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9.(ii) In Circle and Ex-Circles of a Triangle

1.

In circle
The circle that touches the three sides of a triangle ABC internally is called the
in circle or inscribed of its triangle. The centre of the circle is called Incentre
denoted by I the radius of the circle is denoted by inradius denoted by Y

2.

In a triangle ABC
(i) r =

(ii) r = ( s a ) = ( s b ) tan
a

(iii) r =
cot

B
C
+ cot
2
2

(iv) r = 4 R sin
3.

=
cot

C
A
+ cot
2
2

B
C
= ( s c ) tan
2
2
C

=
cot

A
B
+ cot
2
2

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

Excircle: - The circle that touches the side BC (opposite to angle A) internally
and the other two sides AB and AC externally is called Excircle. The centre of
this circle is called excentre opposite to A. denoted by I1 . The radius of this
circle is called ex-radius, denoted by r1

|||ly exradius opposite to angle B is denoted by r2 . The centre of this excircle is

denoted by I 2 exradius opposite to angle C is denoted by r3 . The centre of this
ex-circle is denoted by I 3
4.

In a triangle ABC

(i) r1 =

(ii) r2 =
(iii) r3 =
sa
sb
sc

5.

(i) r1 = s tan A / 2 (ii) r2 = s tan

6.

(i) r1 = ( s c ) cot

B
2

= ( s b ) cot

C
2

B
C
(iii) r3 = s tan
2
2

(ii) r2 = ( s a ) cot
= ( s c ) cot

c
B
(iii) r3 = ( s a ) cot
2
2

A
2

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= ( s c ) cot

A
2

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7.

(i) r1 =
tan

8.

B
C
+ tan
2
2

(i) r1 = 4 R sin

tan

A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2

(iii) r3 = 4 R cos

(ii) r2 =

C
A
+ tan
2
2

(ii) r2 = 4 Rcos

(iii) r3 =
tan
A
B
C
sin cos
2
2
2

A
B
C
cos sin
2
2
2

SOME IMPORTANT THEOREMS

1.

In a triangle ABC prove that

1 1 1 1
= + +
r r1 r2 r3

Solution : RHS

1 1 1
+ + =
r1 r2 r3

1
1
1
+
+

sa sb sc

s a s b s c 3s a b c 3s 2 s
s
1
1
+
+
=
=
= =
=

r

s

2.

In a triangle ABC prove that r r1 r2 r3 = 2

Solution : LHS r r1 r2 r3 =

s sa sb sc

4
4
=
= 2 = 2
s ( s a )( s b )( s c )

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A
B
+ tan
2
2

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3.

In a triangle ABC prove that r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1= s 2

Solution : r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 =

2
2
2
+
+
( s a )( s b ) ( s b )( s c ) ( s c )( s a )

2 ( s c ) + 2 ( s a ) + 2 ( s b)

( s a )( s b )( s c )

=
4.

2 {3s a b c}

( s a )( s b )( s c )

2 s {3s 2 s}

s ( s a )( s b )( s c )

2 ( s )( s )

= s2

In a triangle ABC prove that r {r1 + r2 + r3 } = bc + ca + ab s 2

Solution : -

r ( r1 + r2 + r3 ) =
2
=
s

+
+

s a s b s c

( s b )( s c ) + ( s c )( s a ) + ( s a )( s b )

( s a )( s b )( s c )

s 2 bs cs + bc + s 2 cs as + ac + s 2 ab bs + ab
=

s ( s a )( s b )( s c )

2 3s 2 2as 2bs 2cs + bc + ca + ab

2

= 3s 2 2 s ( a + b + c ) + bc + ca + ab

= bc + ca + ab + 3s 2 4s 2 a + b + c = 2s
= bc + ca + ab s 2

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VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.

