Epidemiology

Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006
Epidemiology of Drug
Addiction
Jane C. Maxwell, Ph.D.
Center for Excellence in Drug Epidemiology
Gulf Coast Addiction Technology Transfer Center
www.gcattc.net
There is no conflict of interest
Data Sources
Community Epidemiology Work Group (NIDA)
Treatment admission records (TEDS-DSHS)
Emergency room data (DAWN)
Price, purity, supply, trafficking data (DEA)
Surveys (National & DSHS)
Forensic laboratory tests by DEA and DPS
Maxwell, J. C et al. (2006). Drug use and
risk of HIV/AIDS on the Mexico-U.S.
Border: A comparison of treatment
admissions in both countries. Drug and
Alcohol Dependence.
Maxwell, J. C. Substance Abuse Trends in
Texas: June 2006. at www.gcattc.net.
Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

U.s. Treatment Admissions by Primary

Substance of Abuse: 1992-2005
60
50
40 Alcohol
Heroin
30 Other opiates
Marijuana
20
Cocaine
Stimulants
10
Other drugs
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: SAMHSA
California Treatment Admissions by

Primary Substance of Abuse:
1992-2005
Alcohol Crack Powder Cocaine Marijuana Heroin Stimulants
50
40
30
20
10
0
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Source: SAMHSA
# Exhibits Identified by Toxicology

Labs in U.S: 2000-2005
50%
Cocaine
40%
30% Marijuana
20%
Methamphet &
10% Amphet
Heroin
0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: NFLIS

Drugs Identified by NFLIS

Laboratories by Region: 2005
Marijuana Cocaine Methamphetamine Heroin
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
0
West Midwest Northeast South
Substances Identified by
California Labs: 2005
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
San Diego Los Angeles San Statewide
Francisco
Cannabis Methamphetamine Cocaine Heroin
Source: SAMHSA
Heroin
1998 Miami DMP Samples

Southwest Asian 2.1 % Pure
Southeast Asian 2.3
% Pure
South American 19.2
% Pure

Opiates
Black tar heroin, few mentions of
stronger white heroin west of the
Mississippi.
Cheese is Tylenol PM and 1%
heroin. Kids mix it up themselves.
Concentrated in a few Dallas schools.
Fentanyl is patches in the West, not
the rogue powder seen in the
Northeast (where heroin is also a
white powder).
Heroin Sources and Supply Routes
Sources of Heroin Seized

in US Based on Net
Weight:1989-2004
100
80
SEAsian
60
SWAsian
40 Mexican
20 So. American
0
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
DEA Heroin Signature Program

Average Purity of Heroin

Samples in the US:
1992-2004 1992
100%
1993
80% 1994
1995
60%
1996
40% 1997
20% 1998
1999
0% 2000
Southeast Southwest Mexican South 2001
Asian Asian American 2002

DEA Heroin Signature Program 2003
Heroin Purity: 2004

10%
39% 28%
14% 43%
52% 53%
16% 28%
11% 34% 14%
31%
41%
50%
48%
51% 16%
25%
24% 16%
West
East
Average Purity: 26% Average Purity: 42%
Mexican So. American
OTHER OPIATES
Abuse of different opiates varies by
region.
Problem with methadone pain pills (as
compared to diskettes and syrup used in
narcotic treatment programs).
Codeine cough syrup and rap music.
Kids like pills because easy to get from
home, not illegal, cheap, claim its
prescribed for them if caught, fewer side
effects than street drugs, less stigma,
parents wont get as upset as if using
illicits, etc. (From Partnership for a Drug
Free Americas PATS Survey).

Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per

100,000 by State, TEDS: 1993
24 or more
Incomplete
data 6-9 12-15
<6 10-11 16+

KEY YEAR: 1993
Source: SAMHSA

100,000 by State, TEDS: 1997
24 or more
Incomplete
data 6-9 12-15
<6 10-11 16+

KEY YEAR: 1993
Source: SAMHSA

100,000 by State, TEDS: 2004
6-9
12-15
10-11 16 or more
<6
KEY YEAR: 1992
Source: SAMHSA

Other Opiate Items Identified in

Toxicology Labs by Region: NFLIS,
2005
16000
14270
14000
12000
10000
8000 7140
6000
4000 3164 34163848
2412 2347
2000 1789 1482
684 986 826
0
West South Northeast Midwest
Hydrocodone Oxycodone Methadone

Source: NFLIS
ARCOS Retail Drug Distribution by

Drug Code for the U.S: 1997-2004
Oxycodone Hydrocodone Methadone
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: DEA
Treatment Admissions Nationwide by

Primary Substance. TEDS: 1992-2004
18
16
14
12
Other Opiates
10
Illicit Methadone
8
Heroin
6
4
2
0
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Source: SAMHSA

Characteristics of Heroin and Other Opiate

Treatment Admissions Nationwide, TEDS: 2004
Other Opiates Heroin
100
80
60
40
20
0
U
e
l
te
ic
ra
al
ac
Ag
ID
an
hi
O
M
Bl
p
W
%
is
%
%
Av
%
H
%
Source: SAMHSA
Methadone-Related Unintentional Poisoning

Deaths: 1999-2003 from National Center for
Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics
System
3000
2500 2452
2000 1911
1500
1158
1000
778
623
500
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
ARCOS Methadone Grams

Distributed by Type: 2000-2005
Tablets Diskettes Liquid
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: DEA

COCAINE
Still Around
with New Users
Cocaine
Methamphetamine outselling cocaine
and crack in some areas in Texas;
coke dealers now fronting cocaine to
competeor shifting to selling Ice.
Purity of cocaine increasing.
Still around with new users.
Proportion of crack treatment
admissions who are Anglo or Hispanic
continues to increase.
Injecting crack.
Race-Ethnicity of US Cocaine
Admissions: 1992 v. 2004
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Crack- Crack- IDU- IDU- Inhale- Inhale-
92 04 92 04 92 04
Black White Hispanic
Source: SAMHSA

Cocaine Admissions in
U.S. and Mexican Border States: 2003
12%
9%
30% 9%
35%
19%
26%
25%
28% 35%
DOWNERS
Potentiate low-quality heroin (and
seen in heroin overdoses)
Come down from speed or cocaine
trips
Dependence among females
Kids like alprazolam (Four Bars).
Benzodiazepines Identified by
Toxicology Labs in the US:
2000-2005
1.6%
1.4%
1.2% 2000
1.0% 2001
0.8% 2002
0.6% 2003
0.4% 2004
0.2%
2005
0.0%
Alprazolam Diazepam Clonazepam

MARIJUANA
Fairly stable.
Influence of Blunts and Wraps
Use with Fry, PCP, DANK, crack,
cough syrup, honey, etc., continues.
Continuing references to pot and
PCP and embalming fluid (ether).
CJ v. Non-CJ treatment admissions
Primos--marijuana joint and crack.

Fry, Amp--joint and embalming fluid
(PCP?)
Fry Sticks & Fry Squares--$10 each.
Fry Sweets--blunts in embalming fluid.
Sweet Houses--sell ready-mades.
Candy Blunts--cigarillos in codeine
cough syrup.
Sherms--menthol cigarettes in
embalming fluid.
% Texas Secondary Students Who

Had Used Any Illicit Drug in the Past
Month, by Ethnicity: 1988-2004
25%
20%
15% Anglos
African Americans
10%
Hispanics
5%
0%
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Source: DSHS

Addiction Severity Index Problems of

Texans Treated with Primary Marijuana
Problem: 2005
Sub. Abuse
Emotional Non-CJ Referral

CJ Referral
Social
Family
Employment
Sickness
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Source: DSHS
Cannabis Treatment Outcomes

