Accounting Problem Book 2011 PDF

2011
Principles of Accounting
Problem book
V.V. Dobrynskaya, V.V. Poleshchuk
International College of Economics and Finance
Introduction to Accounting
Problem 1
You are to complete the gaps
Assets
Liabilities
Capital
(a)
12,500
1,800
(b)
28,000
4,900
(c)
16,800
12,500
(d)
19,600
16,450
(e)
6,300
19,200
(f)
11,650
39,750
Problem 2
Distinguish from the following list the items that are liabilities from those that are assets:
(a)
Office machinery
(d)
Motor vehicles
(b)
Loan from C Shirley
(e)
We owe for goods
(c)
Fixtures and fittings
(f)
Bank balance
Problem 3
State which of the following are shown under the wrong classification for J Whites business:
Assets
Liabilities
Loan from C Smith
Stock of goods
Cash in hand
Debtors
Machinery
Money owing to bank
Creditors
Premises
Motor vehicles
Problem 4
Mr. S sets up a new business. Before he actually sells anything, he has bought motor vehicle
2,000, premises 5,000, stock of goods 1,000. He did not pay in full for his stock of goods
and still owes 400 in respect of them. He had borrowed 3,000 from B. After the evens just
described, and before trading starts, he has 100 cash in hand and 700 cash in bank
Required:
Calculate the amount of his capital.
Problem 5
Draw up a balance sheet from the following as at 31 December 19X8:
Capital
23,750
Debtors
4,950
Motor vehicles
5,700
Creditors
2,450
Fixtures
5,500
Stock of goods
8,800
Cash at bank
1,250
Problem 6
Complete the columns to show the effects of the following transactions:
Effect upon
Assets
Liabilities
Capital
(a) We pay a creditor 70 in cash.

(b) Bought fixtures 200 paying by cheque.
(c) Bought goods on credit 275.
(d) The proprietor introduces another 500 cash into the firm.
(e) Mr. X lends the firm 200 in cash.
(f) A debtor pays us 50 by cheque.
Problem 7
C.S. has the following items in his balance sheet as on 30 April 19X8:
Capital 20,900; Creditors 1,600; Fixtures 3,500; Motor vehicle 4,200; Stock of goods
4,950; Debtors 3,280; Cash at bank 6,450; Cash in hand 120.
During the first week of May 19X8:
(a) He bought extra stock of goods 770 on credit.
(b) One of the debtors paid him 280 in cash.
(c) He bought extra fixtures by cheque 1,000.
Required:
Draw up a balance sheet as on 7 May 19X8 after the above transactions have been completed.
3
Problem 8
The following are transactions of the business for a period. You are required to state the effect
of each on the balance sheet items. Be detailed where the capital is affected, showing the type
of effect:
(a) Bought stock in trade on credit terms for 1,200.
(b) The owner paid a trade creditor 1,500 for some stock in trade bought on credit recently.
Since the owner did not have the business bank account cheque book with him, he drew a
cheque on his personal account.
(c) Stock in trade, which had cost 1,700, was sold on credit for 2,500.
(d) The owner withdrew 500 by drawing a cheque on the business bank account, payable to
himself.
(e) Paid wages of 750 by cheque.
(f) Paid bank interest of 100 by having amount charged on the business bank account.
(g) Received a 2,000 cheque from a trade debtor.
(h) Paid a trade creditor 1,200 by a cheque drawn on the business bank account.
Problem 9
Explain:
(a) What is a revenue?
(b) What is an expense?
(c) What is a profit?
(d) The owner pays himself a regular 100 from the business account each week, is it an
expense?
(e) Why is the purchase of some stock in trade not an expense?
Problem 10
Explain and provide comments:
(a) Why is it necessary to put a date in the heading of the balance sheet?
(b) Jim just bought a new motor van. Will this have an effect on the balance sheet of his
business?
(c) Comment: Why is it that my capital is shown with the liabilities in the balance sheet of
my business? Surely it is an asset.
(d) Which of the following would you expect to find among the items of the balance sheet:
- The fact that the business owes money
4
- The fact that the owner has very good business skills
- The fact that the demand for the output of the business is expected to increase greatly
in the future leading to a large increase in profits.
- The fact that the assets of the business are highly specialized and in the main part
could only be used for the current purposes.
(e) The total of the balance sheet tells the owner how much his business is worth.
(f) The amount of equity on the balance sheet tells the owner how much his business is worth.
Problem 11
Consulting Agency Balance Sheet as of October 31, 19X3
ASSETS
LIABILITIES
Cash
1,400
Notes Receivable
11,000
Advertising Expense
300
Interest Expense
2,000
Land
31,500
Office supplies
800
Salary Expense
3,300
Accounts Receivable
1,600
Office furniture
4,700
Note Payable
20,000
Accounts Payable
3,000
Utilities Expense
1,100
Total Assets
44,300
OWNERS EQUITY
Equity
8,900
Total Liabilities & Equity
44,300
The bookkeeper of Consulting Agency prepared the Balance Sheet of the company while the
accounting was ill. The Balance Sheet contains a lot of errors. In particular, the bookkeeper
knew that the Balance Sheet should balance, thats why he put in the owners equity the
amount needed to achieve this balance. But in reality the equity data is not correct.
Required:
(a) Prepare the correct Balance Sheet as of October 31, 19X3.
(b) Identify the accounts listed in the balance sheet made by the bookkeeper that should not be
presented on the true Balance Sheet.
(c) Explain why you excluded some accounts from the correct Balance Sheet.
Problem 12
Harold Davies is the owner of a small building firm. He does not understand the item
balance sheet and asks you to explain to him whether the following items should be on his
balance sheet. Indicate the nature of the item (e.g., current asset, long-term liability, not
applicable) and give the reason for your answer.
(a) Inventory of sand and cement
(b) Air compressor purchased for cash
(c) Air compressor hired for three weeks
(d) Wages paid to labourer
(e) Lorry used for transporting materials
(f) Diesel fuel in lorry fuel tanks
(g) Washing machine bought for Mrs. Davies
(h) Bank overdraft
(i) Petty cash in hand
(j) 2,000 owing to an uncle who says Harold need not pay until five years later
Problem 13
King Pharmaceuticals plc has just spent 50 million on developing a new medicine that is
expected to yield substantial profits over the next four years. Use this example to help explain
the distinction between the terms 'relevance' and 'reliability' when preparing financial
statements for shareholders. Why are 'relevance' and 'reliability' seem to be important
qualitative characteristics of accounting information?
You should structure your answer well. Your answer should not exceed 250 words.
Double-Entry Bookkeeping
Problem 14
The transactions of Wheels Repair Shop for January 19X9 are shown below:
January 3 Debby Star opened a bank account under the name of her new business
and deposited 30,000 in cash.
January 4 She rented a temporary shop and paid 300 for the January rent, issued
cheque.
January 5 Rented automotive tools and equipment until the firm could purchase its
own. Rent in the amount of 80 was paid for January, issued cheque.
January 5 Purchased motorcycle parts and supplies described on invoice from the
Southern Supply Company for 400 on account.
January 10 Purchased land as a prospective building site for 10,000. Paid 4,000 in
cash and issued a one-year note payable for the balance.
January 12 Made repairs on George Shipmans motorcycle for 40. Shipman asked
that a charge account be opened in his name. He promised to settle the account within 30
days. This arrangement was authorized by service manager.
January 26 Made repairs on Jay Munsons motorcycle for 180. A charge account
was opened in his name.
January 29 Purchased motorcycle parts and supplies from Delco Supply House for
250 on account
January 29 Paid the Southern Supply 300 on account (cheque)
January 31 Paid electricity and water bills of 80 for January
January 31 Paid 1,700 in salaries for the month
January 31 Made motorcycle repairs for various cash customers for 4,800
January 31 Debby Star withdrew 300 in cash in anticipation that at least as much
income had been earned
January 31 Purchased automotive tools and equipment for cash 4,000. The list price
was 5,000.
January 31 Paid a premium of 600 on a 12 months insurance policy, it becomes
effective on February 1, 19X9.
January 31 Received a cheque for 10 from George Shipman.
Required:
(a) Analyze the transactions using extended accounting equation formula
(b) Journalize the transactions

(c) Post to the ledger
(d) Prepare a trial balance sheet / footing
(e) Explain adjusting entries
Problem 15
Bill Cashing sets up practice as an architect, transferring 20,000 of his own money on 1 June
2003 from this personal bank account into a new business bank account with NatMid Bank
plc to represent the opening capital of the business. The following transactions took place
during June 2003:
June 1 Paid rent for office for June 400 by cheque.
June 1 Purchased office equipment for 2,000, from Equipit Ltd on credit.
June 1 Purchased office supplies, costing 300 from W Brown on credit.
June 1 Employed an office junior at a monthly wage of 500.
June 5 Surveyed a property for A Bond and sent out and invoice for 200.
June 7 Decided to transfer his own car to the business at a value of 4,000.
June 9 Bought petrol for the car costing 20, paying by cheque.
June 12 Took a client, P Brosnan, to lunch at a cost of 40, paying by cheque, and
was asked to prepare plans for a new factory, for which work he estimated he would earn
5,000.
June 16 Carried out another property survey for A Bond and invoiced him for 240.
June 20 Took another possible client to lunch at a cost of 60, paying by cheque, but
found that he would not be able to undertake work for that client.
June 23 Bought further office supplies from W Brown on credit for 100.
June 30 Paid the office junior her monthly wage.
June 30- Sent a cheque to Equipit Ltd for 2,000.
June 30 Sent a cheque to W Brown for office supplies for 300.
June 30 Banked a cheque received from A Bond for 200.
June 30 Drew out 500 from the bank for personal living expenses.
Required:
Enter these transactions in Bill Cashings accounting records, and test the arithmetical
accuracy of your work by preparing a trial balance when you have completed the necessary
entries.
Problem 16
The following transactions took place during May 19X6:
May 1 Started firm with capital in cash of 250.
May 2 Bought goods on credit from the following persons: D 54; C 87; K 25; B
76; L 64.
May 4 Sold goods on credit to: CB 43; BH 62; HS 176.
May 6 Paid rent by cash 10
May 9 CB paid us his account by cheque 43.
May 10 HS paid us 150 by cheque.
May 12 We paid the following by cheque: K 25; D 54.
May 15 Paid carriage by cash 23.
May 18 Bought goods on credit from C 43; B 110.
May 21 Sold goods on credit to BH 67.
May 31 Paid rent by cheque 18.
Required:
Enter these transactions in a companys accounting records, and then balance off the accounts
and extract a trial balance as at 31 May 19X6.
Problem 17
Bs Trial Balance as on 31 December 19X6
Dr
Cr
Sales
18,462
Purchases
14,629
Salaries
2,150
Motor expenses
520
Rent
670
Insurance
111
General expenses
105
Premises
1,500
Motor vehicles
1,200
Debtors
1,950
Creditors
1,538
Cash at bank
1,654
Cash in hand
40
Drawings
895
Capital
_____
5,424
25,424
25,424
Stock at 31 December 19X6 was 2,548.

Required:
Using the trial balance of B that was extracted after one years trading, prepare a trading and
profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 19X6 and a balance sheet as on 31
December 19X6.
Problem 18
The following transactions took place during March 19X6:
March 1 Started business with 800 in the bank.
March 2 Bought goods on credit from the following persons: K 76; M 27; B 56.
March 5 Cash sales 87.
March 6 Paid wages in cash 14.
March 7 Sold goods on credit to: H 35; L 42; J 72.
March 9 Bought goods for cash 46
March 10 Bought goods on credit from M 57; B 98.
March 12 Paid wages in cash 14.
March 13 Sold goods on credit to: L 32; J 23.
March 15 Bought shop fixtures on credit from B Ltd 50.
March 17 Paid M by cheque 84.
March 18 We returned goods to B 20.
March 21 Paid B Ltd a cheque for 50.
March 24 J paid us his account by cheque 95.
March 27 We returned goods to K 24.
March 30 J lent us 60 by cash.
March 31 Bought a motor van paying by cheque 400.
Required:
Enter these transactions in a companys accounting books, and then balance off the accounts
and extract a trial balance as at 31 March 19X6.
10
Problem 19
Cs Trial Balance as on 30 June 19X8
Dr
Cr
Sales
Purchases
28,794
23,803
Rent
854
Lighting and heating expense
422
Salaries and wages
3,164
Insurance
105
Buildings
50,000
Fixtures
1,000
Debtors
3,166
Sundry expenses
506
Creditors
1,206
Cash at bank
3,847
Drawings
2,400
Motor vans
5,500
Motor running expenses
1,133
Capital
_____
65,900
95,900
95,900
Stock at 30 June 19X8 was 4,166.

Required:
From the trial balance of C after his first years trading, prepare a trading and profit and loss
account for the year ended 30 June 19X8 and a balance sheet as on 30 June 19X8.
11
Adjustments
Problem 20
The following trial balance was extracted from the accounts of a business as at 31st December
19X7:
Dr
Cr
Sales
150,000
Sales return
3,000
Purchases
70,000
Carriage in
1,000
Stock as at 1st January 19X7
10,000
Wages
20,000
Administration expenses
25,000
Insurance
1,000
Selling & distribution expenses
10,000
Purchase returns
Drawings
500
10,000
Capital
50,000
Premises
20,000
Equipment
20,000
Debtors
15,000
Creditors
10,000
Cash
5,500
_____
210,000
210,000
At the year end (31st December) the following information is available:

(1) 1,000 of the wages relate to the next accounting period.
(2) 2,000 is owed for administration expenses relating to 19X7.
(3) Equipment is to be depreciated by 4,000.
(4) Closing stock is estimated to have cast 8,000.
Required:
(a) Enter the records in the Trial balance.
(b) Indicate which data from trial balance relates to the Balance sheet.
(c) Prepare a profit and loss statement for the year ended 31st December 19X7.
12
(d) Explain the role of adjustments you made.
Problem 21
Mr. Big has been trading for some years as a wine merchant. The following list of balances
has been extracted from his ledger as at 30th April 19X7, the end of his most recent financial
year.
Capital
83,887
Sales
259,870
Trade creditors
19,840
Returns out
13,407
Provision for doubtful debts
512
Discounts allowed
2,306
Discounts received
1,750
Purchases
135,680
Returns inwards
5,624
Carriage outwards
4,562
Drawings
18,440
Carriage inwards
11,830
Rent, rates and insurance
25,973
Heating and lighting
11,010
Postage, stationery and telephone
2,410
Advertising
5,980
Salaries and wages
38,521
Bad debts
2,008
Cash in hand
534
Cash at bank
4,440
st
Stock as at 1 May 19X6
15,654
Trade debtors
24,500
Fixtures and fittings at cost
120,740
Provision for depreciation on fixtures and fittings as at 30th April 19X7
63,020
Deprecation
12,074
13
The following additional information as at 30th April 19X7 is available:

(1) Stock at the close of business was valued at 17,750.
(2) Insurances have been prepaid by 1,120.
(3) Heating and lighting is accrued by 1,360.
(4) Rates have been prepaid by 5,435.
(5) The provision for doubtful debts is to be adjusted so that it is 3% of trade debtors.
Required:
Prepare Mr. Bigs trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 30th April 19X7 and a
balance sheet (in vertical format) as at that date.
Problem 22
The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Charles as the close of business
on 28 February 19X7.
Dr
Cr
Purchases and sales
11,280
19,740
Cash at bank
1,140
Cash in hand
210
Capital account 1st March 19X6
9,900
Drawings
2,850
Office furniture
1,440
Rent
1,020
Wages and salaries
2,580
Discounts
690
360
Debtors and creditors
4,920
2,490
Stock 1st March 19X6
2,970
Provision for doubtful debts 1st March 19X6

Delivery van
270
2,400
Van running costs
450
Bad debts written off
810
32,760
32,760
The following additional information as at 28th February 19X7 is available:

(1) Stock at 28th February 19X7 3,510.
14
(2) Wages and salaries accrued at 28th February 19X7 90.