In a triangle ABC express

r1 cot

A
in terms of S
2

Solution : -

r cot A / 2 = r cot A / 2
1

+ r2 cot B / 2 + r3 cot

C
2

r1 = s tan A / 2 r2 = s tan B / 2 r3 = s tan C / 2

= s tan

A
C
C
cot A / 2 + s tan B / 2 cot B / 2 + s tan cot
2
2
2

= s + s + s = 3s

2.

LHS

Show that

a cot A = 2 ( R + r )

a cot A = a cot A + b cos B + c cot C

2 R sin A

cos A
cos B
cos c
+ 2 R sin B
+ 2 R sin c
sin A
sin B
sin c

B
C
A
= 2 R {cos A + cos B + cos C} = 2 R 1 + 4sin sin sin
2
2
2

A
B
C

4 R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2

r

= 2 R 1 +
= 2 R 1 +
R
R

= 2 { R + r}
3.

In a triangle ABC prove that

(i) r1 + r2 + r3 r = 4 R

(ii) r1 r2 + r3 + r = 4 R cos B

(iii) r1 + r2 r3 + r = 4 R cos C (iv) r3 + r2 r1 + r = 4 R cos A

Solution: -

Here r1 = 4 R sin A / 2 cos B / 2 cos C / 2 : r2 = 4 R cos

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A
B
C
sin cos
2
2
2

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r3 = 4 R cos

A
B
C
cos sin
2
2
2

r = 4 R cos

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

(i) r1 + r2 + r3 = {4 R sin A / 2 cos B / 2 cos C / 2 + 4 R cos A / 2 sin B / 2 cos C / 2}

A
B
C
A
B
C

+ 4 R cos cos sin 4 R sin sin sin

2
2
2
2
2
2

= R cos

C A
B
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
sin cos + cos sin + 4 R sin cos cos sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

= R cos

C
C
A B
A B
sin + + 4 R sin cos +
2
2
2 2
2 2

= 4 R cos

C
C
C

A B
sin 900 + 4 R sin cos +
2
2
2

2 2

= 4 R cos

C
C
C
C

sin 900 + 4 R sin cos 900

2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos 2

(ii)

C
C
+ 4 R sin 2 = 4 R
2
2

r1 r2 + r3 + r = ( r1 + r3 ) ( r2 r )
A
B
C
A
B
C

= 4 R sin cos cos + 4 R cos cos sin

2
2
2
2
2
2

A
B
C

4 R cos sin cos 4 R sin A / 2 sin B / 2 sin C / 2

2
2
2

A
C
A
C

sin cos + cos sin

2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos

B
2

4 R sin

B
A
C
C
cos cos sin A / 2 sin
2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos

B
A+C
A C
sin
4 R sin B / 2 cos +
2
2
2 2

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4 R cos

B
B
B
B

sin 900 4 R sin . cos 90

2
2
2
2

B
B

4 R cos 2 sin 2 = 4 R cos B

2
2

(iii)

r1 + r2 r3 + r = ( r1 + r2 ) ( r3 r )
A
B
C
A
B
C

= 4 R sin cos cos + 4 R cos sin cos

2
2
2
2
2
2

A
B
C
A
B
C

4 R cos cos sin 4 R sin sin sin

2
2
2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos

4 R sin

C
A
B
A
B
sin cos + cos sin
2
2
2
2
2

C
A
B
A
B
cos cos sin sin
2
2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos

C
C
A B
A B
sin + 4 R sin cos +
2
2
2 2
2 2

= 4 R cos

C
C
C
C

sin 900 4 R sin cos 900

2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos 2

C
C
C
C

4 R sin 2 = 4 R cos 2 sin 2

2
2
2
2

= 4 R cos C

(iv)

r2 + r3 r1 + r = ( r2 + r3 ) ( r1 r )
= 4 R cos 2

A
A
A
A

4 R sin 2 = 4 R cos 2 sin 2

2
2
2
2

= 4 RcosA

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5.