Among Texas Clients
Criminal justice admissions to treatment were
less impaired, more likely to complete
treatment (42% v. 34%), and abstinent from
cannabis at follow-up ( 76% v. 66%).
55% of all clients met criteria for cannabis
dependence.
CJ clients received less intensive services.
Although DSM-IV underreported, voluntary
more likely to have mood depressive disorder
and be prescribed medications for mental health
problems.
J. Copeland & J. Maxwell, under review, 2006.
Alcohol

Percentage of Texas Secondary Students

Who Reported They Normally Consumed
Five or More Drinks at One Time, by
Gender: 20002004
35%
32%
30% 30%
26%
25%
22% 22%
20% 20% Girls
15% Boys
10%
5%
0%
2000 2002 2004
Liu, L. Texas School Survey of Substance Use Among Students in Grades 7-12, DSHS.
Primary Problem Substance of

Texas DUI Admissions to
Treatment
1996 2005
Alcohol
Heroin
Other Opiates
2%
1% Amphet/ Meth 7%
75% Powder Cocaine

4% 66%
Cannabis
Crack Cocaine
Other
Maxwell, Impaired Drivers at Admission to Substance Abuse Treatment, RSA Poster, 2006.

Methamphetamine
Sources of Amphetamine-
Type Substances
Sources of ephedrine
Major producers of methamphetamine

Methamphetamine Use in Past Month Among

Persons Ages 12 or Older, by Dependence and
Abuse: NSDUH 2002-2005
597 607 583

700 512
# Past Month Users (in Thousands)
600
63 92
500 130 Stimulant
101 103
158 Dependence/Abuse
400
216 154 Other Illicit Drug
300 Dependence/Abuse
200 433 No Illicit Drug
357
237 255 Dependence/Abuse
100
0
2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: SAMHSA
4 Most Frequently Identified Drugs

by NFLIS Toxicology Laboratories
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Methamphetamine Cannabis Cocaine Heroin
Source: NFLIS
Normal Course of a Drug Epidemic

(Texas Cocaine Admissions: 1983-2004)
30 Hyperendemic
25
20
Crack
15
e ak Endemic Powder
10 br
ut
O
5
0
3
3
8
0
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20

The Methamphetamine Epidemic:

TEDS Admissions/100,000: 1992-2004
300 It keeps going up

Arkansas
250
Hawaii
200
Iowa
150 California
100 Georgia
Connecticut
50
Washington
0
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Source: SAMHSA
Stages of Meth Epidemic?

Early StagesIce in gay and party scene; powder
meth via overnight express from California; crack
in urban areas.
Middle StagesMom & Pop cookers and large
problem in rural areas; crack still strong in urban
areas; Mexican meth starts being trucked in to
urban areas.
Late Stagesprimary problem for treatment
admissions; spreads across racial/ethnic groups;
Ice is dominant form and powder supply decreases;
increasing types of traffickers (criminal groups,
ethnic gangs, outlaw bikers).
Race-Ethnicity of US
Methamphetamine Admissions:
1992 v. 2004
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Smoke- Smoke- IDU- IDU- Inhale- Inhale-
92 04 92 04 92 04
Black White Hispanic
Source: SAMHSA

Routes of Administration of
Methamphetamine of Clients in US
Programs: 1993-2004
70
60
50 Oral
40 Smoking
30 Inhalation
20 Injection
10
0
93
95
97
99
01
03
19
19
19
19
20
20
Source: SAMHSA
% Methamphetamine/Amphetamine and
All Other U.S. Admissions by
Urbanization: 2004
40
35
30
25
Percent
Methamphetamine
20
15 All Others
10
5
0
Large Large Small Non- Non-
Central Fringe Metro Metro w/ Metro
Metro Metro City w/o City
SAMHSA DASIS Report, 27, 2006 Large is 1 million or more population; Small is MSA with less than 1
million, & Non-Metro is city of 10,000 or more
U.S. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
Admissions by Route of Administration &
Urbanization: 2004
100%
90%
80%
54 50 48
70% 62 60 Smoking
60%
Percent
Injection
50%
Inhalation
40% 25 24
14 24 Other
30% 15
20% 15 16 19
16 13
10%
7 11 9 9 9
0%
Large Large Fringe Small Metro Non-Metro Non-Metro
Central Metro w/ City w/o City
Metro
SAMHSA DASIS Report, 27, 2006. Large is 1 million or more population; Small is MSA with
less than 1 million, & Non-Metro is city of 10,000 or more