(3) Rent prepaid at 28th February 19X7 140.
(4) Van running costs owing at 28th February 19X7 60.
(5) Increase the provision for doubtful debts by 60.
(6) Provide for depreciation as follows: Office furniture 180; Delivery van 480.
Required:
Draw up the trading and profit and loss account for the year ending 28th February 19X7
together with a balance sheet as on 28th February 19X7, using vertical formats throughout.
Problem 23
The balance sheet of Johnsons shop as at 1st October 19X7 was as follows:
Fixed assets
45,000
Shop fittings
12,000
At 1 October 19X7
Cash in hand
51,000
4,000 61,000
Current assets
Stock in trade
Capital
Shop premises
Delivery van
Current liabilities
14,000
2,000 16,000
Trade creditors
12,000
Bank overdraft
14,000 26,000
77,000
77,000
The following in a summary of the transactions which took place during the year to 30th
September 19X8:
(1) Sales were made, all for cash, of 145,000. The stock in trade sold cost 83,000.
(2) Stock in trade was bought, all on credit, for 78,000.
(3) Cash of 113,000 was taken from the till (cash register) and paid into the bank.
(4) The trade creditors were paid 73,000 by cheque.
(5) Johnson borrowed 30,000 from Black which was paid into the bank. The loan is for 5
years.
(6) Wages of 17,000 were paid by cash.
(7) Rates of 2,900 were paid by cheque.
(8) Additional shop fittings costing 9,000 were bought and paid for by cheque
(9) The bank charged overdraft interest of 2,000 direct to the account.
(10) Sundry expenses of 6,000 were paid in cash.
15
(11) Electricity bills of 1,600 were paid by cheque.

(12) The owners of the business withdrew 9,000 in cash.
At 30th September 19X8 you discover the following:
(13) Interest 2,500 due to Black for the year was unpaid.
(14) Shop fittings are to be depreciated at 10% per annum on the total at the year end; the
delivery van is to be depreciated by 20% per annum of the total at the year end.
(15) The rates payments during the year included 1,000 in respect of the period 1.10.19X8 to
31.3.19X9.
(16) The electricity bill for the quarter to 30.9.19X8 for 500 was unpaid.
Required:
Prepare a balance sheet (in vertical format) as at 30th September 19X8 and a profit and loss
account for the year to that date.
Problem 24
Adagio plc. is a wholesale supplier of musical instruments to the retail and educational
sectors. The bookkeeper has extracted the following balances from the accounting records for
the year ended 31st May 2010. The totals of the debit and credit balances did not agree, and
the balancing figure was placed in a suspense account.
000
Freehold property, at cost
3,600
Plant, equipment and vehicles, at cost
2,060
st
Provision for depreciation at 1 June 2009

Freehold buildings
Plant, equipment and vehicles
440
1,080
Purchases
13,100
Sales
21,180
Distribution and selling costs
2,300
Administration costs
1,240
Directors remuneration
1,110
Inventories at 1st June 2009
1,320
Trade creditors
Trade debtors
972
1,834
16
Bank balances
Ordinary share capital (1 shares, fully paid)
Retained earnings at 1st June 2009
Loan interest paid
10% loan, repayable in 2015
Suspense account (debit balance)
95
3,300
222
30
500
1,005
The following information is available.

(1) The accountant of Adagio plc. has now reviewed the accounting records and has
discovered the following errors which require adjustment:
(i) On 31st May 2010 stocks were valued at 1,280,000. This figure has been credited to the
purchases account but no other entries have been made.
(ii) A motor vehicle was sold for cash on 1st June 2009 for 15,000. The cash received has
been recorded in the cash book but no other entries have been made. The motor vehicle
originally cost 40,000 on 1st June 2008.
(iii) A debtor balance of 130,000 was eliminated from the trade debtors balance as it was
considered to be irrecoverable. No other entries have been made.
(iv) A directors bonus of 390,000 was calculated on the basis of expected profits and was
added to the directors remuneration account but no other entries were made.
(2) No provision has been made at the year-end for the following:
(i) Depreciation on plant, equipment and vehicles at 10% on the straight line method. There
are no fully depreciated assets in this category.
(ii) Depreciation at 5% on cost of freehold buildings which represent 25% of the cost of
freehold property.
Depreciation charges and profits or losses on asset disposals are allocated 50% to cost of sales
and 25% each to distribution costs and administration costs.
(3) Directors remuneration is allocated as 80% to administration and 20% to selling costs.
Bad debts written off are treated as selling costs.
(4) Provision is required at the year-end for:
(i) outstanding loan interest,
(ii) auditors remuneration of 80,000, (treated as administration costs),
(iii) corporation tax for the year of 600,000
(5) The company has paid insurance premiums of 20,000 relating to periods after the year
end. Insurance is included in administration costs.
17
Required:
(a) Prepare a profit and loss account for Adagio plc. for the year ended 31st May 2010 and a
balance sheet as at that date in a form suitable for the directors.
(b) During the year the company had paid 40,000 training costs which were included in
administration costs. The human resources director has argued that this should not be seen as
an expense but as an asset. Briefly discuss her proposal.
Problem 25
The draft accounts prepared for the directors of Snodrop plc. for the year ended 31 December
1999 show a profit before taxation of 573,580. In the course of subsequent checking, the
following errors and omissions were found:
(1) During the year the company had acquired an additional factory unit at an annual rent of
64,000, payable quarterly in advance commencing on 31 March 1999. By 31 December
1999 four quarterly payments had been made. The total paid during the year had been treated
as capital expenditure and included in fixed assets. No depreciation had been provided on the
factory unit.
(2) Some goods were included in the closing stock valuation at their selling price of 9,750.
The gross profit margin on these goods was 30%.
(3) A delivery vehicle held as a fixed asset had been sold during the year for 5,200. The
original cost was 16,000 and, at 1 January 1999, depreciation of 9,600 had been provided.
The proceeds of sale had been credited to sales account. The company depreciates delivery
vehicles at 20% per year using straight-line basis. Its policy is to provide for depreciation in
the year of purchase but not in the year of sale.
(4) The brought forward balance of 1,700 for the accrued telephone charges at 1 January
1999 had been omitted when calculating the years telephone charge.
(5) 9,820, being the total of returns inwards for the year, had been credited to purchases and
debited to trade creditors.
(6) At 1 January 1999 there was a provision for doubtful debts of 29,320. Snodrop plc. has a
policy of making a 3% provision for doubtful debts based on closing trade debtors. The entry
for 31 December had not been made and the trade debtors then totaled 1,260,500.
(7) Items included in closing stock at 7,900, and which would normally be sold for 10,200,
were in a damaged state and were worth only 6,850.
18
(8) A legal action brought against the company during 1999 for damage to property was
decided shortly after the balance sheet date and, as a result, it will have to pay costs and
damages totaling 24,000. No provision had been made in the accounts for this event.
(9) Salaries paid for October 1999 of 24,530 had been incorrectly recorded as 42,530.
There was a compensating error affecting trade creditors which meant that the end of year
trial balance agreed.
Required:
(a) Calculate the correct figure for Snodrop plc. for profit before taxation for 1999. Show each
adjustment separately and indicate which entries in the draft trading and profit and loss
account are affected. If you consider that any of the above information does not affect profit
explain clearly why this is the case.
(b) Identify, and briefly explain, the reasons for your adjustments relating to (1), (2), (6) and
(8) above. Refer to accounting concepts where relevant.
Problem 26
Ko-Furn Limited is an office furniture manufacturer. The following is a list of balances
extracted from its accounting records at 31 December 2009:
Dr
Cr
000$
000$
Land, at valuation
240
Buildings: cost
500
Buildings: accumulated depreciation at 1.1.09

Equipment: cost
180
392
Equipment: accumulated depreciation at 1.1.09

Vehicles: cost
152
568
Vehicles: accumulated depreciation at 1.1.09
264
Inventory at 1.1.09
214
Trade receivables
366
Provision for doubtful debts at 1.1.09

Prepayment at 1.1.09
16
12
Accrual at 1.1.09
Cash
Trade payables
18
408
248
19
Share capital: ordinary 50c shares
50
Share premium
350
Retained earnings
606
Sales
2,924
Purchases
976
Wages and salaries
540
Distribution costs
200
Other administrative expenses
360
Corporation tax
12
Disposal account
20
Dividend paid
40
4,828
4,828
You are given the following information:

(1) Ko-furn prices its furniture using a normal 30% mark-up policy. A stock count carried out
at 31 December 2009 valued stock at selling price of $325,000. This included two board
tables at normal selling price of $20,800 each, which the directors have decided should be
reduced in price to $5,000 each.
(2) The land was valued at $600,000 at 31 December 2009. The directors decided to reflect
the revalued amount in the balance sheet.
(3) On 1 February 2009, the company sold a vehicle for $20,000. While the proceeds of sale
were credited to the Disposal account, no other entries were made in the books of account in
relation to this transaction. The vehicle had cost $88,000 in August 2006. The company
charges a full years depreciation in the year of acquisition and no depreciation in the year of
disposal.
(4) The companys depreciation policy is as follows:
Land:
nil
Buildings:
4% straight line
Equipment:
40% reducing balance
Vehicles:
25% straight line.
(5) Trade receivables at 31 December 2009 include a debt of $16,000 from a customer
recently declared bankrupt. The company has decided to maintain the provision for doubtful
debts at 4% of remaining trade receivables.
(6) The balance of prepayments at 1.1.09 refers to insurance charges. Prepaid insurance,
included in general distribution costs at 31 December 2009 amounted to $24,000.
20
(7) The balance of accruals at 1.1.09 refers to electricity charges. After the year end, the
company received an electricity invoice for $30,000 covering the period 1 November 2009 to
31 January 2010. Electricity charges are included in other administrative expenses.
(8) Corporation tax for the year ended 31 December 2009 is estimated to be $190,000.
(9) The company issued 100,000 additional shares at 50c each on 30 December 2009 for
$140,000. This transaction has not been recorded in the accounting records.
Required:
Prepare an income statement for the year ended 31 December 2009 and a balance sheet at that
date, in good style, for the directors.
21
Accounting for Current Assets