It r1+ r2 = r3 r then show that C = 900

Solution : r1 + r2 = r3 r
4 R cos 2

C
C
C
C
= 4 R sin 2 tan 2 = 1 tan = 1
2
2
2
2

C
= 450 C = 900
2

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.

Prove that 4 ( r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 ) = ( a + b + c )

In theorem 3 we have proved r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1= s 2

LHS {The student should prove the above result in the examination}

= 4 {r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1} = 4 s 2 = ( 2 s ) = ( a + b+ c )
2

2.

1 1 1 1 1 1 abc 4 R
Prove that = 3 = 2 2
r s
r r1 r r2 r r2

Solution : -

1 1 1 1 1 1 s s a s s b s s c
=

r r1 r r2 r r3

3.

a b c abc
but abc = 4 R
=
3

4 R 4 Rs 2
4R
= 2 2 = 2 2
3

s
r s

r =
s

Prove that r ( r1 + r2 + r3 ) = ab + bc + ca s 2

Hint : Refer to Theorem 4

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4.

Show that

r1

( s b )( s c ) = r

Solution : -

r1

r1

r3

r2

( s b )( s c ) = ( s b )( s c ) + ( s c )( s a ) + ( s a )( s b )
But r1 =
=

5.

r2 =
r3 =
sa
sb
sc

+
+
( s a )( s b )( s c ) ( s a )( s b )( s c ) ( s a )( s b )( s c )
3s
3 s
3
3
= 2 =
=
s ( s a )( s b )( s c )
r

s

Show that ( r1 + r2 ) tan

Solution : - ( r1 + r2 ) tan

( s a )( s b )
6.

C
C
= ( r3 r ) cot = C
2
2

C
( s a )( s b )
=
+

2 s a s b

{s b + s a}

Show that r1 r2 r3 = r 3 cot 2

( s a )( s b )

A
B
C
cot 2 cot 2
2
2
2

Consider RHS r1 r2 r3 = r 3 cot 2

3
s3

s (s a)

( s b) ( s c)

= 2s a b = a + b + c a b = c

A
B
C
cot 2 cot 2
2
2
2

s ( s b)

( s c) ( s a)

s ( s c)

( s a )( s b )

.
.
=
= rr r
( s a )( s b )( s c ) s a s b s c 1 2 3

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7.

1 1
1
1 a 2 + b2 + c2
Show that + 2 + 2 + 2 =
r2 r1
r2 r3
2

( s c ) = s 2 + s 2 2as + a 2 + s 2 2bs + b2 + s 2 2cs + c 2

s2 ( s a ) ( s b)
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2

4s 2 2s ( a + b + c ) + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4s 2 4s 2 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
=
=
2
2
2
8.

If A = 900 then show that 2 ( r + R ) = b + c

Solution : -

2 ( r + R ) = 2r + 2 R
2 ( s a ) tan A / 2 + 2 R sin 900

2 ( s a ) tan 450 + 2 R sin A

2 ( s a ) + a 2 s 2a + a = b + c
9.

r1 ( r2 + r3 )

Prove that

r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r3

=a

Solution : -

LHS


+

s +b s c
=
2
2
2
+
+
( s a )( s b ) ( s b )( s c ) ( s c )( s a )

2
{s b + s c}
( s a )( s b )( s c )

s a

( s a )( s b )( s c )

a
s ( s a )( s b )( s c )

( s a ) ( s b ) ( s c )

2
( s a )( s b ) + ( s c )
( s a )( s b )( s c )

a
=a

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a
3s 2 s

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10.

In a triangle ABC if ( r2 r1 )( r3 r1 ) = 2r2 r3 then prove that A = 900

Solution: -

Given ( r2 r1 )( r3 r1 ) = 2r2 r3
r2 r3 r1r2 r1r3 + r12 = 2r2 r3
r12 = r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1

2
2
2
r =
+
+
( s a )( s b ) ( s b ) ( s c ) ( s c )( s a )
2
1

r12 =

2
{s c + s a + s b}
( s a )( s b )( s c )

r12 =

s ( s a )( s b )( s c )
s r12 = s 2
s

a
s

b
s

c
(
)(
)(
)

s 2 tan 2

A
A
= s 2 tan = 1
2
2

A = 900 Triangle is right angled

11.