U.S. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
Admissions by Race/Ethnicity &
Urbanization: 2004
100% 6 7
11 9 8
90% 14 6 4
1
11 1
80% 3 2
28
70% Other
60% 5
Percent
Hispanic
50%
86 87 Black
40% 77 78
30% White
56
20%
10%
0%
Large Large Fringe Small Metro Non-Metro Non-Metro
Central Metro w/ City w/o City
Metro
SAMHSA DASIS Report, 27, 2006. Large is 1 million or more population; Small is MSA with
less than 1 million, & Non-Metro is city of 10,000 or more
Primary Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
TEDS Admission Rates: 1997
(per 100,000 aged 12 and over)
> 58
35 - 58
12 - 35
< 12
No data
Source: SAMHSA
> 58
35 - 58
12 - 35
< 12
No data
Source: SAMHSA

> 58
35 - 58
12 - 35
< 12
No data
Source: SAMHSA
Methamphetamine Admissions in
U.S. and Mexican Border States: 2003
31%
10%
40% 4%
18%
3%
9%
14%
13% 7%
Areas to Watch
Use of meth on the job (Work Force needs)
Truckers, day laborers, people working long
hours and boring jobs.
Risky sexual behaviors
Heterosexuals & homosexuals.
Party people
Immigrants/migrants away from home and
families.
Increasing criminal distribution
Traffickers following the migrant trail.
More organized and criminal gangs.

Club Drugs
Problems identified early: MDMA in 1985, GHB
in 1990,Ketamine in 1991, Rohypnol in 1993,
but slow responses.
Research studies underway but are incomplete
and can be problematic.
Use of Internet to obtain information from pro
& anti-drug sites (BUT information can be
erroneous, untested, outdated, or extreme).
And trends move around the world through the
Internet.
Problems testing & identifying various drugs.
Lack of detox & treatment protocols.
Misperception that all club drugs are alike.
Substances Identified by Labs

Participating in the National Forensic
Laboratory Identification System:
1997-2005
100%
80%
MDMA
60% Heroin
40% Methamphetamine
Cocaine
20% Cannabis
0%
97
99
01
03
05
19
19
20
20
20
Source: NFLIS
Party Drugs Identified by U.S.

Toxicology Labs: 2003-2005
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
LSD MDMA PCP Ketamine GHB, GBL,
1-4BD
2003 2004 2005

Source: NFLIS

Admissions to Texas Treatment

Programs by Primary, Secondary or
Tertiary Problem with a Club Drug:
1988-2005
900
800
700 Ecstasy
600 GHB
500 Hallucinogens
400 Ketamine
300 Rohypnol
200 PCP
100
0
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Source: DSHS
Admissions to Texas Treatment Programs

With a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Problem With a Club
Drug: 2005
100% 35
90%
30
80%
70% 25
Average Age
60% 20
50%
40% 15
30% 10
20%
5
10%
0% 0
Ecstasy GHB Halluc PCP Rohypnol
White Black Hispanic Age

Source: DSHS
Race/Ethnicity of Texas DSHS

Clients Admitted with a Problem with
Ecstasy: 1990-2006
100%
90%
80%
70%
60% White
50% Hispanic
40%
Black
30%
20%
10%
0%
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
Source: DSHS

LSD and Mushrooms

LSD low dose and more prevalent
than we think?
Mushrooms are more popular than
LSD? Need to start watching for
them.
GHB, GBL, 1-4BD
Fantasy
SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM MARK/JLF