Problem 27
Bought
Sold
January
10 at 30 each
April
8 for 46 each
March
10 at 34 each
December
12 for 56 each
September
20 at 40 each
Required:
(a) Calculate the closing stock-in-trade that would be shown using (i) FIFO, (ii) LIFO, (iii)
AVCO methods on a perpetual inventory basis.
(b) Draw up the trading account for the year showing the gross profits that would have been
reported using (i) FIFO, (ii) LIFO, (iii) AVCO methods.
Problem 28
Bought
Sold
January
24 at 10 each
June
30 for 16 each
April
16 at 12.50 each
November
34 for 18 each
October
30 at 13 each
Required:
(a) Calculate the closing stock-in-trade that would be shown using (i) FIFO, (ii) LIFO, (iii)
AVCO methods on a perpetual inventory basis.
(b) Draw up the trading account for the year showing the gross profits that would have been
reported using (i) FIFO, (ii) LIFO, (iii) AVCO methods.
Problem 29
An evaluation of a physical stock count on 30th April, 19X2 in respect of the financial year
ending on that date at Cranfleet Commodities has produced a figure of 187,033.
The firms book-keeper has approached you, as the accountant, for assistance in dealing with
the following matters to enable him to arrive at a final figure of closing stock for inclusion in
the annual accounts:
(1) 320 components included at their original cost of 11 each can now be bought in for only
6 each due to over production by the manufacturer. This drop in price is expected to be only
temporary and the purchase price is expected to exceed its original figure within 12 months.
22
Cranfleet Commodities intends to continue selling the existing stock at the present price of
15 each.
(2) It has been discovered that certain items which had cost 5,657 have been damaged. It will
cost 804 to repair them after which they can be sold for 6,321.
(3) On one stock sheet a sub-total of 9,105 has been carried forward as 1,095.
(4) 480 units which cost 1.50 each have been extended at 15.00 each.
(5) The firm has sent goods with a selling price of 1,500 (being cost plus 25%) to a customer
on a sale or return basis. At 30th April 19X2, the customer had not signified acceptance, but
the goods have not been returned, and consequently had not been included in the physical
stock count.
(6) Included in stock were goods bought on credit for 4,679 from Byfleet Enterprises. At 30th
April 19X2, Cranfleet Commodities had not paid this account.
(7) Byfleet Enterprises had also sent some free samples (for advertising purposes only). These
have been included in stock at their catalogue price of 152.
Required:
Taking account of such of the above facts as are relevant, calculate a closing stock figure for
inclusion in the 19X2 annual accounts of Canfleet Commodities, giving reasons for the action
you have taken in each individual case.
Problem 30
The draft accounts of Trayderrs plc for the year ended 31st December 1998 show a net profit
before tax of 543,350 and closing stock at cost of 316,740 following a physical stock count.
During the audit of the accounts the following matters have come to light:
(1) Stock costing 25,000 has been omitted from the closing stock figure.
(2) Items included in stock at 10,200, and which would normally be sold for 18,350, were
in a damaged state and were worth only 7,600.
(3) Trayderrs plc received an order on 27th December 1998 to supply goods at a total price of
52,000. The goods, which had cost 34,000, were moved on the following day from the
warehouse to the packing department and were dispatched on 3rd January 1999 when the
customer was invoiced. Trayderrs plc had included the order in sales for 1998 and had
excluded the goods from closing stock.
(4) 3,100 items costing 21 each were recorded on the stock sheets in error as 1,300 items at
12 each.
23
(5) Stock costing 10,000 was lost in a fire in the warehouse during the year. The companys
insurers have agreed to pay Trayderrs plc 11,200 in respect of its insurance claim. No entry
has yet been made in the accounting records.
(6) Included in purchases is 41,500 for goods purchased in December and which were
received into the warehouse on 5th January 1999.
(7) Stock costing 18,000 has in error been treated as a fixed asset and depreciation of 10% of
cost has been provided for.
(8) Returned stock costing 825 has been treated in the accounting records as a return inward
instead of a return outward.
(9) An item is included in the closing stock valuation at its selling price of 8,200. The gross
profit margin on this item is 40%.
Required:
(a) Calculations to show the correct figure for Trayderrs plc for
(i)
stock at 31st December 1998, and
(ii)
net profit before tax for 1998.
(b) Your answer to the following questions posed by the purchasing director of Trayderrs plc:
Prices are rising all the time and I think we should change our stock valuation method from
FIFO to LIFO or average cost. What do you think about this? Can we do it?
Problem 31
On 30th April 2009 the closing balance on the creditors control account of Dyson Ltd is
2,900. The total of the list of balances from the creditors ledger is 3,990. Further
investigation reveals the following errors:
(1) An invoice of 600 for goods purchased was included in the creditors ledger but was not
recorded in the purchases day book.
(2) A cash payment of 400 to a supplier recorded in the cash book was not recorded in the
creditors ledger.
(3) A cash payment of 560 was correctly recorded in the creditors ledger but was recorded as
650 in the cash book.
(4) An invoice for 250 was not recorded in either the purchase day book or the creditors
ledger.
Required:
Show the corrected total of the list of creditors ledger balances and the corrected balance on
the creditors control account at 30th April 2009.
24
Problem 32
Waits opened a business bank account with 16,000 on 1st April 2009. During April he issued
cheques totaling 72,760 and banked cheques totaling 80,060. These transactions were
entered into his cash book up to 30th April 2009. On receiving his bank statement for April he
discovered the following:
(1) A cheque for 4,800, which was banked (and included in the receipts above), had been
returned by the bank marked No funds available. No adjustment has been made in the cash
book.
(2) Bank charges debited on the bank statement for April amounted to 600. No entries for
these have been made in the cash book.
(3) Cheques totaling 16,860 recorded in the cash book and sent to suppliers were not
presented to the bank until May 2009.
(4) Cheques totaling 12,100 had been entered into the cash book but not credited by the bank
until May 2009.
Required:
Calculate the corrected bank balance which should appear in the business cash book at 30th
April 2009 and prepare a bank reconciliation statement at 30th April 2009.
Problem 33
Miss Leung runs a business selling holidays. At 31 January 2010, the balance on the creditors
control account was $8,700. The total of the list of balances in the creditors ledger was
$11,720. The following information has come to light:
(i) an invoice of $750 was not recorded in the purchase day book
(ii) a cash payment of $1,680 was correctly recorded in the cash book but was recorded as
$1,860 in creditors ledger.
(iii) A cash payment of $1,200 to a supplier was recorded in the cash book but was not
recorded in the creditors ledger.
(iv) A credit note for a price reduction from a supplier of $1,800 was recorded in the purchase
day book but not recorded in the creditors ledger.
(v) In January, the company paid a refund of $200 to a customer for a price reduction. This
was wrongly treated as a payment to a supplier and entered in the Creditors Control Account.
Required:
Show the corrections to the:
(a) list of creditors ledger balance at 31 January 2010 and
25
(b) creditors control account at 31 January 2010.
Problem 34
In preparing the trial balance, you notice that the debit side exceeds the credit side by $970.
Upon investigation, you identify the following mistakes:
(1) Goods returned to suppliers amounts to $250 have been entered as a debit in the goods
returns outward account by mistake.
(2) A cash payment for $560 has been entered in the cash book as $650.
(3) A computer purchased for $2,000 as at office machine has been entered as debit in the
purchases account.
(4) A credit note for $220 given to a customer has been credited twice in the customers
account.
(5) A cheque for $780 from a customer has been entered in the cash book and subsequently
banked before the year end. However, no other entry has been made to the customers
account.
Required:
Explain how each of the above mistakes should be dealt with by means of a suspense account.
26
Accounting for Fixed Assets

Problem 35
A company started in business on 1st January 19X1. Bought two motor vans for 1,200 each
on 1st January 19X1. Bought one motor van for 1,400 on 1st July 19X1.
Required:
Write up the motor vans account and the provision for depreciation account for the year ended
31st December 19X1. Depreciation is at the rate of 20 per cent per annum, using the basis of
one months ownership needs one months depreciation.
Problem 36
A company maintains its fixed assets at cost. Depreciation provision accounts for each asset
are kept. At 31st December 19X8 the position was as follows:
Total cost
Total depreciation
to date
to date
Machinery
52,590
25,670
Office furniture
2,860
1,490
(1) The following additions were made during the financial year ended 31st December 19X9:
Machinery 2,480, office furniture 320.
(2) Some old machines bought in 19X5 for 2,800 were sold for 800 during the year.
(3) The rates of depreciation are: Machinery 10 per cent, office equipment 5 per cent, using
the straight line basis, calculated on the assets in existence at the end of each financial year
irrespective of date of purchase.
Required:
Show the asset and depreciation accounts for the year ended 31st December 19X9 and the
balance sheet entries at that date.
Problem 37
A firm buys a fixed asset for 10,000. The firm estimates that the asset will be used for 5
years. After exactly 2 years, however, the asset is suddenly sold for 5,000. The firm always
provides a full years depreciation in the year of purchase and no depreciation in the year of
disposal.
Required:
27
(a) Write up the relevant accounts including disposal account but not profit and loss account
for each of Years 1, 2 and 3:
(i) Using the straight line depreciation method (assume 20% p.a.);
(ii) Using the reducing balance depreciation method (assume 40% p.a.);
(b) What is the purpose of deprecation? In what circumstances would each of the two
methods you have used be preferable?
(c) What is the meaning of the net figure for the fixed asset in the balance sheet at the end of
Year 2?
(d) If the asset was bought at the beginning of Year 1, but was not used at all until Year 2 (and
it is confidently anticipated to last until Year 6), state under each method the appropriate
depreciation charge in Year 1, and briefly justify your answer.
Problem 38
A company depreciates its plant at the rate of 20% per year, straight line method, for each
month of ownership. Details:
19X4 bought plant costing 900 on January 1
bought plant costing 600 on October 1
19X6 bought plant costing 550 on July 1
19X7 sold plant which had been bought for 900 on 1st January 19X4 for the sum of 275 on
30th September 19X7.
Required:
Draw up:
(a) the Plant account
(b) the Provision for depreciation account
(c) Disposal account
(d) extracts from the Balance sheet at the end of each year.
Problem 39
Explain:
(a) How is the consistency concept applied to depreciation?
(b) Since the calculation of depreciation is based on estimate, why bother to make this
calculation?
28
Problem 40
At the beginning of the financial year commencing on 1st April 19X5, a company had a
balance on plant account of 372,000 and on provision for depreciation of plant account of
205,400.
The companys policy is to provide depreciation using the reducing balance method applied
to the fixed assets held at the end of the financial year at the rate of 20 % per annum.
On 1st September 19X5 the company sold for 13,700 some plant which it had acquired on 31
October 19X1 at a cost of 36,000. Additionally, installation costs totalled 4,000. During
19X3 major repairs costing 6,300 had been carried out on this plant and, in order to increase
the capacity of the plant, a new motor had been fitted in December 19X3 at a cost of 4,400.
A further overhaul costing 2,700 had been carried out during 19X4.
The company acquired a new replacement plant on 30th November 19X5 at a cost of 96,000,
inclusive of installation charges of 7,000.
Required:
Calculate the following:
(a) the balance of plant at cost at 31st March 19X6
(b) the provision for depreciation of plant at 31st March 19X6
(c) the profit or loss on disposal of the plant.
Problem 41
On 1 January 1998 Ay Ltd bought some factory equipment for 100,000. There was no
estimated residual value and the equipment is being depreciated using the decreasing-balance
method at the rate of 20% per year.
At the end of 2000 the market value of the equipment is expected to be 40,000 due to a more
advanced design having appeared on the market. The equipment is as efficient in operation as
originally anticipated and there is no intention of replacing it during the next few years.
Required:
(a) Referring to accounting concepts and to the above information, explain whether or not the
annual charge for depreciation of the equipment needs amending and what the charge for
2000 should be.
Problem 42
The Cirrus Company Ltd has the following balances on its books at 31st December 19X0:
29
Dr
Cr
50p ordinary shares
20,000
6% preference shares of 1 each
14,000
Purchases
240,000
Sales
310,000
Stock at 1st January 19X0
20,000
Directors fees
6,000
Undistributed profit at 1st January 19X0
35,700
10% Debentures (due 19X4)
20,000
Debenture interest paid

Discounts allowed
1,000
500
Administrative expenses
18,400
Salesmans salaries
18,500
Selling and marketing expenses
4,000
Heating and lighting
2,500
Rent and rates
1,700
Debtors
14,000
Provision for doubtful debts at 1st January 19X0
300
Creditors
9,700
Land and buildings at cost
65,000
Vans at cost less depreciation
19,800
Cash in hand
Bank balance (overdraft)
400
_____
2,100
411,800
411,800
The following additional information is given:

(1) The stock at 31st December 19X0 has been valued at 32,000. Further investigation
reveals that this includes some items originally purchased for 3,000 which have been in
stock for a long time. They need modifications, probably costing about 600, after which it is
hoped that they will be saleable for between 3,200 and 3,500. Other items, included in the
total at their cost price of 5,000, have been sent to an agent and are still at his premises
awaiting sale. It cost 200 for transport and insurance to get them to the agent's premises and
this amount is included in the selling and marketing expenses.
30
(2) The balance on the vans account (19,800) is made up as follows:

Vans at cost (as at 1st January 19X0)
30,000
Less: Provision for depreciation to 1st January 19X0
13,800
16,200
Addition during the year
3,600
19,800
Depreciation is provided at 25% per annum on the reducing balance method. The addition
during the year was invoiced as follows:
Recommended retail price
Signwriting on van
3,000
450
Undersealing
62
Petrol
16
Number plates
12
License which expired 31st December 19X0
60
3,600
(3) The directors, having sought at the advice of an independent evaluator, wish to revalue the
land and building at 80,000.
(4) The directors wish to make a provision for doubtful debts of 2.5% of the balances of
debtors at 31st December 19X0.
(5) Rent and rates prepaid at 31st December 19X0 amounted to 400, and salesmen's salaries
owing at that date were 443.
(6) The directors have proposed an ordinary dividend of 5p per share, and the full preference
dividend.
(7) Ignore taxes.
(8) Debenture interest is paid semi-annually.
Required:
(a) Explain very carefully the reasons for the adjustments you have made in respect of items
1, 2 and 3 above. Show your workings
(b) Prepare P&L account for Cirrus Company Ltd the year ended 31st December 19X0, and
the Balance sheet as at that date.
(b) Explain your treatment of debenture interest and proposed dividends.
31
Problem 43
A recent article mentioned that there is currently a bewildering choice of accounting
treatments for goodwill and other intangible assets some of which are inconsistent with the
way tangible assets are reported. The balance sheet summary of a well-known successful
multinational group of companies is given below to illustrate how one organization chooses to
report brand names and goodwill that it has purchased:
millions
Fixed assets
Intangible assets
3,840
Tangible assets
1,725
Investments
Net current assets
Long-term liabilities
735
6,300
1,000
7,300
(4,197)
3,103
Share capital and reserves

Equity share capital
535
Share premium account
667
Revaluation reserve
94
Goodwill reserve
Profit and loss account
(3,579)
5,386
3,103
Intangible assets are brands stated at fair value on acquisition. The negative figure for
goodwill reserve is in respect of purchased goodwill written off.
Required:
(a) Explain the nature of intangible assets and why the method of reporting them seems to be
more problematic than for tangible assets.
(b) For purchased goodwill, consider the method used in the above balance sheet. What are its
good and bad points? Explain one other method that might be used. Which do you personally
prefer and why?
(c) For purchased brand names, consider the method used in the above balance sheet. What
are its good and bad points? Explain one other method that might be used. Which do you
personally prefer and why?
32
Problem 44
Raj Ltd purchased a machine on 1st January 1999 for 100,000. Transporting the machine to
its factory cost 1,600 and 1,000 was spent on installing it. Maintenance of the machine cost
750 in 1999 and the expenditure on maintenance increased by 200 in each of the following
four years. The machine was expected to last until 31st December 2006 with a scrap (or
residual) value at that date of 6,600. The company uses the straight-line method of
depreciation. It provides for a full years depreciation in the year of acquisition and none in
the year of sale.
The machine was sold for 34,000 on 30th June 2003.
Required:
Explain briefly what you understand by the term depreciation as used by accountants. In
what circumstances would straight-line be the most appropriate method to use for an asset?
Give the following calculations:
(i) the depreciation charge for 1999;
(ii) the profit or loss on sale of the machine in 2003.
Problem 45
According to a survey of investment analysts, more than half of them believe that all
internally generated intangible assets should be capitalized on a companys balance sheet.
Discuss the advantages and problems of reporting these assets.
Problem 46
We live in a society where the real wealth creators are often the intangible assets yet few
companies include these assets in their balance sheets. Why is this? Explain the issues
involved.
Problem 47
Given that amongst the most significant assets of professional football clubs are its
footballers, it has become more common in recent years for such companies to account for the
cost of players on their balance sheets. Other clubs, however, account for their players as
expenses on their Profit and Loss accounts.
Required:
Express the arguments behind these two alternative treatments, using any principles or
conventions you are applying in your explanation and explaining any terms you use.
33
Problem 48
The following is an extract from the accounting policies of Manchester United plc (a leisure
company) as reported in its annual report and accounts for the year ended 31st July 2000:
Depreciation
Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed assets at annual rates appropriate to the estimated
useful lives of the assets, as follows:
Reducing Balance
Straight Line
Nil
Nil
1.33%
75 years
Assets in the course of construction
Nil
Nil
Computer equipment and software
33%
3 years
20%-25%
4-5 years
15%
7 years
Freehold land
Freehold buildings
Plant and machinery

