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Risk assessment
selection of protection measures
Designer info:
Name: James
Address: Badoers
City: Kinsington
Postal code: 44200
Country: NZ
Professional register: Engineering
Professional register number: K121-NZ
VAT number: Tax code: -
Customer:
Customer: METALPHA Sa - industrial design
Structure description: Production site
Address: 32, Newport Rd
City: New Castle
District: NZ
INDEX
1. DOCUMENT CONTENTS
2. TECHNICAL STANDARDS
3. STRUCTURE TO BE PROTECTED
4. INPUT DATA
4.1 Lightning ground flash density.
4.2 Structure data.
4.3 Electrical lines data.
4.4 Definition and characteristics of zones
5. STRUCTURE AND ELECTRICAL LINES COLLECTION AREAS
6. RISK ASSESSMENT
6.1 Risk R1 loss of human life
6.1.1 Risk calculation R1
6.1.2 Risk assessment R1
7. SELECTION OF PROTECTION MEASURES
7.1 Economic analysis
8. CONCLUSIONS
9. APPENDICES
10. ANNEXS
Structure layout
Collection area Ad
Collection area Am
SPD installation Am
1. CONTENT OF DOCUMENT
This document contains:
- the lightning risk assessment;
- the draft design of required protection measures.
2. TECHNICAL STANDARDS
This document refers to the following standards:
- EN 62305-1: "Protection against lightning. Part 1: General principles"
March 2006;
- EN 62305-2: "Protection against lightning. Part 2: Risk assessment"
March 2006;
- EN 62305-3: "Protection against lightning. Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life hazards"
March 2006;
- EN 62305-4: "Protection against lightning. Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems within structures"
March 2006;
3. STRUCTURE TO BE PROTECTED
It is important to define the part of structure to be protected in order to define dimensions and
characteristics to be used for collection area calculation.
The structure to be protected:
- is a vertical part of a building;
- there are not internal systems in common with other part of the building,
- is separated from other parts of the building by menas of walls with resistance to fire of 120 min (REI
120).
Therefore the dimensions and characteristics of the structure to be considered are the same of the
structure (art. A.2.1.2 - standard EN 62305-2).
4. INPUT DATA
4.1 Lightning ground flash density
The lightning flash density in the city of where the structure is located is:
- RO = RM + RC + RW + RZ
and:
- RD is the risk due to flashes striking the structure
- RI is the risk due to flashes influencing it but not striking the structure
- RS is the risk due to injury to livings beings
- RF is the risk due to physical damage
- RO is the risk due to failure of internal systems.
The values listed above, show that risk R1 for the structure is essentially present in the following zones:
Z3 - Production (71,4428 %)
- essentially due to failure of internal systems
- mainly due to flashes striking the structure and flashes influencing it but not striking the
structure
- the mainly contribution to the value of risk R1 inside the zone is determineted by the
following
risk components:
RM = 68,4946 %
Internal systems failure due to flashes influencing it but not striking the structure
7. SELECTION OF PROTECTION MEASURES
To reduce the risk R1 below to the tolerable risk RT = 1E-05, it is necessary to act on the following risk
components:
- RC in the zones:
Z3 - Production
- RM in the zones:
Z2 - Office
Z3 - Production
- RW in the zones:
Z3 - Production
- RZ in the zones:
Z2 - Office
Z3 - Production
using at least one of the following possible protection measures:
- for risk component C:
1) Coordinated SPD protection
- for risk component M:
1) Coordinated SPD protection
2) Shielding the structure
3) Shielding the internal system or provide an adeguate routing
4) Increasing the impulse withstand voltage of equipments
- for risk component W:
1) Coordinated SPD protection
RM: 1,15E-06
RU(Power office): 3,79E-14
RV(Power office): 7,58E-09
RW(Power office): 3,79E-08
RZ(Power office): 1,53E-06
RU(Telecom office): 5,37E-14
RV(Telecom office): 1,07E-08
RW(Telecom office): 5,37E-08
RZ(Telecom office): 7,46E-07
Total: 3,81E-06
Z3: Production
RB: 1,10E-07
RC: 3,29E-07
RM: 1,74E-06
RU(Power production): 4,89E-14
RV(Power production): 9,77E-10
RW(Power production): 1,47E-08
RZ(Power production): 4,68E-07
RU(Telecom production): 5,37E-13
RV(Telecom production): 1,07E-08
RW(Telecom production): 1,61E-07
RZ(Telecom production): 2,24E-06
Total: 5,08E-06
Value of total risk R1 for the structure: 9,00E-06
For SPD selection see Appendix SPD selection.
7.1 Economic analysis
The economic analysis between different cases of protecion measures is done according to standard EN
62305-2 in order to select the best case.