If r : R = r1 = 2 : 5 :12 then prove that triangle on right angled of A

Solution: Let r = 2k R = 5k r1 = 12k

r1 r = 4 R sin A / 2 cos B / 2 cos C / 2 4 R sin A / 2 sin B / 2 sin C / 2

B
C
B
C

= 4 R sin A / 2 cos cos sin sin

2
2
2
2

= R sin

A B C
A
0 A
cos + = 4 R sin cos 90
2 2 2
2
2

= 4 R sin 2 A / 2
r1 r = 4 R sin 2 A / 2

A 10 K
12k 2k = 4 ( 5k ) sin 2 A / 2 sin 2 =
2 20 K
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sin
12.

A
1
A = 900
=
2
2

If A, A1 , A2 , A3 are the areas of incircle and excircle of a triangle respectively

then prove that

1
1
1
1
+
+
=
A1
A2
A3
A

Solution : -

Here A = r 2 A1 = r12 ; A2 = r22 ; A3 = r32

LHS

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
+
+
2
2
A1
A2
A3
r2
r32
r1

1 1 1 1
1 s a s b s c
+
+
+ + =

r1 r2 r3

1 3s ( a + b + c )
1 s
1
1
=

s
1

1
1
1
=
=
2
r
A
r
.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.

In a triangle ABC show that cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 +

A +B
A B
2 cos
cos
+ cos C
2
2
C

AB
2 cos 900 cos
+ cos C
2

2
2sin

C
A B
2 C
cos
+ 1 2 sin
2
2
2

1 + 2sin

C
2

A B
C
cos
sin
2
2

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r
R

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1 + 2sin

1 + sin

C AB
A + B
cos
cos

2 2
2
A
B

2 sin sin
2
2

1 + 2 sin

C
2

1 + 4 sin

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

1+
2.

C AB
A + B
0
cos
sin 90

2 2
2

4 R sin

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2 =1+ r
R
R

In a triangle ABC prove that

cos 2

A
B
C
r
cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 +
2
2
2
2R

LHS

1 + cos A + 1 + cos B + 1 + cos C 3 + {cos A + cos B + cos C}

=
2
2

From above problem cos A + cos B + cos C =1 +

3.

r
R

r
r
4+
R =
R =2+ r
2
2
2R

3 +1+

In a triangle ABC sin 2

A
B
C
r
+ sin 2 + sin 2 = 1
2
2
2
2R

Solution : -

LHS = sin 2

A
B
C
+ sin 2
+ sin 2
2
2
2

1 cos A 1 cos B 1 cos C

+
+
2
2
2

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3 + {cos A + cos B + cos c}

=
2

3 1 +
R
2

r
r
2
R =
R =1 r
2
2
2R

3 1

4.(i)

In a triangle ABC prove that (i) a = ( r2 + r3 )

rr1
r2 r3

4R r1 r2
r1 + r2

(ii) = r1r2
Solution : -

RHS = ( r2 + r3 )

(ii)

rr1
=
+

r2 r3 s b s c

{s c + s b}
( s b )( s c )

( s b )( s c )
2
.
s (s a)
2

. ( 2 s b c )

( s b )( s c )}

( s b )( s c )
s ( s a )

{a + b + c b c} = a

s ( s a )( s b )( s c )

4R r1 r2
r1 + r2

= r1r2

r1 + r2 = 4 R sin

= 4 R cos

2
s (s a)
2
( s b )( s c )

A
B
C
A
B
C
cos cos
+ 4 R cos sin cos
2
2
2
2
2
2

C A B
c
0 c
sin + = 4 R cos sin 90
2 2 2
2
2

= 4 R cos 2

C
2
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4 R 4 R cos 2
RHS r1r2

4 R cos 2

C
2

C
2

C
2 = . tan C
C s a s b
2
4 R cos 2
2
4 R sin 2

r1r2

5.

