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Fire
resistance
(hrs)
0.5
1
1.5
2
3
4
Minimum
beam width
(mm)
200
200
200
200
240
280
Minimum
thickness of
floors (mm)
75
95
110
125
150
170
Minimum wall
thickness
(p<0.4%)
150
150
175
-
Min wall
thickness
(0.4%
100
120
140
160
200
240
Min wall
thickness
(p>1%)
75
75
100
100
150
180
Spacing
Number of bars
Max bars per layer for beams = (beam width 2 x cover 2 x link diameter)/(2 x bar diameter)
Size of bars
Beam width (mm)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
25
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
900
1000
15
17
12
13
9
11
Areas of reinforcement
Shear Links
Shear links should be spaced no more than 0.75d. No longitudinal bars should be spaced more
than 150mm or d from a vertical leg. Shear links should follow the following requirements:
Bar diameter (mm)
16
20
25
32
40
Max spacing (mm)
192
249240
300
384
480
Min link diameter (mm)
6
6
8
8
10
Columns are short if slenderness is less than 15 for braced columns or 10 for unbraced columns.
Slender columns - Lateral buckling and crushing failure are caused by direct compression
stresses and bending stresses caused by eccentric compression stresses. The amount of
failure depends on the end fixity conditions and the slenderness ratio, which is effective
length divided by radius of gyration.
25 interior columns
5 edge columns
2 corner columns
Detail Design
1. Find the effective height, le, of the column
le = x l
where l = full length
= Values from table below
End condition 1 = column end is fully restrained by moment connection
End condition 2 = column end is partially restrained by monolithic connection
End condition 3= column end is simply supported
These additional reinforcement resist lateral buckling induced by compressive stresses of main
reinforcement. A tie should be placed for every corner bar. The distance from one reinforcement
bar to another should be no less than 150mm.
Reinforcement near the concrete surface are more effective at resisting bending moment forces
than reinforcement placed at the centre of the column.
Equation for a short and braced column which supports roughly symmetrical arrangement of
beams and where these beam properties and sizes do not differ by more than 15% is shown
below.
N = 0.35 x fcu x Ac + 0.67 x Asc_req x fy
Where fcu = characteristic strength of concrete (N/mm^2)
Ac = area of concrete (mm^2)
Fy = yield strength of reinforcement (N/mm^2)
Asc = area of reinforcement
Note: If Asc_req is negative, use the equation below.
Asc_req = 0.4% x Ac_nominal
Note: The design moment for slender columns includes an additional moment induced by
eccentricity of the geometry section.
4. Find a suitable number of reinforcement bars and the size of the reinforcement bars,
______ T ______
5. Find the area provided by the reinforcement bars designed, As_provc
4. Find span/depth ratio, L/d and make sure that L/d is less than 20
Deflection should be checked using the span/depth ratio.
Cracking should be designed for SLS and should meet the requirements of minimum
reinforcement needed and spacing.
Detail Design
1. Find w
w = 1.4DL + 1.6LL
2. Find the design moment and shear, M and V
Simply supported with Uniformly Distributed Load
t
The effective span of beams, l, should be assumed to be the effective span of the member in its
simply supported condition for conservative purposes. This span equals the exact distance
between supports.
2. Establish concrete grade, fcu, in N/mm^2
3. Find the depth to neutral axis, x, in mm
Depth to neutral axis, x, from compression face is limited to:
x 0.5d
for fcu 45 N/mm^2
x 0.4d
for 45 < fcu 70 N/mm^2
x 0.33d
for 70 < fcu 100 N/mm^2
3. Design rectangular beams for flexure
The design ultimate moment M should be designed greater than the ultimate bending moment.
*Also applicable to flanged beams when the neutral axis of the beam lies within the flange
K' = 0.156
K' = 0.120
K' = 0.094
x = (d-z)/0.45
x = (d-z)/0.40
x = (d-z)/0.36
x = (d-z)/0.45
x = (d-z)/0.40
x = (d-z)/0.36
The maximum amount of reinforcement in concrete members (beams, columns, or slabs) should
not exceed 4%.
5. Design rectangular beams for shear
Shear stress in beams
Usually, the shear force and the shear stress should be obtained from the face of the support.
Shear reinforcement
Shear reinforcement should be designed for ULS and should be provided in the form of vertical
links or bent-up bars. Shear forces are transferred to the vertical links that act with diagonal
concrete struts in compression. Therefore, in beams, the links will act in tension and the concrete
in compression.
Shear reinforcement are required to resist the following failure mode caused by shear:
Solid slabs
o These slabs are made out of solid concrete with reinforcement that resist tension.
Slabs can be in-situ or profiled metal decking. The top reinforcement can be a
steel mesh for the use of fire resistance. The bottom reinforcement can be a metal
decking for tension reinforcement purposes.
Ribbed slabs
o These slabs can achieve the same structural strength than solid slabs with less
concrete required. Ribbed slabs can be series of in-situ concrete ribs that are cast
monolithically with voids caused by removable formers. Ribbed slabs can also be
a hollow slabs with permanent void formers.
Flat slabs
o These slabs with flat soffits do not require the support of beams. Drops are often
used to form a thick stiffening part between the columns and the slab.
Waffle slabs
o These slabs are solid and flat with void formers in the soffits. There are series of
1m wide concrete beams that can be designed for moment bending.
No slabs should be less than 125 mm thick due to fire resistance requirements.
Two way spanning slabs can be 90% of thickness of one way spanning slabs
1. Find w
w = 1.4DL + 1.6LL
2. Find the design moment and shear, M and V
Find M and V equations above (Refer to beam calculations).
3. Design slab for flexure using One Way Slab method
Find K and z
The maximum amount of reinforcement in concrete members (beams, columns, or slabs) should
not exceed 4%.
4. Find the number of reinforcement bars and the size of the reinforcement bars, ____ T
______.
5. Find Asprov.
Effective shears
o Internal columns -> Veff = 1.15V
o Corner columns -> Veff = 1.25V
o Edge columns -> Veff = 1.4V
Shear forces should be checked at certain perimeters of slab enveloping the column.
Shear forces should be checked starting at the first perimeter of 1.5d around the column
face. Then, shear forces should be checked subsequently at perimeters of 0.75d intervals