = - I2 =
=
I 1 R 2 R3
D = - I 2 = R2 =
Hybrid parameters:

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
By short circuiting port-2,V2=0

R1 R 2
Z1 == R1 R 2 =
V1
I = Z1
1

I2= I1 x

R1
R1 R 2 =

27

V1
R1 R 2
h11 = I 1 = R1 R 2 =
I2
R1
h21 = I 1 = R1 R 2 =

By open circuiting port-1,I1=0

R 2 R 3 R 3 R1
Z2 == R1 R 2 R 3 =
V2
I = Z2
2

R3
I1=I2 x R1 R 2 R 3 =

V1=I1 x R1=

V1
R1 R 3
R1
h12 = V 2 = R1R 3 R 2 R 3 = R1 R 2 =
I2

R1 R 2 R 3
h22 = V 2 = R1R 3 R 2 R 3 =

TABULAR COLUMN:
Transmission parameters:
S.NO

V1(V)

V2(V)

I1(Amp)

I2(Amp)

V2(V)

I1(Amp)

I2(Amp)

Hybrid parameters:
S.NO

V1(V)

CAMPARISION:
PARAMETER

THEORETICAL VALUE

PRACTICAL VALUE

RESULT: Transmission and Hybrid parameters are determined for the given circuit and
theoretical &practical values are compared.
PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.
28

2) Connections should be made properly

3) Always kept the potential divider output voltage in minimum
Position before and after switch on the supply
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error.
VIVA-VOCE:1)What is a port ?
2) What are basic equations for transmission & hybrid parameters?
3) What are the applications of transmission & hybrid parameters?
4) What is the condition for reciprocity & symmetry in transmission?
Parameters?
5) What is the condition for reciprocity & symmetry in Hybrid Parameters?
6) What are the units for each parameter in transmission & hybrid?
Parameters?

EXPERIMENT-8
THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
AIM: To verify the Thevenins &Nortons theorems.
APPARATUS: 1) Rheostats2) Voltmeter
3) Ammeter
4) Potential divider5) Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
To find Vth:

CKT-1

29

To find Isc:

CKT-2

To find IL:

CKT-3
THEORY:
Thevenins theorem states that any linear active bilateral network can be replaced by an
emf
acting in series with an impedance .The emf is the open circuited voltage Vth at the
terminals and the impedance Zth is input impedance at the terminals when all the sources
in the network have been replaced by their internal impedances.
Nortons theorem states that any linear active bilateral network can be replaced by with
an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with an impedance ZN
.The IN is the short circuit current between the terminals and the impedance ZN is input
impedance at the terminals when all the sources in the network have been replaced by
their internal impedances.

30

PROCEDURE:1)Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (1)

2) For different voltages of V1 record VOC = Vth
3) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (2)
4) For the same different voltages of V1 record ISC.
5) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (3)
6) For the same different voltages of V1, measure and record IL.
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
Thevenins theorem:
Step: 1To find Rth :
Short circuit voltage source, open circuit load resistance and determine the driving point
impedance.

R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R3 R1
R1 R 2
Rth ==
=

Step: 2 To find Vth :

Open circuit load resistance only.
Z = R1 + R2 =
V1
Z
I=
=
R2
Vth =I x R2 = V1 x R1 R 2 =
Step: 3 To find IL :
Vth
IL = Rth RL =

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

31

Nortons theorem:
Step: 1To find RN :
Short circuit voltage source, open circuit load resistance and determine the input
impedance.

R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R3 R1
R1 R 2
RN ==
=
Step: 2To find Isc :
Short circuit the load resistance only.

R1 R 2 R 2 R 3 R3 R1
R 2 R3
Z=
=
V1
Z
I=
=
R2
Isc =I2 =I x R 2 R 3 =
Step: 3 To find IL :
RN
IL = Isc x RN RL =

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

32

TABULAR COLUMN:
Thevenins theorem:
S.NO

V1(V)

V2(Vth)

Rth

IL(Amp)

Isc

RN

IL(Amp)

Nortons theorem:
S.NO

V1(V)

CAMPARISION:
PARAMETER

THEORETICAL VALUE

PRACTICAL VALUE

RESULT: Thevenins and Nortons theorems are verified for the given circuit.
PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.
2) Connections should be made properly
3) Always kept the potential divider output voltage in minimum
Position before and after switch on the supply
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error.
VIVA-VOCE:1)State Thevenins theorem?
2) State Nortons theorem?
3) What are the applications of Thevenins & Nortons theorem?
4) What are limitations of Thevenins & Nortons theorem?

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EXPERIMENT-9
LOCUS DIAGRAM
AIM: To draw Loci of impedance, admittance &current for an RL circuit with a variable
inductance and fixed resistance.
APPARATUS:1)1- Varaic.
2) Resistance

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3) Voltmeter
4) Ammeter
5) Wattmeter
6) Inductance
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
A Phasor diagram may be drawn and is expanded to develop a curve; Known
as a locus. Locus diagrams are useful in determining the behaviour or response of an
RLC circuit when one of its parameters is varied while the frequency and voltages are
kept constant. The magnitude and phase of the current vector in the circuit depends upon
the values of R, L, C and frequency at a fixed source voltage. The path traced by the
terminus of the current phasor when the parameter is either R or L varied while f and V
are kept constant is called the current locus.
Locus diagrams are also be drawn for impedance & admittance when frequency is
variable.
PROCEDURE:1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2) Keep the Inductance in the minimum position
3) Apply a voltage of 80V.
4) Record the voltmeter, ammeter &wattmeter readings.
5) Vary the Inductance in such a way that the current variation follows
Some sequence.
6) At every current, note down voltmeter, Ammeter & wattmeter
readings
EXPECTED GRAPHS:

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TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO

COS Z

XL

G= R X L
2

B= R X L
2

P
=COS ( VI )

RESULT: Locus diagrams for impedance, admittance &current for an RL circuit with
variable inductance and fixed resistance are drawn

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-1

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.

2) Connections should be made properly
3) Always kept the variac output voltage in minimum
Position before and after switch on the supply.
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error
VIVA-VOCE:1)What is meant by locus diagram?
2) What is the difference between locus diagram& phasor diagram?
3) To draw the locus diagrams which parameters are kept constant?
4) What happens when resistance varies &inductance kept constant?

EXPERIMENT-10
COMPENSATION THEOREM
AIM: To verify the Compensation theorem.
APPARATUS: 1) Rheostats2) Voltmeter
3) Ammeter
4) Potential divider5) Connecting wires

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CKT-1

CKT-2

CKT-3
THEORY: The compensation theorem states that any element in the linear bilateral
network may be replaced by a voltage source of magnitude equal to the current passing
through the element, provided the currents and voltages in other part of the circuit remain
unaltered. This theorem is useful in finding the changes in current or voltage when the
value of resistance is changed in the circuit.
PROCEDURE: 1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram (1).
2) Fix the voltage V1 and note down the reading Ix.
3) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram (2).
4) Fix the voltage Vc and note down the reading IY
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5) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram (3)

6). Fix the voltage V1 and Vc and note down the reading Ix -. IY
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO

RESULT: Hence compensation theorem is verified.

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check all the rheostats before making connections.
2) Connections should be made properly
3) Always kept the potential divider output voltage in minimum
Position before and after switch on the supply.
4) Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
5) Note down the readings with out parallax error
VIVA-VOCE:1)State compensation theorem?
2) What are the applications of compensation theorem?
3) What are the limitations of compensation theorem?

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