( s a) ( s b)

( s a) ( s b)

Prove that r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 = 16 R 2 = ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

Solution: -

From 3rd problem of very short answer questions

We have r1 + r2 + r3 r= 4 R
Squaring on both sides

( r1 + r2 + r3 r )

( r1 + r2 )

= 16 R 2

+ ( r3 r ) + 2 ( r1 + r2 )( r3 r ) = 16 R 2
2

r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 + r32 + r 2 2r3 r + 2r1r3 2r1r + 2r2 r3 2r2 r = 16 R 2

r12 + r22 + r32 + 2 ( r1 r2 + r2 r3+ r3 + r3r1 ) 2r ( r1 + r2 + r3 ) = 16 R 2

Here from theorem 3 & 4 we have
r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = s 2

r ( r1 + r2 + r3 ) = ab + bc + ca s 2
r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 + 2 s 2 2 {ab + bc + ca s 2 } = 16 R 2
r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 + 2 s 2 2ab 2bc 2ca + 2 s 2 = 16 R 2

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r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 + 4 s 2 2ab 2bc 2ca = 16 R 2

r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 + ( a + b + c ) 2ab 2bc 2ca = 16 R 2
2

r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 2ab 2bc 2ca = 16R 2
r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 = 16 R 2 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

6.

If P1 , P2 , P3 are altitudes drawn from vertices A, B, C to the opposite sides of

a triangle respectively then show that
(i)

1
1
1 1
+
+ =
P1 P2 P3 r

(iii)

1
1
1 1
+
=
P1 P2 P3 r3

(v) P1 P2 P3

(vi)

( abc )
=

8R3

(ii)

1
1
1 1

+ =
P1 P2 P3 r2

(iv)

1
1 1 1
+ =
P2 P3 P1 r1

8R 3
=
abc

1
1
1 cot A + cot B +cot C
+ 2 + 2 =
2
P1
P2
P3
2

Solution: A

In a triangle ABC
=

1
2
a P1 P1 =
2
a

|||ly P2 =

P1

2
2
P3 =
b
c

Solution (i)

a
b
c a + b + c 2s s 1
1 1
1
+
+ =
+
+
=
=
= =
P1 P2 P3 2 2
2
2
2 r

Solution (ii)

1
1
1 a b + c 2 ( s b ) s b 1

+ =
=
=
=
P1 P2
P3
2

r2
2

Solution (iii)

1 1
1 a + b c 2( s c) s c 1
+ =
=
=
=
P1 P2 P3
2
2
r3

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Solution (iv)

1
1 1 b + c a 2( s a) s a 1
+ =
=
=
=
P2 P3 P1
2
2
r1

Solution (v) P1 P2 P3 =

843
abc
but =
abc
R

abc
8
3
2

8 ( abc )
abc )
(
4R

=
=
=
abc
64 R 3 abc
8R3

1
1
1 a 2 + b2 + c2
Solution (vi) LHS 2 + 2 + 2 =
p1 P2
P3
4 2
RHS = ( cot A + cot B + cot C ) /
cos A b 2 + c 2 a 2
b2 + c2 a 2
cot A =
=
=
sin A
2bc sin A
4
a 2 + c2 b2
a 2 + b2 c2
||| cot B =
cot c =
4
4
ly

cot A + cot B + cot C 1 b 2 + c 2 a 2 + c 2 + a 2 b 2 + a 2 + b 2 c 2

=

7.

a 2 + b2 + c2
= LHS
4 2

If a = 13 b = 14 c = 15 show that R =

65
21
r = 4 r1 =
r2 = 12 and r3 = 14
8
2

Solution : -

Given a = 13, b = 14, c = 15

s=

a+b+c
= 21 s a = 8
2

sb=7

sc=6

= s ( s a )( s b )( s c ) = 21 8 7 6
= 7 3 2 2 2 7 3 2

= 7 3 2 2 = 84

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5

abc 13 14 15
65
84
R=
=
= :r = =
=4
4
8
S 21
4 84
62
r1 =

8.