The economic values related to the structure are listed below:
- Z1 - External
Structure (CB): 20.000,00
Added value for the structure (CC): 1.000,00
- Z2 - Office
Structure (CB): 2.500.000,00
Added value for the structure (CC): 800.000,00
Equipments value - internal system Power office (CS): 150.000,00
Equipments value - internal system Telecom office (CS): 300.000,00
- Z3 - Production
Structure (CB): 4.000.000,00
H (m): 8
Risk 4: Rb Rc Rm Rv Rw Rz
Zone characteristics: Production
Zone type: inside
Type of surface: Linoleum (ru = 0,00001)
Risk of fire: ordinary (rf = 0,01)
Special hazard: Average panic level (h = 5)
Fire protections: automatically operated (rp = 0,2)
Zone shielding: No shield
Protection against touch voltage: no protection measures
Internal system: Power production
Connected to line Power mixed
Wiring: Loop area in the order of 50 m (Ks3 = 1)
Withstand voltage: 2,5 kV
Coordinated SPD - level: none (Pspd =1)
Internal system: Telecom production
Connected to line Telecom
Wiring: shielded cable 1 < R <= 5 ohm/km (Ks3 = 0,0002)
Withstand voltage: 1,5 kV
Coordinated SPD - level: none (Pspd =1)
Mean loss value for the zone: Production
Loss due to touch and step voltage (related to R1) Lt = 0,0001
Loss due to physical damage (related to R1) Lf = 0,002
Loss due to failure of internal systems (related to R1) Lo = 0,0003
Loss due to physical damage (related to R4) Lf = 0,034
Loss due to failure of internal systems (related to R4) Lo = 0,002
Risk and risk components for the structure: Production
Risk 1: Rb Rc Rm Ru Rv Rw Rz
Risk 4: Rb Rc Rm Rv Rw Rz
APPENDIX - Collection areas and number of annual dangerous events.
Structure
Collection area due to direct flashes to the structure Ad = 5,51E-02 km
Collection area due to flashes near the structure Am = 3,14E-01 km
Annual number of dangerous events due to direct flashes to the structure Nd = 5,51E-02
Annual number of dangerous events due to flashes near the structure Nm = 5,73E-01
Electrical lines
Collection area due to direct flashes (Al) and to flashes near (Ai) to the lines:
Power aerial
Al = 0,025272 km
Ai = 0,780000 km
Power mixed
Al = 0,016924 km
Ai = 0,500000 km
Telecom
Al = 0,026856 km
Ai = 0,800000 km
Annual number of dangerous events due to direct flashes (Nl) and to flashes near (Ni) to the lines:
Power aerial
Nl = 0,012636
Ni = 0,780000
Power mixed
Nl = 0,004369
Ni = 0,180000
Telecom
Nl = 0,053712
Ni = 0,800000
APPENDIX - Values of probability of damage for unprotected structure
Zone Z1: External
Pa = 1,00E+00
Pb = 1,0
Pc = 1,00E+00
Pm = 1,00E+00
Zone Z2: Office
Pa = 1,00E+00
Pb = 1,0
Pc (Power office) = 1,00E+00
Pc (Telecom office) = 1,00E+00
Pc = 1,00E+00
Pm (Power office) = 7,50E-01
Pm (Telecom office) = 1,00E-04
Pm = 7,50E-01
Pu (Power office) = 1,00E+00
Pv (Power office) = 1,00E+00
On Main board, supplied by a line three phase + neutral, SPD are installed at the board entrance
(upstream of circuit breaker or residual current device), with the following characteristics :
level : I
class : I
type: varistor
protection level Up : 1000 V
length of connecting conductors : 0,2 m
effective protection level Up/f : 1200 V
max continuous operating voltage Uc : 253 V
impulse current Iimp : 10 kA
short-circuit current with or without fuse : 10 kA
The installed SPD protects this board.
The installed SPD protects final circuits / equipments according the following table:
Length (m) Uw (V) lpo (m)lpi (m) Protected
Main board
- Final circuit n 1
Board (2 level)
- Final circuit n 1
Eff. coeff.
22
2500
42
49,1
Si
0,7
47
2500
42
51,3
No
To select protection measures it is considered, for each withstand voltage, the circuit with the worst
characteristics. Because this circuit is protected, are protected also all the circuits supplied by Main
board.
Final circuits protected by SPD
SPD of class II (In >= 5 kA) or class III (Uoc >= 10 kV) are provided on the following circuits :
Board (2 level)
- Final circuit n 1 - Up/f required for the SPD : 2250 V
SPD coordination
The installed SPD are coordinated.
The protection against overvoltages is completed.
The lengths of final circuits supplied by boards without SPD (for which the circuits with worst
characteristics are protected directly by SPD), infact, have lengths lower than the one reported in
Annex B.
ANNEX B
It is necessary to verify that final circuits supplied by the following boards have length lower than the
one reported in table (distance in meters).
The table reports the lower length between the protection distance lpo (oscillation phenomenon) and
protection distance lpi (induction phenomenon).
Board (2 level)
Wiring
Loop area in the order of 50 m"
Loop area in the order of 10 m"
Loop area in the order of 0,5 m"
Shielded cable R <= 1 ohm/km
Shielded cable 1 < R <= 5 ohm/km
Shielded cable 5 < R <= 20 ohm/km
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,3
6,7
67,2
> 10000
> 10000
1343,8
6000
3
15,1
151,3
> 10000
> 10000
3026,6
Protected
Eff.
22
2500
***
---
Si
68
83
2500
4000
***
***
-----
Si
Si
100
2500
***
---
Si
*** Up/f <= bUw / 2 and/or circuit length is lower than 10 m, therefore it is not ncessary to evaluate
the oscillation protection distance (lpo).
--- It is not necessary to evaluate the induction protection distance (lpi).
To select protection measures it is considered, for each withstand voltage, the circuit with the worst
characteristics. Because this circuit is protected, are protected also all the circuits supplied by Main
board.
Final circuits protected by SPD
SPD are not provided on the final circuits.
The protection against overvoltages is completed.
Cross-section of connecting conductors for SPD
The minimum cross-section of connecting conductors for SPD is:
Class I : 6 mm2
Class II : 4 mm2
Class III : 1,5 mm2
In any case, for SPD class I, the cross-section of connecting conductors (S) should respect the
following relation:
S >= Iimp / 8 for PVC connecting conductors
S >= Iimp / 10 for EPR connecting conductors
The layout of SPD installation is reported in Annex "SPD installation".