1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

An invasion of the body tissue by microorganism

Absence of disease producing microorganism
Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens
Clean technique
Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms
Sterile technique
The presence of infection
Transport of an infection or the products of infection through out the body or by blood
A person or animal, who is without signs of illness but who harbor pathogens within his body.
A person or animal known or believed to have been exposed to a disease
The natural habitat
Microorganism picked in the skin as a result of normal activities
Normal microorganism
The process by which all organism including their pores are destroyed
A substance that generally destroys pathogens but NOT the pores (intended for use on inanimate
objects)
A substance that inhibit the growth of pathogens but NOT necessary to destroy them (intended on
persons)
a chemical that kills microorganism
An agent that prevents bacterial multiplication but does not kill all forms of organisms
The process by which something is rendered is unclean or unsterile
Results if the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or direct contact thru a
vector or as an airborne infection
Results from the invasion and multiplication of microorganism in a host
A disease-producing microorganism
The ability to produce a disease
The ability to invade, grow and multiply
The organisms attraction to a specific host
Causes disease only in susceptible individual
Hospital acquired infection
Separation of person from others
Practices designed to prevent transfer of m.o
The study of causes.

STAGES OF ILLNESS

Entry of m.o to the body until the onset of non specific s/s
From non-specific to specific s/s

Specific s/s until become evident

s/s start to disappear until normal state

CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. Etiologic agent-these may be bacteria , fungi, parasites. The ability of infectious agent to cause
a disease depends on its pathogenecity, virulence, invasiveness and specifity

2. reservoir (source)
humans (clients, visitors, health care personnel)
animals (insects, rats)
plants
general environment (air, water, food,soil)
3. portal of exit from reservoir
- Respiratory tract- droplets and sputum
-Gastrointestinal tract- vomitus (the product of vomiting), saliva, drainagae tubes
-Urinary tract: semen, vaginal discharge
-blood- open wond,needle puncture
4. mode of transmission
a. contact- either direct or indirest
i. direct-surface to surface
ii. indirect-vehicle to susceptible host
b. droplet- secretions
i. coughing, sneezing, talking
NOTE: maintain 3 feet distance

client -----3 feet distance--- midwife

c. vehicle-transfer of m.o by use of vehicles to transfer m.o

i. blood, utensils, pillows, mattress
d. airborne-occurs when fine particles are suspended in the air
e. vector borne- animals such as rats, mosquito, snails
5. Portal of Entry permits to gain entrance into the host through OPENINS of the body and non
intact skin
6. susceptible host who are at risk (easily to be transmitted with microorganism)
FACTORS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

intact skin
Ph level secretions
# of WBC
Demographic profile
Immunizational status
General health status, environmental status, history

Etiologic agent

Susceptible host

reservoir

Portal of entry

Portal of exit

TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
Modes of
1. Natural -in
transmission
2. Artificial
a. Active ANTIBODIES are produced by the body in response to infection

i. Natural- antibodies formed in the presence of infection

ii. Artificial antigens are stimulated to produced antibodies

b. Passive antibodies are produced by another source such as animal or human

i. Natural ANTIBODIES are transferred from mother to her newborn
ii. Artificial immune serum from animal or human is injected to person

Principles in Asepsis
1. Patient2. The pts m.o leave thru specific routes
3. There are always m.o in environment
4. Spread of infection can be prevented.
5. The effectiveness of asepsis depends on the awareness of those who carried out
6. In medical asepsis, anything suspected contaminated is considered unsterile.
7. In surgical asepsis, areas are considered contaminated if touched by any object that is not sterile
8. Keep soiled linen/equipments from touching the clothing
9. instruct to cover
10. Least contaminated to more contaminated
11. Segregation of wastes
12. sterilize objects-suspected for pathogens
13. Good personal hygience-practice

HOW TO BREAK INFECTION?

I.HANDWASHING single most important infection control practice
aDequate Friction needed
Clean fingernails
Medical
Surgical
Needed
Soap and running water,
Plus betadine, scrub,
clean towel
sterile towel
Purpose
Remove dirt and inhibit
Free from
the growth of pathogen
microorganism
Hands
Hold hands lower than
Hold hands higher than
elbow
elbow
Hands less clean
Hands cleanest
Activities

II.CLEANING, DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION

Cleaning-the physical removal of visible dirt and debris
Disinfection- the chemical or physical processes
Types:
1. concurrent
2. terminal
Sterilization-the complete destruction of all organism including pores
Considerations:
Nature of organism present
Types and availability of equipment
Available means of sterilization
METHODS OF STERILIZATION
1. Steam-use of supersaturated steam pressure

2. Gas-the use of ethylene oxide

3. Radiation-use of ionizing radiation
4. Chemicals-use of effective disinfectants
5. Boiling water- boiled for 15-30 minutes

III. BARRIERS
Mask

Gowns

Gloves

Private rooms isolation system

IV. ISOLATION SYSTEM
3 ISOLATION SYSTEM
a. STANDARD PRECAUTION
-intended to prevent transmission of blood borne and moist body substance pathogens.

Wear clean gloves when touching

1.
2.
3.

Perform handwashing immediately

1.
2.
3.
Wear patient mask, eye protection and face shield
Wear a cover gown
Remove protective or soiled linens promptly
Clean and reprocess equipment
Discard all single use items
Prevent injuries
1.
2.
3.
4.
Use private room for consultation

TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
1. Airborne Precaution -Transmitted by small particle droplets that can remain suspended by small
particle droplets that can remain suspended and remain by air currents.
2. Droplet Precaution
3. Contact precaution
PROTECTIVE ISOLATION
-implemented to prevent infection for people whose resistance to infection are lowered or
compromise; should be placed in private room
- meticulous handwashing is strictly practiced.

-restrict visitors

V.SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Prevent the introduction of microorganisms
All procedures that invade the blood stream, cause a break in the skin or mucous membrane
Ex.

PRINCIPLES:
1. Moisture causes contamination
2. Never assume that an object is sterile

3. Always face the sterile field

4. Sterile articles may only touch articles or surfaces if they are to maintain their sterility

5. Sterile equipment or areas must be kept above the waist and on top of sterile field.
6. Prevent unnecessary traffic and air currents

7. Open, unused steriles are no longer sterile after procedure.

8. A person who is considered sterile who becomes contaminated must be reestablish sterility.
9. Surgical technique is a team effort.