General fixtures and fittings
During the year the depreciation method was changed [from reducing balance] to the straight
line basis
Required:
(a) Explain briefly what you understand by the two methods of depreciation referred to in the
above extract.
(b) What effect is the change in accounting policy likely to have on the profit and loss account
and the balance sheet?
Problem 49
The annual accounts of Sen Manufacturing Ltd. are being prepared for the year ended 31
March 2002 and the closing trial balance includes the following figures:
Freehold land and factory buildings
2,800,000
Depreciation of factory buildings at 01.04.01
750,000
Land revaluation reserve
400,000
Plant and machinery at cost
1,900,000
Depreciation of plant and machinery at 01.04.01

Motor vehicles at cost
Depreciation of motor vehicles at 01.04.01
1,150,000
153,000
36,000
The following information has been supplied:
34
(1) The figure for freehold land and factory buildings comprises land at valuation
(1,200,000) and buildings at cost (1,600,000). The land originally cost 800,000 and was
professionally revalued in 1997 and the revaluation reserve created. It was revalued again in
March 2002 and the revised figure of 1,050,000 is to be included in the accounts.
(2) Factory buildings include expenditure in 2001 on constructing a new warehouse
(220,000), maintenance of buildings (60,000) and redecoration (20,000).
(3) Factory buildings owned at 31 March 2002 are to be depreciated for the year at 3% of
cost.
(4) Plant and machinery includes 528,850 for plant constructed by Sen Manufacturings staff
during the year and completed on 30 September 2001. The cost is made up as follows:
Materials
Labour
Allocation of company overheads
325,000
122,000
75,000
Delivery of components to the factory
4,000
Insurance on the machine for the year to 31 May 2002
1,200
Design costs and engineers fees
1,650
(5) Plant and machinery also includes 450,000 being the cost of a machine purchased some
years ago. It had a written down value at 1 April 2001 of 40,000 and was sold on the
following day for 30,000. The proceeds have been debited to cash and credited in error to
sundry income account. No adjustment has been made yet to correct this error.
(6) All plant and machinery owned at 31 March 2002 is to be depreciated for the year at 20%
of cost.
(7) The figure for motor vehicles includes 9,000 paid to Speedy Motors for a new vehicle
costing 17,800 from which was deducted 8,800 for an old vehicle taken in part exchange.
The old vehicle cost 23,000 in April 1998 and three years depreciation, using the decreasing
balance method and an annual rate of 30%, is included in the depreciation figure in the trial
balance.
(8) All motor vehicles owned at 31 March 2002 are to be charged depreciation at the rate of
30% using the decreasing-balance method.
Required:
(a) Prepare a table with eight columns using a separate column for each of the seven balances
shown in the trial balance extract and head the final column Profit. For each item numbered
from (1) to (8) above, show on the table which of the seven balances needs correcting, and
35
how (+ or - ), and show the correct balances at 31 March 2002. For each adjustment, show in
the final column by how much the figure of profit for the year will be affected (+ or - ).
(b) Prepare the fixed assets section of Sen Manufacturing Ltds balance sheet as at 31 March
2002 in good style.
(c) Your answer to the following questions put to you by a colleague:
What is the purpose of having a land revaluation reserve? Why havent the other fixed assets
been revalued? Also, can you explain to me why you asked me to obtain all the detailed
information listed under item (4)?
36
Accounting in Joint-Stock Companies

Problem 50
GWR Ltd started in business on 1st January 19X6. Its issued share capital was 100,000
ordinary shares of 1 each and 50,000 10 per cent preference shares of 1 each.
Its net profits for the first two years of business were: 19X6 42,005; 19X7 34,831.
Preference dividends were paid for each of these years, whilst ordinary dividends were
proposed as 19X6 12 per cent and 19X7 9 per cent.
Corporation tax, based on the profits of these two years, was: 19X6 13,480; 19X7 11,114.
Transfers to general reserve took place as: 19X6 6,000; 19X7 4,000.
Required:
Draw up profit and loss appropriation accounts for each of the years ended 31st December
19X6 and 19X7.
Problem 51
Badwa plc. has an authorized capital of 500,000 ordinary shares of 0.50 each. At the end of
its financial year, 31st May 19X9, the following balances appeared in the companys books:
Issued capital: 400,000 shares fully paid
200,000
Freehold land and buildings at cost
320,000
Stock in trade
17,800
10% debentures
30,000
Trade debtors
6,840
Trade creditors
8,500
Expenses prepaid
760
Share premium
25,000
General reserve
20,000
Expenses outstanding
430
Profit and loss account balance (1st June 19X8)
36,200
Bank overdraft
3,700
Fixtures, fittings and equipment

at cost
54,000
provision for depreciation
17,500
37
The companys trading and profit and loss accounts had been prepared and revealed a net
profit of 58,070. However, this figure and certain balances shown above needed adjustment
in view of the following details which had not been recorded in the companys books.
(1) It appeared that a trade debtor who owed 300 would not be able to pay. It was decided to
write his account off as a bad debt.
(2) An examination of the companys stock on 31st May 19X9 revealed that some items
shown in the accounts at a cost of 1,800 had deteriorated and had a resale value of only
1,100.
(3) At the end of the financial year some equipment which had cost 3,600 and which had a
net book value of 800 had been sold for 1,300. A cheque for this amount had been received
on 31st May 19X9.
Required:
(a) A statement which shows the changes which should be made to the net profit of 58,070
in view of these unrecorded details.
(b) The directors proposed to pay a final dividend of 10% and to transfer 50,000 to general
reserve on 31st May 19X9. Prepare the profit and loss appropriation account for the year
ended 31st May 19x9 and two extracts from the companys balance sheet as at 31st May 19X9,
showing in detail:
(i) the current assets, current liabilities and working capital
(ii) the items which make up the shareholders funds.
(c) The directors are concerned about the companys liquidity position. Propose three
transactions which will increase the companys working capital. State which balance sheet
items will change as a result of each transaction and whether the item will increase or
decrease in value.
Problem 52
LMS Ltd has an authorized capital of 200,000, consisting of 160,000 ordinary shares of 1
each and 40,000 8 per cent preference shares of 1 each. Of these 120,000 ordinary shares had
been issued and all the preference shares when the business first started trading.
The business has a financial year end of 31st December. The first three years of business
resulted in net profit as follows: 19X7 27,929; 19X8 32,440; 19X9 36,891.
Dividends were paid each year on the preference shares. Dividends on the ordinary shares
were proposed as follows: 19X7 8 per cent; 19X8 10 per cent; 19X9 11 per cent.
38
Corporation tax, based on the profits of each year, was: 19X7 8,331; 19X8 10,446; 19X9
12,001.
Transfers to reserves were made as: General reserve 19X7 3,000; 19X8 4,000, and Foreign
exchange reserve 19X9 2,000.
Required:
Show the profit and loss appropriation accounts for each of the years 19X7, 19X8 and 19X9.
Problem 53
The stockholders equity section of the balance sheet of P Corporation as December 31, 2004,
appears as follows:
Stockholders Equity amounts in thousand, except share amounts
7% Preferred stock, $100 par; 100,000 shares authorized; 40,000
$4,000
shares issued
Common stock, $1 par; 1,000,000 shares authorized; 600,000
$600
shares issued, of which 50,000 are held in treasury

Additional paid in capital:
From issuance of preferred stock
$480
From issuance of common stock
$1,410
Retained earnings
$4,500
Total stockholders equity
$10,715
Required:
Answer the following questions related to P Corporation.
(a) What was the average issue price of the preferred stock as of December 31, 2004?
(b) How many shares of common stock are outstanding?
(c) What journal entry was made when the common stock was issued?
(d) What is the amount of the total dividend requirement on preferred stock annually?
(e) Assuming that there are no dividends in arrears, if the company declared a total cash
dividend of $580,000, what would be the dividend per share for the preferred and common
stock?
(f) Assume the companys common stock is selling for $80 per share. What journal entry
would be made if the company issues a 10% common stock dividend?
(g) Compute basic earnings per share if the companys net income was $1,560,000 during
2004. Assume no new shares were issued during the year.
39
(h) Refer to the original data. Assume the company declares a 3-for-2 stock split. How many
shares of common stock would be outstanding after the split?
Problem 54
The balance sheet of C Ltd is as follows:
Assets
Sundry net assets
1,200,000
Share capital
1 ordinary shares fully paid
400,000
Reserves
General reserve
500,000
Profit and loss account (unappropriated profit)
300,000
1,200,000
The directors decide to make a 1 for 5 bonus issue. This will be followed by 1 for 3 rights
issue. Rights shares will be offered at a price of 1.60 per share.
Required:
Show the revised balance sheet of C Ltd after both share issues have taken place.
Problem 55
Meta Ltd has the following share capital and reserves as at 20th August 19X5:
1,500,000 ordinary shares of 25p, each fully paid
375,000
Share premium
225,000
Retained profit
200,000
800,000
The directors resolve to use the reserves to issue fully-paid bonus shares at par in the ratio of
two shares for every three currently held.
Required:
(a) Show the revised balance sheet (capital and reserves section only) after the above
transactions have been carried out.
(b) Assuming that the market value of each share has tended to stay around 50p ex div (i.e.
excluding any dividend expected in the very near future) and the total annual dividend has
been 75,000, what would you expect the market price of each share to be after the bonus
issue?
40
Problem 56
The S Ltd commenced operations on 1st January 19X6. For the first four years the following
results were achieved:
Year ended 31
Trading profit (loss)
Profit (loss) on sale
Profit on revaluation
of fixed asset
on land use
December
19X6
(100,000)
19X7
80,000
19X8
90,000
30,000
19X9
60,000
(10,000)
40,000
Required:
State, for each year, the maximum dividend company could pay (assuming a maximum
dividend is paid whenever possible)
Problem 57
Refer to Problem 56 above. Assume that S Ltd issued 300,000 1 Preference Shares with a
10% fixed rate on dividend at the commencement of business.
Required:
State, for each year, maximum dividend the company could pay its ordinary shareholders if:
(i) the preference shares were non-cumulative, and
(ii) the preference shares were cumulative.
Problem 58
A major international company recently reported the worst results in its century-long history
with a 90% fall in net income and the chairman was reported to be worried about keeping his
job. However, the total dividend proposed for the year was 4% up on the previous years.
Required:
Give possible reasons for the dividend increase. How would you check whether the increase
is legal?
Problem 59
Wonda plc. has an issued share capital of two million 1 shares. The directors are considering
whether the company should buy back and cancel 10% of its issued share capital at the
current market price of 220 pence per share.
41
(i) Why would the directors of a company like Wonda plc. wish it to buy back and cancel
some of its shares?
(ii) How do you consider the buyback should be reflected in the balance sheet of Wonda plc.?
(iii) Would you expect the share price of Wonda plc. to remain at 220 pence after the share
buyback? Explain your answer.
Problem 60
This is certainly the record dividend payment of the year: OMara plc is paying 75 pence for
each 1 share! It represents 80% of the companys earnings for the year. Even the big banks
are not that generous!
Required:
Comment on the above quotation which has been adapted from an article in a national
newspaper and explain whether you consider that the company has necessarily been generous
to its shareholders. Specify what further information you would need for your answer, if any,
and what use you would make of it.
Problem 61
Your aunt has held 1,000 ordinary shares in a quoted company for several years. She has very
little understanding of financial matters. She has asked you to write her a short note to explain
the following:
(1) why the company has only paid a dividend of approximately 30% of the profit after tax;
(2) why the company is making a 1 for 1 scrip (or bonus) issue and what effect this is likely to
have on the market value of each share.
Required:
Explain to your aunt:
(a) the factors which determine a companys dividend;
(b) the purpose, the effect on the balance sheet and the effect on the market value of each
share of a 1 for 1 scrip issue.
Problem 62
In a recent article on a leading engineering company, a financial journalist drew attention to
the fact that, according to its recent balance sheet, the net asset value per share was 4.15 yet
the companys ordinary shares had been quoted on the stock exchange at around 7.80 for the
past few months.
42
Required:
Give reasons that might explain why the two figures are different.
Problem 63
The country of Yugalia has experienced a financial crisis over the past year and, for the
typical company, share price has been below net asset value per share yet the company has
reported a profit.
Required:
Do these apparent anomalies necessarily imply that there is something wrong with financial
reporting in Yugalia? Explain the issues involved.
Problem 64
Wizz.com, an online consumer information provider, has seen its share price treble in value
over the past eight months. It has been in business for five years and has never earned a profit.
Last years pre-tax loss was 32 million on a turnover of 23 million.
Required:
How can the shares of a company with such a poor profitability record and a negative
price/earnings ratio be in such demand?
43
Cash Flow Statement

Problem 65
Roseanne owns shares in Inchem plc, a large chemicals company with world-wide interests,
and she is worried because the share price has shown a downward trend over the past two
years. Roseanne has asked you to explain what the cash flow statement can tell her about the
companys progress and current position.
She has supplied you with the following information taken form Inchems recent annual
reports:
Cash flow statement for the year ended 31st December
1997
1998
757
1,006
Interest paid
(171)
(356)
Corporation tax paid
(151)
(126)
(623)
(935)
(4,366)
(234)
Disposals
2,124
74
Equity dividend paid
(225)
(225)
(2,655)
(796)
2,937
(50)
282
(846)
Net cash flow from operating activities