(updated 12-11-01)
SHOP OUR CATALOG
DISCLAIMER AND INFORMATION
"JLF sells poisonous-non-consumable items, consisting of various raw materials and related
merchandise used for art, hobby, science, industry, and/or religion. Products include Amanita
muscaria ("Fly Agaric") mushrooms, Claviceps purpurea ("Ergot Fungus") sclerotia ,
Trichocereus pachanoi ("San Pedro") cactus, Psilocybin mushroom spores and kits, Papaver
somniferum ("Opium Poppy") pods, Argyreia nervosa ("Hawaiian Baby Woodrose") seeds,
Anadenanthera colubrina ("Cohoba") seeds, and many other ethnobotanicals. Also pure
compounds such as yohimbine, L-tryptophan, etc."
JLF Poisonous Non-Consumables

P.O. Box 184
Elizabethtown, IN 47232
DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS:
PCP, Ketamine, DXM
Distort perceptions of sight
and sound and produce feelings
of detachment, but not
hallucinations (Zombie effect)

Phencyclidine
PCP, Angel Dust, Killer Weed
Dissolved in embalming fluid or
ether (Fry, Amp, Water,
Water).
Swallowed, sniffed, smoked on
joints dipped in Fry.
Menthol cigarettes are dipped into
liquid PCP or blunts are laced with
powdered PCP.
NDARC Study of Ketamine

Users*
N=100; well-educated; older group of party
drug users.
Some had access because in medical field.
Used with MDMA, MDA & amphetamines.
Many had regular negative side effects such
as inability to speak, blurred vision, lack of
coordination.
Issue for warnings: Usually unpleasant side
effects seen by some as positive and
encouraged experimentation.
*Dillon, Copeland, Jansen, Patterns of Use and Harms Associated with Non-Medical Ketamine Use, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 69 2003) 23-28.
What is DxM
? Dextromethorphan is a
psychoactive drug found in common over the counter
cough medicines.
Source: www.http:third-plateau.lycaeum.org/beginner/index.html

Robotrip
Robotrip high dosages can produce
hallucinogenic effects
Part of family of psychoactive compounds called
dissociative anesthetics.
anesthetics.
Some effects have been described as similar to
those of ketamine (Special K) and PCP.
The DxM experience is described as occurring
on levels, or plateaus depending on the amount
of the dose taken.
Each plateau is different from another. There
are 4 major plateaus + a fifth one that is
generally unpleasant and involves a possible trip
to the hospital
Source: www.http:third-plateau.lycaeum.org/beginner/index.html
DXM Calculator

Carisoprodol
Ds, Dance, Las Vegas Cocktail (with
hydrocodone), Soma Coma (with codeine).
Reported as problem by CEWG members in
Washington, South Florida, and Texas.
Texas PCC abuse calls from 1998 to 200339%
involved only carisoprodol. More likely males,
adolescents, happened at other residences,
schools, public areas; serious medical outcomes
2004 Texas deaths with mention of
carisoprodol: 60% male, 93% white, av. age 41.
Only 3 of 87 were just carisoprodol; the rest
also involved other substances, especially
hydrocodone and alprazolam.
Inhalants
% Texas Secondary Students Who

Had Used Inhalants Ever or in the
Past Month, by Grade: 2004
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Lifetime Use Past-Month Use

Percentage of Texas Students Who Had

Ever Used Inhalants, by Grade and
Number of Different Types Used: 2004
20%
15%
4+ Types
10% 2-3 Types
1 Type
5%
0%
Gr 4
Gr 5
Gr 6
Gr 7
Gr 8
Gr e 9
Gr 1 0
Gr 1 1
12
e
e
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
e
ad
ad
ad
Gr
% Texas Reform & Secondary School

Students Who Had Ever Used
Specific Inhalants: 2000-2001
Correction Fluid 8%
6%
Glue 5%
7%
Aerosol Sprays 4% Secondary School

11%
Reform School
Lacquer/Toluene 4%
13%
Octane Booster 2%
14%
Freon 2%
17%
Gasoline 6%
41%
Spray Paint 8%
61%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Age Groups of Inhalant Abusers As