84 21
=
=
sa 8
2

r2 =

84
84
=
= 12 ; r3 =
= = 14
sb 7
s c 6

If r1 = 2 r2 = 3 r3= 6 then prove that r = 1 a = 3 b = 4 c = 5

Solution: -

We know that

1 1 1 1
+ + =
r1 r2 r3 r

1 1 1 1
3 + 2 +1 1
+ + =
= r =1
2 3 6 6
6
r

We know that rr1r2 r3 = 2 1 2 3 6 = 2

= 6

r=

1= s = 6
s
s

r1 =

6
2=
s a = 3 6 a = 3 a= 3
s a
s a

r2 =

6
3=
s b = 2 6 b = 2 b = 4
sb
sb

rs =

6
6=
s c =1 6 c =1c = 5
sc
s c

Problem for practice : In a triangle ABC if r1 = 8 r2 = 12 r3 = 24 find a, b, c

In a triangle ABC prove that ( r1 + r2 ) sec 2

C
A
B
= ( r2 + r3 ) 842 = ( r3 + r1 ) sec 2
2
2
2

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9.

In a triangle ABC show that

ab r1r2
=
r3

ab r1r2 bc r2 r3 ca r1r3
=
=
r3
r1
r2

( 2 R sin A) ( 2 R sin B ) 4 R sin

A
B
C
A
B
C
cos cos 4 R cos sin cos
2
2
2
2
2
2

4 R cos A / 2 cos B / 2 sin C / 2

A
B
B
A
B
C

4 R 2 2sin 2sin cos 16 R 2 ( sin A / 2 cos B / 2 cos C / 2 ) cos sin cos

2
2
2
2
2
2

=
A
B
C
4 R cos cos sin
2
2
2

16 R 2 sin

A
B
A
B
C
sin cos cos 1 cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
B
C
A
4 R cos
cos sin
2
2
2

4 R sin A / 2 sin B / 2 sin C / 2 = r

|||ly we have prove

10.

bc r2 r3
ca r1r3
= r and
=r
r1
r2

In a triangle ABC prove that

BC
( r + r ) tan 2 = 0
1

Solution: r1r2 = 4 R sin

= 4 R sin

A
B
C
A
B
C
cos cos + 4 R sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

A
BC
cos

2
2

BC
( r + r ) tan 2 =
1

B C
sin

A
2
BC

4 R sin cos

2
2
BC
cos

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11.

B+C

BC
3R 2sin 900
. sin

B +C
B C
2 R 2 cos
sin

2
2

2 R {sin B sin C} = 2 R sin B 2 R sin C

bc= bc+ca+ab=0

In a triangle ABC prove that

Solution: =

1
abc

r
1 1
r1
r
+ 2 + 3 =
bc ca ab r 2 R

r
ar + br2 + cr3
r1
r
+ 2 + 3 = 1
bc ca ab
abc
1
A

ar = abc ( 2 R sin A) s tan 2

1

2 RS
abc

2 RS
A
2sin 2

4 R
2

s
2

s
{1 cos A + 1 cos B + 1 cos C}
2

1
{3 ( cos A + cos B + cos C )}

2
s

2 sin 2

cos

A sin A
2
A
cos
2

1 cos A

1
r 1
r 1 1
3 1 + =
2 =
2r
R 2r
R r 2R

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from prob 1 of long answer questions

cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + r

The student has to prove this in

exa min ation

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