Returns on investment and servicing of finance:
Capital expenditure:
Acquisition of fixed assets other than subsidiary
undertakings
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiary undertakings
Acquisitions
Financing:
Increase (decrease) in debt
Increase (decrease) in cash
44
Note:
Net cash inflow from operating activities:
Operating profit
378
405
Depreciation
434
402
Stocks decrease
18
62
Debtors increase
(31)
(86)
Creditors (decrease) increase
(42)
223
Net cash inflow from operating activities
757
1,006
Required:
(a) An analysis of the above figures to assist Roseanne in understanding Inchem plcs
financial performance in 1998 and its financial position at the year end. Indicate what
additional information you require to help you with your analysis and what use you would
make of it.
(b) Explain to Roseanne what use published financial reports are in explaining share price
movements and indicate what other information might be useful.
Problem 66
C Willis
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st December 19X8
Gross profit
29,328
Add Discounts received
298
Add Profit on sale of motor van
570
868
30,196
Less Expenses
Motor expenses
1,590
Wages
8,790
General expenses
2,144
Bad debts
340
Increase in bad debt provision
120
Depreciation: Motor van
1,090
14,074
16,122
45
Balance Sheet at 31st December

19X7
1X98
Fixed assets
Motor vans at cost
11,200
Less Depreciation to date
4,160
7,200
7,040
2,980
4,220
Current assets
Stock
10,295
17,150
Debtors less provision*
5,190
3,380
Bank
1,568
2,115
17,053
22,645
Less Current liabilities

Creditors
2,770
14,283
2,920
19,725
21,323
23,945
6,000
5,000
15,323
18,945
Less Long-term liability

Loan form P Bond
Capital
Opening balance b/d
12,243
15,323
Add Net profit
14,080
16,122
26,323
31,445
Less Drawings
11,000
15,323
12,500
18,945
* Debtors 19X7 5,490 provision 300

Debtors 19X8 3,800 provision 420.
Note: The motor van was sold for 2,300 during 19X8.
Required:
Draft a cash flow statement for C Willis for the year ended 31st December 19X8
Problem 67
The directors of Alexay plc are concerned about the substantial increase in the company's
bank overdraft in 1999.
The summarised balance sheets of the company at 31st December were:
46
Fixed assets (net of depreciation)
1998
1999
000
000
1,315
2,090
Current assets
Stock at cost
290
670
Trade debtors
385
610
675
1,280
Bank overdraft
72
440
Trade creditors
345
210
Corporation tax
185
275
602
925
Current liabilities
Net current assets
73
355
1,388
2,445
290
480
1,098
1,965
Issued share capital (1 shares)
520
620
Share premium
330
380
500
248
465
1,098
1,965
Less: creditors falling due after more than

one year
Revaluation reserve for land

The summarised profit and loss account for Alexay plc for the year ended 31st December
1999 was:
000
Sales
3,900
Cost of sales
2,600
Gross profit
1,300
460
Depreciation
115
Interest payable
59
Net profit before corporation tax
634
666
47
Corporation tax
170
Net profit after corporation tax
496
Dividends
279
Retained profit for the year
217
No fixed assets were disposed of during the year ended 31st December 1999.
Required:
(a) Calculate the net cash flow from operating activities for 1999.
(b) Prepare a cash flow statement in good style for 1999.
(c) Calculate and comment on the following for 1999:
(i) current ratio
(ii) gearing ratio
(iii) interest cover
(d) Reply to the following queries put to you by one of the directors of Alexay plc:
"Can you please explain to me how we have a healthy profit yet our bank overdraft has
reached a record level? Surely there must be something wrong with the profit calculations,
isn't there?"
Problem 68
The directors of N plc are extremely concerned about new trend in company's market share
price. The following information has been extracted from the books for the year to 31
December 1999:
Profit and Loss Account
1998
1999
000
000
Sales revenues
93,000
200,000
Profit before taxation
9,500
20,400
(3,200)
(5,200)
6,300
15,200
(100)
(100)
(1,000)
(2,000)
(3,000)
(6,000)
2,200
7,100
Taxation
Profit after taxation
Dividends:
preference
ordinary: interim (paid)
final (proposed)
48
Balance Sheets as at 31 December

1998
1999
000
000
Plant, machinery, equipment, at cost
17,600
23,900
Accumulated depreciation
9,500
10,750
8,100
13,150
Stocks
5,000
15,000
Trade debtors
8,600
26,700
Prepayments
300
400
Cash at bank and in hand
600
14,500
42,100
Bank overdraft
16,200
Trade creditors
6,000
10,000
Accruals
800
1,000
Taxation
3,200
5,200
Dividends
3,000
6,000
13,000
38,400
Working capital
1,500
3,700
Total assets less current liabilities
9,600
16,850
600
750
9,000
16,100
Ordinary shares of l each
5,000
5,000
10% preference shares of l each
1,000
1,000
3,000
10,100
9,000
16,100
Fixed assets
Current Assets
Creditors: amounts due within 1 year
Creditors: amounts due after more than 1 year

15% debentures
Share capital
49
Note: During the year to 31st December 1999, fixed assets originally costing 5,500,000 were
sold for 1,000,000. The accumulated depreciation on these assets as at 31st December 1998
was 3,800,000.
Required:
(a) Prepare a statement that helps to the directors to understand the liquidity position and
overall financial performance of the company in 1999.
b) Explain what use this report is in understanding share price movements and indicate what
other information might be useful. Refer to your statement, where appropriate, to illustrate
your point.
Problem 69
The balance sheets of R Lester are as follows:
31.12.19X7
31.12.19X8
Fixed assets
Equipment at cost
28,500
Less Depreciation to date
11,450
26,100
17,500
13,010
13,090
Current assets
Stock
Debtors
Less Bad debts provision
Cash and bank balances
18,570
16,250
8,470
420
14,190
8,050
800
13,390
4,060
3,700
30,680
33,340
4,140
5,730
Less Current liabilities

Creditors
Working capital
26,540
27,610
43,590
40,700
Opening balances b/d
35,760
33,590
Add Net profit
10,240
11,070
Add Cash introduced
_____
600
46,000
45,260
Financed by:
Capital
50
Less Drawings
Loan from J Gorsey
12,410
8,560
33,590
36,700
10,000
4,000
43,590
40,700
Notes: Equipment with a book value of 1,350 was sold for 900. Depreciation written off
equipment during the year was 2,610.
Required:
Prepare a cash flow statement for R Lester for the year ended 31st December 19X8.
Problem 70
The following are the financial statements of Eccles Foods plc for the two years ended 31st
March 2009 and 2010:
Balance sheets as at 31st March
2010
2009
Tangible
431
410
Intangible
19
23
Investments
82
64
532
497
Fixed assets
Current assets
Inventories
482
401
Debtors
290
251
775
659
Cash
Creditors falling due within 1 year

(422)
353
(367)
292
885
789
(181)
(213)
704
576
385
247
Creditors falling due after 1 year

Loan stock
Capital and reserves

Called-up share capital of 1 each
51

Retained earnings
50
319
279
704
576
Profit and loss accounts for the year ended 31st March
2010
2009
Turnover
1,240
990
Cost of sales
(902)
(704)
Gross profit
338
286
Distribution costs
(98)
(81)
(73)
(56)
Operating profit
167
149
Net interest paid
(3)
(9)
Exceptional item
(4)
__
Profit before taxation
160
140
Taxation
(90)
(80)
70
60
(30)
(20)
40
40
Profit after taxation

Dividend paid
The following further information is available:

(1) Tangible fixed assets:
Cost
Accumulated
Net
Depreciation
m
As at 1st April 2009
621
211
410
Additions, at cost
82
82
Disposals
(30)
(13)
(17)
Depreciation for the year
___
44
(44)
As at 31st March 2010
673
242
431
The assets were disposed of cash proceeds of 10 million. Any profit or loss arising is
included in operating profit for the year.
(2) Intangible fixed assets:
52
The value of goodwill has fallen during the year and the resulting write down of book value
was treated as an exceptional item in the profit and loss account.
(3) Fixed asset investments:
Additional shares were purchased for cash. No other changes occurred during the year. The
interest received during the year on these investments was 5 million, this amount is included
in net interest paid.
(4) Creditors falling due within one year are as follows:
2010
2009
Trade
110
130
Taxation
90
80
Bank overdraft
222
157
422
367
(5) On 1st May 2009 80 million 1 ordinary shares were issued at 1.10 each. On 1st October
2009 the share premium account was utilized in making a bonus issue of ordinary shares.
Required:
(a) Prepare a cash flow statement for Eccles Foods plc for the year ended 31st March 2010
(b) A cash flow statement provides information on the financial performance of a company
which is not immediately available from the balance sheet or profit and loss account.
Identify two such items from the cash flow statement of Eccles Foods plc and explain how
they illustrate the above statement.
Problem 71
The balance sheets of Easy Fix Ltd as at 31 December 2008 and 2009 and a summary of the
profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 2009 are given below:
Balance Sheet as at 31 December
2008
2009
000
000
Land and buildings
37,000
50,000
Plant and machinery
16,5000
19,500
6,000
6,000
59,500
75,500
Fixed assets
Investment at cost
53
Current assets
Stocks
11,400
10,500
Debtors
12,000
10,400
Cash at bank
4,700
28,100
20,900
Bank overdraft
1,500
Trade creditors
8,800
9,600
Corporation tax
4,000
3,000
12,800
14,100
10% Debentures
10,000
12,800
Net assets
64,800
69,500
30,000
40,000
5,000
Revaluation reserve
3,000
8,000
31,800
16,500
64,800
69,500
Current liabilities
Capital and Reserves

1 ordinary shares
Share premium
Summary Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended 31st December 2009
000
Loss before tax
(after depreciation on plant and machinery of 4,000,000
(12,300)
Tax
(2,500)
Profit after tax
(14,800)
Dividends
Retained loss for the year
(500)
(15,300)
You are given the following information:

(1) During the year several machines were disposed of for 3,200,000. The machines has a
total original cost of 4,000,000 and had a total net book value at the date of disposal of
2,000,000.
(2) During the year, a right issue was made.
(3) Included in the loss before tax was and investment income of 1,250,000 and an interest
payment of 5,100,000
54
Required:
(a) Prepare a cash flow statement, together with the reconciliation statement of operating
profit and cash balance, for Easy Fix Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2009
(b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such statements.
Problem 72
Dolente Ltd is a small company which designs, manufactures and sells innovative electronic
instruments. The directors of the company have discussed the financial statements prepared
for the year ended 31st March 2010 and have made the following remarks.
We are surprised to see that we have a loss for the year as our bank balance seems to be
healthy and has increased from the 2009 figure.
The following are the financial statements of Dolente Ltd for the two years ended 31st March
2010.
2010
Balance sheets as at 31st March
000
2009
000
000
000
Fixed assets
862
820
Tangible
134
128
Intangible
996
948
Current assets
520
488
Inventories
280
302
Trade debtors
38
46
Prepayments
306
214
Bank
1,144
1,050
Creditors falling due within 1 year
(800)
344
(820)
230
1,340
1,178
(462)
(426)
878
752
Ordinary shares of 1 each
700
600
Share premium
90
50
Retained earnings
88
102
878
752
Creditors falling due after 1 year

Loans
Capital and reserves
55
Profit and loss account for the year ended 31st March
2010
000
Turnover
2,480
Cost of sales
(2,004)
Gross profit
476
Distribution costs
(290)
(134)
Operating profit
52
Interest payable
(46)
Exceptional items
(20)
Loss before taxation
(14)
Taxation
Loss for the year
(14)
The following further information is available:

(1) Tangible fixed assets:
Cost
Accumulated
Net
depreciation
000
000
000
1,242
422
820
Additions, at cost
164
Disposals
(60)
164
Depreciation for the year

1,346
(26)
(34)
88
(88)
484
862
The assets were sold for cash proceeds of 10,000. Any profit or loss arising is included in the
operating profit for the year.
(2) Intangible fixed assets: These are patents on innovative electronic instruments.
000
128
Purchases
40
Amortization (in operating profit)
(14)
Exceptional write down
(20)
134
(3) Prepayments all relate to expenses charged against operating profits.

56
(4) Creditors falling due within one year

2010
2009
000
000
Trade creditors
786
650
Accrued interest
14
10
160
800
820
Taxation
(5) On 1st May 2009 100,000 1 ordinary shares were issued at 1.40 each.
Required:
(a) Prepare a cash flow statement for Dolente Ltd for the year ended 31st March 2010.
(b) Using the information provided by the cash flow statement, comment on the remarks of
the directors on the results for the year.
57
Ratio analysis
Problem 73
Karen has been told that Wahib & Wills plc is a fast growing company and she seeks your
advice on whether or not to buy shares in the company. She has provided you with the
following summarized information taken from the recent annual accounts of Wahib & Wills
plc:
000
Turnover
7,200
Gross profit
2,160
Net profit
300
Dividend
150
Balance sheet
Fixed assets
2,680
Stock
360
Trade debtors
240
Cash at bank
200
Trade creditors
840
Share capital (1 shares fully paid)

2,400
240
The share price of Wahib & Wills plc is currently 160 pence and it has been around this level
for the past few months.
The trade association to which Wahib & Wills plc belongs compiles statistics taken from the
annual accounts of its members, and from other sources, and you have obtained the following
recently prepared data which give the industry average for seven statistics as:
Gross profit margin
50%
Current ratio
2.54
Quick (liquid) ratio
1.87
Debtors collection period (days)
28
Stock holding period (days)
36
Trade credit period (days)
54
Price/earnings ratio
10
Required:
58
(a) Compute comparable ratios to those listed above for Wahib & Wills plc. All calculations
must be clearly shown.
(b) Make use of your calculations in (a) above to comment on the firms financial position.
Problem 74
The chairman of Badwa plc, which owns a chain of hotels, is concerned about recent
comments in the financial press to the effect that the company is too highly geared. The
following figures appear in the companys recent balance sheet:
Called up share capital
1,000,000
4,800,000
6,100,000
8% Debentures
13,990,000
25,890,000
The chairman feels that the accounts do not portray the companys true financial position. In
particular, he makes the following points:
(1) The companys freehold property was bought five years ago for 18 million which is also
its current book value. The market value is now 32 million.
(2) The reputation of Badwa plc is as asset in itself. Customers are attracted to the hotels
because of their reputation for quality and service. The chairman reckons that the reputation
must be worth at least 13 million.
(3) Stock includes 400,000 for fine wines at cost; their current replacement cost is 600,000.
(4) Amongst the fixtures and fittings are works of art that cost 1,200,000 and whose book
value is 300,000. They are currently worth 1,000,000.
Required:
(a) Give reasoned arguments to indicate what values you would like to see in the balance
sheet of Badwa plc for each of the four items referred to above. If any are controversial,
explain why this is so.
(b) Redraft the balance sheet extract incorporating you suggestions in (a) above and calculate
the gearing ratio before and after any changes you have made.
(c) Is high gearing necessarily a bad thing? Do you consider that increasing asset values in a
balance sheet is likely to lead to less criticism by the financial press of a companys gearing?
Explain your reasoning carefully.
59
Problem 75
Although MX plc. has a large cash balance, it offered its shareholders the choice of whether
to have the final dividend for the year ended 31st March 1999 in shares (a scrip dividend) or in
cash. The majority opted for shares and the necessary accounting entries were made in the
published accounts for 1999.
Required:
For each of the following ratios, state whether it is higher, lower or unchanged as compared
with ratios calculated to reflect a 100% cash dividend and explain briefly why this is so.
(a) Return on shareholders equity
(b) Return on net assets
(c) Current ratio
(d) Creditors turnover ratio
(e) Gearing ratio
(f) Dividend cover.
Problem 76
The summarized balance sheet of G Ltd is given below:
2,300
Financed by:
Share capital, 25p shares
400
360
Revaluation reserve
300
440
10% debenture loan, 2006
800
2,300
Required:
Explain briefly the nature of the share premium account and how it arises, and calculate the
following:
(i) the companys gearing ratio
(ii) the maximum dividend per share that company could legally declare assuming that it has
sufficient cash.
Problem 77
The following statistics relates to Gandee plc for 2001:
60
Profit before interest and tax
120,000
20,000
Dividend for the year
19,200
Interest cover
Dividend cover
Required:
What was the tax charge for 2001? Give three possible reasons why the directors of Gandee
plc have chosen not to distribute all the after tax profit of the year as dividend.
Problem 78
The following information relates to two companies in the same industry whose financial year
end is the same:
Cax plc
Dox plc
1,680,000
1,680,000
10.50%
16.00%
Return on net assets
12.00%
Asset turnover ratio
1.6
Profit before interest and tax