Seen in National Data Sets
100%
9%
21% 7%
80% 37%
18% 31%
60%
16% 24%
40%
52% 18%
20% 46%
21%
0%
TEDS Tmt.-2004 NSDUH Survey-2005 PY DAWN Eds--2005
12--17 18--25 26--34 35+

Occupation by Type of Inhalant

Mention, Texas Deaths: 1988-1998
100%
10%
22%
80%
37% 5% 40%
60% Blue Collar
Mechanics
40% Student
49% 4%
20% 42%
16%
0%
Freon CHC Toluene
Percent of AIDS Cases Reported by

Selected Modes of Exposure: 1987-2005
90%
80%
70%
60% MSM
50% IDU
40% M-M & IDU
30% Hetero
20%
10%
0%
87
90
93
96
99
02
05
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
Texas Male and Female AIDS Cases

by Race/Ethnicity: 1999-2005
100%
80% Hispanic Male

Black Male
60%
White Male
Hispanic Female
40%
Black Female
20% White Female
0%
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
05
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20

WWW.GCATTC.NET
SPECIAL K (Ketamine)
Anesthesia doses 2-10 mg/km; recreational
doses 50-100 mg.
Unsafe sexual behavior associated with frequent
use of Ketamine. Use at gay circuit parties of
concern.
Taken in cyclical binges similar to cocaine or
methamphetamine.
Available as powder to snort or as liquid to
inject; used with puffers to get exact dosing.
Users can become psychologically dependent but
no evidence of physiologic withdrawal syndrome.
Conclusions from NSDUH:

Nonmedical Use of Rx Pain Relievers
Increases in lifetime users, but current

users relatively stable
Ages 18-25 had highest rates for all
pain relievers reviewed
Little variation in rates across States,
regions, metro/non-metro areas
Most OxyContin users (lifetime) also
used other opiates
Source: SAMHSA

Conclusions from DAWN:

Nonmedical Use of Opioid Pain
Relievers
ED visits in 2004 > 150,000 (131k-185k)
Oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone >
fentanyl, morphine, propoxyphene
Polydrug use is typical
About half of oxycodone products are
SR type
Patients aged 21-54 had highest visit rates
Rates vary across metro areas examined
Majority of patients treated and released
Source: SAMHSA

Epidemiology

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Current Trends in Drug Abuse--2006

There is no conflict of interest

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

U.s. Treatment Admissions by Primary

California Treatment Admissions by

# Exhibits Identified by Toxicology

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Drugs Identified by NFLIS

Cannabis Methamphetamine Cocaine Heroin

1998 Miami DMP Samples

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Heroin Sources and Supply Routes

Sources of Heroin Seized

DEA Heroin Signature Program

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Average Purity of Heroin

Southeast Southwest Mexican South 2001

Asian Asian American 2002

Heroin Purity: 2004

11% 34% 14%

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per

<6 10-11 16+

Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per

<6 10-11 16+

Other Opiate Treatment Admissions per

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Other Opiate Items Identified in

Hydrocodone Oxycodone Methadone

ARCOS Retail Drug Distribution by

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Treatment Admissions Nationwide by

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Characteristics of Heroin and Other Opiate

Other Opiates Heroin

Methadone-Related Unintentional Poisoning

ARCOS Methadone Grams

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Black White Hispanic

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Primos--marijuana joint and crack.

% Texas Secondary Students Who

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Addiction Severity Index Problems of

Emotional Non-CJ Referral

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Cannabis Treatment Outcomes

J. Copeland & J. Maxwell, under review, 2006.

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Percentage of Texas Secondary Students

2000 2002 2004

Primary Problem Substance of

75% Powder Cocaine

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610

Methamphetamine Use in Past Month Among

597 607 583

4 Most Frequently Identified Drugs

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Normal Course of a Drug Epidemic

Jane Maxwell, UT CSWR, 512 232-0610