Operating profit margin
Required:
Calculate the return on net assets for Cax plc and the asset turnover ratio for Dox plc. Give
possible reasons for the differences in the three ratios for the two companies.
Problem 79
Company
000
000
000
Ordinary shares
600
400
50
12% debentures
___
200
550
600
600
600
The return on capital employed was 20 per cent for each firm in 19X4 and in 19X5 was 10
per cent. Corporation tax in both years was assumed to be 55 per cent, and debenture interest
is as allowable expense against corporation tax.
Required:
(a) Calculate the percentage return on the shareholders capital for each company for 19X4
and 19X5. Assume that all profits are distributed.
(b) Use your answer to explain the merits and the dangers of high gearing.
61
Problem 80
Adrian Frampton was considering the purchase of one of two businesses. However Frampton
had only been provided with limited information about the businesses, as follows:
Summarised financial information for the year ended 31st December 19X9:
Business
Business
Cost of goods sold
400,000
600,000
50,000
60,000
Average stock at cost
40,000
50,000
Working capital as at 31st December 19X9
90,000
250,000
Selling and distribution expenses
15,000
35,000
Proprietors capital at 1st January 19X9
200,000
350,000
Gross profit percentage mark-up on cost
20
25
Additional information:
(1) Average stock had been calculated by using the years opening and closing stocks.
Subsequently it was discovered that Business Y had overvalued its stock on 31st December
19X9 by 10,000.
(2) Business Xs administrative expenses included a payment for rent of 15,000 which
covered a three-year period to 31 December 19X1.
(3) A sum of 2,500 was included in the administrative expenses of Business Y in respect of a
holiday taken by the owner and his family.
(4) Cash drawings for the year ended 31 December 19X9 were:
(5)
Business X
20,000
Business Y
25,000
The owners of the businesses had stipulated the following prices for their businesses:
Business X
190,000
Business Y
400,000
Required:
(a) Based on the information available prepare comparative trading and profit and loss
accounts for the year ended 31st December 19X9.
62
(b) Using the information provided and the accounting statements prepared in (a), calculate
relevant accounting ratios in order to give Frampton a basis for assessing the performances of
the two businesses. Comment on the results.
(c) What additional information is needed in order to assess more accurately
(i) the liquidity of the businesses
(ii) the future prospects of the businesses?
Problem 81
John Jones is considering purchasing shares in one of two companies and has extracted the
following information from the balance sheet of each company:
Company A plc
Company B plc
000
000
1 ordinary shares
600
1,000
8% 1 preference shares
400
Authorised share capital
Issued share capital

1 ordinary shares
300
8% 1 preference shares
200
800
Reserves
Share premium
300
400
Retained earnings
400
200
Loan capital
10% debentures (19X0)
12% debentures (19X6)
200
400
Required:
(a) Define the term gearing stating clearly what is meant by a low gearing ratio.
(b) Calculate the gearing factor for each company
(c) Explain to John Jones the significance of gearing to an ordinary shareholder in each of the
companies above.
(d) Assuming for each company a trading profit of 200,000 before interest and an ordinary
dividend of 15 per cent complete the profit and loss appropriation account for a year for each
company. You should ignore taxation.
63
Problem 82
Durham Limited had an authorized capital of 200,000 dividend into 100,000 ordinary shares
of 1 each and 200,000 8% preference shares of 50p each. The following balances remained
in the accounts of the company after the trading and profit and loss accounts had been
prepared for the year ended 30th April 19X9:
Premises at cost
Dr
Cr
86,000
General reserve
4,000
Ordinary shares: fully paid
100,000
8% Preference shares: fully paid
50,000
Electricity
Cash at bank
100
13,100
Profit and loss account balance 1st May 19X8

Debtors and creditors
14,500
20,000
Net profit (year ended 30th April 19X9)

Machinery and plant at cost
12,900
16,500
60,000
Provision for depreciation on machinery and

plant
Stock
40,000
60,000
Provision for doubtful debts

Insurance
Preference share dividend paid
4,000
900
2,000
242,000
242,000
The Directors have recommended:

(1) a transfer of 5,000 to general reserve;
(2) an ordinary dividend of 0.15p per share; and
(3) a provision for the unpaid preference share dividend.
Required:
(a) Prepare the profit and loss appropriation account for year ended 30th April 19X9.
(b) Prepare the balance sheet as at 30th April 19X9, in a form which shows clearly the
working capital and the shareholders funds.
(c) Identify and calculate:
64
(i) one ratio indicating the firms profitability;

(ii) two ratios indicating the firms liquidity position.
(d) Make use of your calculations in (c) above to comment on the firms financial position.
(e) Name two points of comparison which are not available from the information above in this
question but which could make your comments in (d) above more meaningful.
Problem 83
The summarised accounts of Hope Ltd for the year 19X8 and 19X9 are given below:
Trading and Profit and Loss Accounts for the year ended 31 December
19X8
19X9
000
000
Sales
200
280
Less Cost of sales
150
210
Gross profit
50
70
38
46
Debenture interest
Net profit
12
20
Less
Balance Sheet as at 31 December

19X8
19X9
19X8
19X9
000
000
000
000
Ordinary share capital
100
100
Fixed assets, at cost
Profit and Loss Account
30
41
Less Depreciation
110
140
Stock
20
30
Debtors
25
28
Bank
155
203
8% Debentures
50
Creditors
15
Bank
10
12
155
203
Stock at 1st January 19X8 was 50,000.

Required:
(a) Calculate the following ratios for 19X8 and 19X9:
(i) Gross profit : Sales
(ii) Stock turnover
65
(iii) Net profit : Sales

(iv) Quick (acid test)
(v) Working capital
(vi) Net profit : Capital employed
(b) State the possible reasons for and significance of any changes in the ratios shown by your
calculations.
Problem 84
Answer the following questions put to you by a friend:
Do you think the shares in Rahman and Shah plc are worth buying at the present price of 150
pence? I see from the balance sheet that the net assets per share are 220 pence. Why are the
two figures different?
66
Consolidated Financial Statements

Problem 85
On 1st January 1999 Huge plc purchased all the issued share capital of Medium Ltd for 25.2
million which was paid for by a new issue of 1 shares in Huge plc at 1.40 each. The
tangible net assets included in the balance sheet of Medium Ltd had a fair value to Huge plc at
that time of 17 million. Medium Ltd sells a well-known branded product which Huge plc
valued at 6 million and which is to be included in the accounts at that figure.
Required:
(a) Show how the takeover of Medium Ltd will affect the balance sheet of Huge plc.
(b) Show how the consolidated balance sheet of the Huge plc group will be affected by the
takeover of Medium Ltd.
(c) What is an asset? How would you decide whether a brand name should be permitted to
appear on a companys balance sheet?
(d) Give reasons why some companies might wish to include brands on their balance sheet
whereas others might not.
(e) A director of Huge plc argues that, unlike most other fixed assets, the brand acquired on
the takeover of Medium Ltd should not be depreciated as its value is likely to be maintained
or even increased over time. Comment on this view and explain whether or not you agree
with it.
Problem 86
Axe plc acquired 75% of the ordinary share capital of Bee Ltd by issuing 40,000 new 1
ordinary shares to the shareholders of Bee Ltd. At that date the net assets of Bee Ltd,
according to its balance sheet, were 80,000. The fair value of Bee Ltds net assets was found
to be 100,000. The market value of each share in Axe plc was 2.20. The company has no
other subsidiaries.
Required:
Give calculations for the Axe plc group of:
(a) goodwill on consolidation
(b) minority interests
(c) the change in share capital, reserves and net assets of the group following the acquisition.
What figure would be shown in Axe plcs own balance sheet in respect of the investment in
Bee Ltd?
67
Alternative Methods of Accounting

Problem 87
Angelina commenced business on 1st January with 10,000. Her transactions in the first year
(all for cash) were as follows:
1 January
Purchased 3 KXs
9,000
31 December
Sold 2 KXs
13,000
Purchased 2 KXs
8,400
Paid expenses
2,000
Her accountant has prepared the following profit and loss account for the first year of
business:
Sales
Purchases
Less closing stock
13,000
17,400
(11,400)
6,000
Gross Profit
7,000
Less expenses
2,000
Net profit for the year
5,000
The general price level rose during the year by 5%.

Angelina recalls reading, during her undergraduate studies, that the purpose of income
calculation is to give an indication of the amount which one can consume without
impoverishing oneself. She has interpreted this to mean that, if she withdraws 5,000, the
capital of the business will be maintained at its original level.
Required:
Is Angelina correct in assuming she can withdraw 5,000 and still keep her original capital
intact? Explain your assumptions carefully and give calculations to support you answer.
Problem 88
During the last year general price inflation in the economy was 2% and the replacement cost
of our factory machinery increased by 30%. Would it be sensible to account for such changes
in the annual accounts?
Required:
68
Explain what the effect on company profit and return on shareholders equity might be if such
adjustments were made. Would such general and specific inflation adjustments merely serve
to confuse rather than inform users of accounts?
69
Introduction to Costing
Problem 89
Porter company manufactures a number of furniture products. The accountant of the company
unfortunately is on vacation. There is a need to prepare the data for cost analysis and
planning. Selected costs are given below. You are just appointed for internship in accounting
department and asked for help.
(a) Wood is used in the manufacturing of the tables at a cost of 100 per table.
(b) The tables are assembled by workers, at a cost of 40 per table.
(c) Workers assembling the tables are supervised by a factory supervisor who is paid 25,000
per year.
(d) Electrical costs of 2 per machine-hour are incurred in the factory in the manufacturing
department. Four machine-hours are required to produce the table.
(e) The depreciation cost of the machines in the manufacturing department totals to 10,000
per year.
(f) The salary of the president of Porter is 100,000 per year.
(g) Porter spends 250,000 to advertise its products.
(h) Salespersons are paid at a commission of 30 for each table sold.
(i) Instead of producing the tables, Porter could rent its factory space out at a rental income of
50,000 per year.
Required:
Fill in the table below.
Item
VC
FC
Period
Direct
Direct
Manufac.
Material
Labour
Overheads
Direct
Indirect
Sunk
Opportunity
(a)
(b)
Problem 90
The following information has been taken from the ledger accounts of Klear-Seal Company
for the year ended December 31, 19X5:
$
Selling expenses
140,000
Raw materials inventory, January 1
90,000
Raw materials inventory, December 31
60,000
70
Utilities, factory
36,000
Direct labor cost
150,000
Depreciation, factory
162,000
Purchases of raw materials
750,000
Sales
2,500,000
Insurance, factory
40,000
Supplies, factory
15,000
270,000
Indirect labor
300,000
Maintenance, factory
87,000
Work in process inventory, January 1
180,000
Work in process inventory, December 31
100,000
Finished goods inventory, January 1
260,000
Finished goods inventory, December 31
210,000
Management wants to organize these data into a better format so that statements can be
prepared for the year.
Required:
(a) Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured for 19X5.
(b) Compute the cost of goods sold for 19X5.
(c) Using data as needed from (a) and (b), prepare an income statement for 19X5.
71
Job-Order Costing
Problem 91
Hogle Company is a manufacturing firm that uses job-order costing. On January 1, 19X5, the
companys inventory balances were as follows:
$
Raw materials
20,000
Work in process
15,000
Finished goods
30,000
The company applies overhead cost to jobs on the basis of machine-hours worked. For 19X5,
the company estimated that it would work 75,000 machine-hours and incur $450,000 in
manufacturing overhead cost. The following transactions were recorded for the year:
(a) Raw materials were purchased on account, $410,000.
(b) Raw materials were requisitioned for use in production, $380,000 ($360,000 direct and
$20,000 indirect).
(c) The following costs were incurred for employee services: direct labor, $75,000; indirect
labor, $110,000; sales commissions, $90,000; and administrative salaries $200,000.
(d) Sales travel costs were incurred, $17,000.
(e) Utility costs were incurred in the factory, $43,000.
(f) Advertising costs were incurred, $180,000.
(g) Depreciation was recorded for the year, $350,000 (80 percent relates to factory operations,
and 20 percent relates to selling and administrative activities).
(h) Insurance expired during the year, $10,000 (70 percent related to factory operations, and
the remaining 30 percent relates to selling and administrative activities).
(i) Manufacturing overhead was applied to production. Due to greater than expected demand
for its products, the company worked 80,000 machine-hours during the year.
(j) Goods costing $900,000 to manufacture were completed during the year.
(k) Goods were sold on account to customers during the year at a total selling price of
$1,500,000. The goods cost $870,000 to manufacture.
Required:
(a) Prepare journal entries to record the transactions above.
(b) Post the entries in (a) to T-accounts (dont forget to enter the opening balances in the
inventory accounts).
72
(c) Is Manufacturing Overhead underapplied or overapplied for the year? Prepare a journal
entry to close any balance in the Manufacturing Overhead account to Cost of Goods Sold.
(d) Prepare an income statement for the year.
73
Allocation of overheads: Traditional Approach and Activity-Based Costing

Problem 92
Dinghy Products Ltd makes two products, masts and booms. There are two production
departments, Turning and Finishing. There is also a sales administration office and a
storeroom for parts and materials. The following information is available.
Turning
Finishing
Office
Storeroom
Floor space (m)
300
150
10
40
Issues of parts and materials per month
20
Direct labour hours per mast
Direct labour hours per boom
The following are the budgeted output and costs for a month:
Output of masts
200
Output of booms
800
Factory rent
1,000
Salary of storeman (all storeroom costs)
1,300
Salary of office clerk (all office costs)
1,500
There are the only indirect costs of production and a direct labour hour basis of absorption
should be used for the two production departments.
Required:
Calculate the indirect cost of producing a mast and a boom.
Problem 93
The following information is available for a factory which houses the assembly, finishing and
machining departments:
Assembly
Finishing
Machining
Department
Department
Department
Floor areas
40,000 sq ft
35,000 sq ft
25,000 sq ft
Number of employees
150
100
50
NBV of machines
$1,800,000
$1,200,000
Nil
During the month of January 2007, the factory incurred the following indirect overheads:
Rent
$50,000
Heating and Electricity
$25,000
Indirect labour
$70,000
74
The management have decided to allocate the above indirect overheads using the following
bases: floor areas for both rent and heating and electricity, and number of employees for
indirect labour cost.
As the machining departments task is to look after the machines in the assembly and
finishing department, the management feel that it should be re-allocated to the assembly and
finishing department based on the NBV of machines.
Required:
Calculate the allocation overheads to the assembly and finishing departments based on the
information available above.
Problem 94
The indirect costs incurred by the business on behalf of all departments taken together are
given below:
Cost item
Total cost
this month,
Indirect materials
36,000
Indirect labour
40,000
Rent
1,000
Insurance
1,600
Depreciation
2,000
Total
80,600
The costs must be apportioned (shared) over the departments because there is insufficient
information to permit allocation of costs as a whole. The following table sets out relevant
information about each department which will be used in the process of determining an
overhead cost rate:
Assembly
Finishing
Maintenance
Direct materials used for production 400,000
500,000
not applicable
Number of employees
10
25
Floor area
100 sq m
200 sq m
100 sq m
Value of machinery
30,000
50,000
20,000
64,000
not applicable
Number of direct labour hours 55,000

worked on production
75
Required:
Calculate the overhead cost allocated to the product. Suppose to produce the product you need
to spend 2 hours in assembly department and 3 hours in finishing department.
Problem 95
Aerodec, Inc., manufactures and sells two products, X and Y. Annual sales in units, labour
time per unit, and total manufacturing time per year are provided below:
Total
Hours
Product X: 2,000 units x 5 hours
10,000
Product Y: 10,000 units x 4 hours
40,000
Total hours
50,000
Costs for materials and labour for one unit of each product are given below:
Product
X
Direct materials
$25
$17
Direct labour (at 6$ per hour)
$30
$24
Manufacturing overhead costs total $800,000 each year. The breakdown of these costs
between the companys six activity centers is given below. The cost driver for each activity
center is shown in parentheses.
Expected Number of Events
or Transactions
Activity Center and Cost Driver
Traceable
Total
Costs
Product
Product
Labour related (direct labour-hours)
$80,000
50,000
10,000
40,000
Machine setups (number of setups)
$150,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
Quality inspections (number of inspections)
$160,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
Production orders (number of orders)
$70,000
400
100
300
Material receipts (number of receipts)
$90,000
750
150
600
General factory (machine-hours)
$250,000
40,000
12,000
28,000
$800,000
Required:
(a) Aerodec, Inc., has six activity centers. Classify the activity in each of Aerodecs activity
centers as either a unit-level, batch-level, product-level, or facility-level activity.
76
(b) Assume that the company applies overhead cost to products on a basis of direct labourhours.
(i) Compute the predetermined overhead rate that would be used.
(ii) Determine the cost to manufacture a unit of each product, using the predetermined
overhead rate computed in (b)(i).
(c) Assume that the company uses activity-based costing to compute overhead rates.
(i) Compute the predetermined overhead rate per event or transaction for each of the
six activity centers listed above.
(ii) Using the rates developed in (c)(i), determine the amount of overhead cost that
should be assigned to a unit of each product.
(iii) Determine the cost ot manufacture a unit of each product and compare this cost to
the cost computed in (b) (ii).
Problem 96
Clinton Ltd is a small company, which was established a year ago to produce and sell two
products, A and B, within a local area. Two local competitors also produced A, but B was a
new development and there was no competitor in the market. Although their prime costs are
very different, each product requires the same number of machine hours to produce one unit.
The finance director has based the selling prices upon the manufacturing cost plus a mark-up
of 25% to cover non-manufacturing costs and profit. The following figures apply:
A
700
1,400
Prime cost
80.00
9.00
Overhead (8 machine hours)
152.40
152.40
232.40
161.40
Mark-up (25% of cost)
58.10
40.35
Selling price
290.50
201.75
Budgeted output (units)
As the other producers of A maintained their previous selling price of 380 per unit, the
company has had no difficulty in attaining the desired sales of 700 units of A. B also sold well
and the target of selling 1,400 units has been achieved. The company achieved full recovery
of overheads.
77
The management director has just heard that both competitors have announced their intention
to stop producing A. However, one of them has also declared that they will be starting to
produce B and will offer it for sale at 160 per unit, undercutting Clintons selling price of B.
The management director has sought your advice and after some investigation you have
established the following additional information
(i)
The production process comprises two distinct cost centers, Assembly and Finishing.
(ii)
The machine hours required to produce each product are:
Machine hours in:
Assembly
Finishing
Total
The aggregate overhead budgeted and spent in the first year, 320,000 is attributable as
follows:
000
Assembly
240
Finishing
80
Total
320
Required:
(a) Explain with supporting calculation how the finance directors allocation of 152.40
overhead cost per unit of both products would have been arrived at. Comment on this method
and its potential effects on business decisions.
(b) Prepare product costs and selling prices using an alternative allocation of overheads to A
and B, and support your method with reasoned arguments. Offer your suggested explanation
for the competitors behavior and advise the managing director.
(c) Briefly discuss the issue of, and methods for, allocating non-manufacturing overheads to
products.
78
Absorption and Variable Costing

Problem 97
Palit Ltd. commenced business on 1 April 1993 and purchased equipment for 170,000 to
manufacture product NPQ as from that date. The results for the year to 31 March 1994 and
the budget for the following year are as follows:
1993/4
1994/5
Actual
Budget
NPQs produced (units)
2,000
2,200
NPQs sold (units)
1,500
2,000
160
160
Cost of raw materials purchased
70,000
77,000
Direct wages
50,000
55,000
Variable
10,000
11,000
Fixed
30,000
30,000
50,000
50,000
Unit selling price of NPQs
Manufacturing expenses:
Selling and administrative expenses
No stock of materials and work in progress are held at any time. The NPQ manufacturing
equipment is expected to last until 31 March 1998 and it will then be sold for an estimated
sum of 30,000. The straight-line method is to be used for depreciation.
Annual accounts for the year ended 31 March 1994 and a budget for the following year are
now being prepared and you are asked to advise on how to value stocks of finished goods.
The directors of Palit Ltd. are keen to use a method which will be helpful to management in
understanding how the business is progressing. The following alternative bases have been
suggested:
(i)
absorption costing
(ii)
variable costing
Required:
(a) Using absorption costing, draw a profit and loss account for Palit Ltd. for the year ended
31 March 1994 and a budgeted profit and loss account for the following year.
(b) Using variable costing, draw a profit and loss account for Palit Ltd. for the year ended 31
March 1994 and a budgeted profit and loss account for the following year.
79
(c) Discuss the two stock valuation bases and give advice to the directors of Palit Ltd. on
which to use for management information purposes and why.
Problem 98
Coase Ltd is a single-product manufacturing company which uses a marginal costing system
for internal management reports. The companys annual profit and loss accounts for external
reporting purposes are based on full absorption costing.
The following data refer to the years ended 30th June 2007 and 2008:
2007
2008
Selling price
90
Marginal cost per unit

Direct materials
21
23
Direct labour
19
22
Marginal factory overheads
10
Marginal selling and administrative expenses
170,000
180,000
Units
Units
Opening stock
1,500
2,000
Closing stock
2,000
1,500
Sales
20,000
25,000
Fixed factory overheads
The normal volume used for the purpose of absorption costing is 28,000 units in both years.
The company uses the first-in first-out assumption for the calculation of cost of sales.
Required:
(a) Prepare internal management profit statement for the year ended 30th June 2008 using
marginal costing.
(b) Prepare a draft profit and loss account for the year ended 30th June 2008 using full
absorption costing.
(c) Give calculations showing why the profits for 2008 are not the same in your answers to (a)
and (b) above. Explain your answer.
Problem 99
John Smith, a friend of yours, has been trading for the past two years producing and selling
skids. Although his accountant has drawn up accounts for his he feels they do not give an
80
accurate picture of the business performance for decision-making purposes. He has asked you
to look at his records and to draw up alternative profit and loss accounts for each of the past
two years.
The selling price for skids has been 9 per unit for the past two years and the following
information is available:
1997
1998
Units
Units
Sales
1,500
2,000
Production
1,900
1,800
Factory variable
5,700
5,400
Factory fixed
3,800
3,330
Administration fixed
2,000
2,200
Selling variable
1,800
2,400
Costs:
John Smith commenced business in 1997 with no stock and he uses FIFO for stock valuation
purposes.
Required:
(a) Produce profit and loss accounts for 1997 and 1998 using absorption costing.
(b) Produce profit and loss accounts for 1997 and 1998 using variable costing.
(c) Assume now that if John Smith decided to spend 600 in 1998 on improved quality
control procedures in the factory then sales volume for the year would rise by 5%. Explain
which costing method would give the more useful measure to indicate the profitability of the
decision. Make use of the data in this question to illustrate your explanation.
Problem 100
Gladstown Manufacturing has added two new products to its range. Its accountant has
produced the following summarised financial statement showing the profit earned on these
products for the first year using absorption costing.
Beta
Delta
Materials
25,000
7,500
Direct labour
60,000
30,000
81
Production overheads
120,000
60,000
Cost of sales
205,000
97,500
Sales
250,000
105,500
Gross profit
45,000
8,000
Other overheads
20,500
9,700
Net profit / (loss)
24,500
(1,700)
Units
Units
Sales
25,000
7,500
Closing stock of finished goods
2,000
1,250
There is concern that Delta is showing a loss and it has been suggested that the use of
marginal (variable) costing would give a fairer picture of the financial results.
Further analysis shows that one-third of the production overhead charged to each product
varies according to the level of production whereas two-thirds of the charge is product-related
and is fixed. 75% of the other overheads are company overheads that have been allocated to
the products and 25% vary with the level of sales of each product.
Required:
(a) Redraft the absorption costing statement in more detail showing such matters as the cost
of goods produced, stocks, fixed overheads and variable overheads,
(b) Prepare a statement showing the contribution and net profit of each product using
marginal (variable) costing.
(c) Explain why the net profit figures are different under the two methods.
82
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Problem 101
Drake Ltds cost and revenues for the current year are expected to be:
Direct labour
6,000
Direct materials
7,000
Factory indirect expenses:

Variable
Fixed
4,500
500
5,000
1,200
Selling and distribution expenses
600
Finance expenses
200
20,000
It was expected that 2,000 units would be manufactured and sold, the selling price being 11
each.
Suddenly during the year two enquiries were made at the same time which would result in
extra production being necessary. They were:
(A) An existing customer said that he would take an extra 100 units, but the price would have
to be reduced to 9 per unit on this extra 100 units. The only costs that would be involved
would be in respect of variable costs.
(B) A new customer would take 150 units annually. This would mean extra variable costs and
also an extra machine would have to be bought costing 1,500 which would last for 5 years
before being scrapped. It would have no scrap value. Extra running costs of this machine
would be 600 per annum. The units are needed for an underdeveloped country and owing to
currency difficulties the highest price that could be paid for the units was 10 per unit.
Required:
On the information above, and assuming that there are no alternatives open to Drake Ltd,
should the company accept or reject these orders? Draft the memo that you would give to the
managing director of Drake Ltd.
83
Problem 102
Greatsound Ltd manufactures and sells compact disc players, the cost of which is made up as
follows:
Direct material
74.80
Direct labour
18.70
Variable overhead
7.50
Fixed overhead
30.00
Total cost
131.00
The current selling price is 187.

Greatsound Ltd. works a day shift only, at present producing 120,000 compact disc players
per annum, and has no spare capacity.
Market research has shown that there is a demand for an additional 60,000 compact disc
players in the forthcoming year. However, these additional sales would have a selling price of
150 each. One way of achieving the extra production required is to work a night shift.
However, this would increase fixed costs by 2,500,000 and the labour force would to be paid
an extra 20 per cent over the day shift rate.
The company supplying the materials to Greatsound Ltd. has indicated that it will offer a
special discount of 10 per cent on total purchases if the annual purchases of materials increase
by 50 per cent.
The selling price and all other cots will remain the same
Required:
Assuming that the additional purchases will only be made if the night shift runs, you are
required to:
(a) advise Greatsound Ltd whether it should proceed with the proposal to commence the night
shift, based on financial considerations.
(b) calculate the minimum increase in sales and production required to justify the night shift.
(c) give four other matters which should be taken into consideration when making a decision
of this nature.
Problem 103
Xebec Ltd manufactures three perfumes, Silk, Musk and Opia. The selling prices and the
variable costs per unit of each product are as follows:
84
Silk
Musk
Opia
Selling price
15
20
30
Variable cost
10
14
20
Xebecs fixed costs are 150,000 per year.

There is a shortage of the raw material called Essence which is used in all three products. Silk
uses 2 kilos, Musk uses 1 kilo and Opia uses 3 kilos of Essence per unit of output. Only
120,000 kilos of Essence will be available for the year.
In addition, market constraints are expected to restrict the production and sales of each
product for the year to:
Units
Silk
40,000
Musk
8,000
Opia
15,000
Required:
Calculate the mix of sales which would enable Xebec Ltd to maximize profits, and calculate
the profit for the year which would be achieved by that sales mix.
Problem 104
A summary of Pareto Companys profit statement for last year is presented below. Exept as
noted, the cost and sales relationship for the current year is expected to follow the same
pattern. The company is operating at full capacity.
Sales (1,000,000 bottles at 0,50)
500,000
Variable costs
300,000
Fixed costs
100,000
Total costs
400,000
Profit
100,000
Required:
(a) What is the break-even point in units?
(b) What is the margin of safety in units?
(c) If an extension to the factory is built it would add 50,000 to the fixed costs and increase
production capacity by 60 per cent. Variable costs per unit are also expected to increase by 10
per cent. The management of the company feels that it should earn at least 10,000 each year
85
on the new investment. Calculate whether the proposed extension provides sufficient capacity
for the company to maintain existing profits and earn the minimum required on the new
investment, assuming that all of the increased capacity can be sold.
Problem 105
Mento Company manufactures and sells a single product. The companys sales and expenses
for the last quarter follow:
Total
Per Unit
Sales
$450,000
$30
less Variable expenses
$180,000
$12
Contribution margin
$270,000
$18
less Fixed expenses
$216,000
Net income
$54,000
Required:
(a) What is the quarterly break-even point in units sold and in sales dollars?
(b) Without resorting to computations, what is the total contribution margin at the break-even
point?
(c) How many units would have to be sold each quarter to earn a target net income of
$90,000? Use the unit contribution method. Prove your answer by preparing a contribution
income statement at the target level of sales.
(d) Refer to the original data. Compute the companys margin of safety (MS) in both dollar
and percentage terms.
(e) What is the companys contribution margin ratio (CM ratio)? If sales increase by $50,000
per quarter, by how much would you expect quarterly net income to increase? (Do not prepare
an income statement; use CM ratio to compute your answer).
Problem 106
A building company constructs a standard unit which sells for 30,000. The companys costs
can be readily identifiable between fixed and variable costs.
Budgeted data for the coming six months include the following:
January
Sales
Profit
(in units)
()
18
70,000
86
February
20
100,000
March
30
250,000
April
22
130,000
May
24
160,000
June
16
40,000
You are told that the fixed costs for the six months have been spread evenly over the period
under review to arrive at the monthly profit projections.
Required:
(a) Prepare a graph for the total sales, costs and output for the six months under review that
shows:
(i) the break-even point in units and revenue;
(ii) total fixed costs;
(iii) the variable cost line;
(iv) the margin of safety for the total budgeted sales.
(b) The company is worried about the low level of sales. The sales director says that if the
selling price of the unit was reduced by 5,000 the company would be able to sell 10% more
units. All other costs would remain the same, you are told. Determine whether the company
should reduce the selling price to attract new sales in order to maximize profit. Clearly show
any workings.
(c) Evaluate whether the assumption that costs are readily identifiable as either fixed or
variable throughout a range of production is realistic. Give examples of any alternative
classification.
Problem 107
You are provided with the following information relating to the sales, estimated demands and
production costs for each bench, table and chair.
Bench
Estimated selling price
Table
Chair
60
71
45
Maximum demand
In units
1,800
1,500
3,000
Raw materials
- timber
10
12
- metal fittings
- fabric
Packing
Each bench, table or chair involves in two separate stages of processing.

87
1.
The timber is machined, finished and assembled. Metal fittings are fixed.
2.
The products are painted and varnished to packaging in polythene and cardboard.
Labour costs are based on the following estimated time (in minutes) required for each
processing stage:
Stage 1
Stage 2
Benches
180
20
Tables
150
60
Chairs
60
40
Stage 1
Stage 2
The following rates for labour are applied:

per hour
There are a maximum of 10,500 hours of labour available for stage 1.

Required:
(a) Advise the management the maximum output for each product and the total contribution
of the proposed optimal production plan.
(b) Explain clearly the basis method used in (a).
(c) Identify two factors that should be considered before a final decision is made.
88
Budgeting
Problem 108
The following figures have been taken from the budget of Solaja Ltd, a company in the retail
trade, for the year to 31 December 1998:
January
February
March
April
5,000
6,000
7,000
5,000
Distribution
4,500
4,700
5,200
4,500
Administration
3,000
3,600
4,400
3,000
Depreciation
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
Sales (units)
Expenses:
The following additional information is available:

(1) The selling price is 6 per unit. It will increase to 6.70 per unit for all sales in April and
subsequent months. 25% of budgeted sales revenue is expected to be received in the month of
sale and 70% in the following month. 5% of all sales are expected to lead to bad debts.
(2) The budgeted number of units of stock held at the end of each month is equal to the
budgeted sales for the following month.
(3) The purchase price of stock has been 3.50 per unit since October 1997 and this is
expected to increase to 4 per unit for all purchases in February and subsequent months.
(4) 60% of all purchases are paid in the month of purchase and 40% in the following month.
(5) All expenses are paid in the month in which they are incurred.
(6) Solaja Ltd plans to buy new fixed assets for 43,000 paying a deposit of 15,000 in
February. The balance will be paid in monthly instalments of 2,000 commencing in March.
(7) The chairman has suggested that he might be willing to lend up to 12,000 to the company
for a maximum of four months to avoid asking the bank for an overdraft.
(8) The business is seasonal and, as indicated in the above budget, results in April are
expected to be similar to those in January. There is a three month cycle so the results in May
and June are expected to be similar to those in February and March respectively.
(9) Summarised balance sheet at 31 December 1997:
Fixed assets (at book value)
12,500
Stock at cost
17,500
Debtors (after bad debt provision)
29,400
89
Cash at bank
2,000
Creditors
(7,000)
54,400
Required:
(a) A monthly cash budget for Solaja Ltd for January, February, March and April and the total
for the four months presented in the form of a table.
(b) A budgeted balance sheet at 30 April 1998.
(c) Your comments on the impact on the company if it were to borrow up to 12,000 from the
chairman to help finance the purchase of the new fixed assets.
Problem 109
The management director of Pumpkin Ltd was reviewing the results of the company for the
financial year ended 31 March 19X0. The following summarized information was available:
Balances as at 1 April 19X9
Issued ordinary share capital:

1 fully paid shares
150,000
100,000
Balance of retained earnings
40,000
Balances as at 31 March 19X0
Net profit for the year 19X9/X0
70,0000
Fixed assets
300,000
Bank overdraft
150,000
Other net current assets
210,000
Note: There were no other accounts with balances. The balances as at 1 April 19X9 had
remained unchanged throughout the year.
The management director was pleased that the company had made a good profit, but he was
rather concerned that a healthy bank balance at the beginning of the year had now become a
large bank overdraft.
Consequently he asked the company accountant to prepare forecast information for 19X0/X1
in order that the cash situation could be improved.
The following information was prepared by the accountant:
(1) Company sales March 19X0
90

Cash sales
30,000
Credit sales
65,000
In each month April to September (inclusive) the sales per month would be:
Cash sales
40,000
Credit sales
70,000
All credit sales are settled the month after the sale.
(2) All goods purchased are from a single supplier. The goods are purchased on credit and
each months purchases are paid for three months after the month of purchase.
The following purchase schedule had been prepared for the first 9 months of 19X0:
Purchases
January
February
March
60,000
58,000
61,000
Purchases in April, May and June

55,000 in each month
Purchases in July, August and September
45,000 in each month
Note: the company had successfully negotiated lower prices from its supplier commencing 1
July 19X0.
(3) Dividends would be paid as follows:
(i) Final ordinary dividend of 5p per share payable on 31 May 19X0 in respect of
financial year 19X9/X0.
(ii) Interim ordinary dividend of 2p per share payable on 31 July 19X0 in respect of
financial year 19X0/X1.
(4) Selling and distribution expenses are expected to be 6 per cent of a given months total
sales. They are paid one month in arrears.
(5) Administration charges would be incurred as follows:
19X0 February, March, April
10,000 per month
19X0 May to September (inclusive)
13,500 per month
Administration charges are settled two months after the month in which they were incurred.
(6) The company had decided to make a bonus issue of shares of one share for every three
held. The issue would be made on 30 April 19X0. The bonus shares would not qualify for the
final dividend of 19X9/X0, but would qualify for the interim dividend to be paid on 31 July
19X0.
91
Required:
(a) Comment on the liquidity of the company as at 31 March 19X0 and explain to the
managing director why a company can apparently make a good profit but have no cash in
bank.
(b) Prepare a cash budget for each of the four months ending 31 July 19X0.
(c) Comment on the forecast bank balance as shown by your cash budget. Identify ways in
which the bank overdraft could be reduced over the last five months of 19X0.
Problem 110
The management of Hooke plc have been informed that the union representing the direct
production workers at one of their factories, where a standard product is produced, intends to
call a strike. The accountant has been asked to advise the management of the effect the strike
will have on cash flow.
The following data has been made available:
(1)
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Budgeted sales
400 units
500 units
400 units
Budgeted production
600 units
400 units
Nil
(2) The strike will commence at the beginning of week 3 and it should be assumed that it will
continue for at least four weeks. Sales at 400 units per week will continue to be made during
the period of the strike until stocks of finished goods are exhausted. Production will stop at
the end of week 2. The current stock level of finished goods is 600 units.
(3) The selling price of the product is J60 and the budgeted manufacturing cost is made up as
follows:
J
Direct materials
15
Direct wages
Variable overheads
Fixed overheads
18
Total
48
(4) Direct wages are regarded as a variable cost. Direct wages are paid one week in arrears.
(5) The company operates a full absorption costing system and the fixed overhead absorption
rate is based upon a budgeted fixed overhead of J9,000 per week. Included in the total fixed
overheads is J700 per week for depreciation of equipment. During the period of the strike
92
direct wages and variable overheads would not be incurred and the cash expecded on fixed
overheads would be reduced by J1,500 per week. It should be assumed that all relevant
overheads are paid for immediately the expense is incurred.
(6) The current stock of raw materials cost J7,500: it is intended that these stocks should
increase of J11,000 by the end of week 1 and then remain at this level during the period of the
strike. All direct materials are paid for one week after they have been received.
(7) All sales are on credit. 70% of the sales value is received in cash from the debtors at the
end of the first week after the sales have been made and the balance at the end of the second
week.
(8) The current amount outstanding to material suppliers is J8,000 and direct wage accruals
amount to J3,200. Both of these will be paid in week 1. The current balance owing from
debtors is J31,200, of which J24,000 will be received during week 1 and the remainder during
week 2. The current balance of cash at the bank and in hand is J1,000.
Required:
(a) Prepare a cash budget for weeks 1 to 6 showing the balance of cash at the end of each
week together with a suitable analysis of the receipts and payments during each week.
(b) Comment upon any matters arising from the cash budget which you consider should be
brought to managements attention.
93
Variance Analysis
Problem 111
Cleanahull Ltd operates a small boat cleaning service. Boats are cleaned using a special
machine that requires a skilled operator and are finished using unskilled labour. Cleanahull
has produced a standard cost schedule as all boats go through the same process. Overheads
are absorbed using standard labour hours. The materials come in packs; each boat cleaned
should use one pack of materials. Cleanahull budgets to clean 288 boats per month.
Standard cost for cleaning a boat:
Skilled labour: 2 hours at 8 per hour
16
Unskilled labour: 1 hour at 5 per hour
Materials: 1 pack at 3 per pack
Variable overheads: 3 hours at 2 per hour
Fixed overheads: 3 hours at 10 per hour
30
Total standard cost
60
Profit mark-up at 30% cost
18
Price charged
78
Actual results for May 2008:
Sales: 330 boats cleaned
26,400
Less costs
Skilled labour: 594 hours
5,049
Unskilled labour: 396 hours
1,881
Materials:350 packs
1,190
Variable overheads
1,815
Fixed overheads
8,500
Total costs for May
18,435
Profit for May
7,965
Required:
(a) Prepare an operating statement, reconciling budgeted and actual profit for Cleanahull Ltd
for May 2008 showing two variances for sales and each cost category.
(b) Prepare a brief report to the owner of Cleanahull Ltd commenting on the performance in
May 2008 suggesting possible reasons for any unexpected results.
94
Problem 112
Smith Plc. manufactures and sells a range of small household products. The following
information relates to the Adam for the month of July.
Budgeted volume
6,000 units
Budgeted selling price
6,00 per unit
Budgeted variable cost
2 per unit
Budgeted fixed overheads for July
6,000
During July 8000 Adams were actually sold for 40,000.

Required:
(a) Compute the following variances for product Adam: for July:
(i) Sales price variance;
(ii) Sales contribution volume variance;
(iii) Sales margin volume variance.
(b) Explain and reconcile the difference between your answers to (ii) and (iii).
Problem 113
Thatcher Ltd uses a standard costing system. The standard cost card for direct materials used
in production of product NUM is as follows:
8 kgs @ 0.40 per kg = 3.20 per unit
Budgeted production in April 2007 was 850 units.
The relevant data for actual production of product NUM for April 2007 was as follows:
Actual production
870 units
Materials purchased
8,200 kgs at a cost of 3,444
Materials issued to production 7150 kg

Required:
(a) Calculate the total materials variance for April 2007.
(b) Calculate the materials price variance and materials efficiency variance for April 2007.
95
Investment appraisal
Problem 114
The government of Nopia is considering operating a series of toll roads which will be
operated by companies in the private sector.
Contracts to run the toll roads will be for five years at which time contracts will be put out to
competitive tender again. As the finance director of QFE plc, a transport operator, you are
interested in bidding for one of the first series of contracts.
It is anticipated that you will need to pay the government of Nopia an initial fee of 15
million to acquire the right to operate the toll road plus an annual fee of 1.5 million payable
at the end of the year 1, increasing by 15% per year thereafter. In addition, the government
will take 20% of all revenues generated by the toll road.
Operating costs to monitor traffic and collect tolls are expected to be 3 million in year 1 and
will then increase by 10% per year.
Based on current estimates of usage there will be 112 million miles of vehicle travel per year
for each of the five years.
The government of Nopia will allow QFE plc to set the toll fee which will be based on the
number of miles a vehicle travels on the toll road. Once set, the toll per mile will remain
constant for the duration of the contract.
Given the risk profile of this project QFE pls will require a return of 12% per year on its
investment.
Assume all cash flows, apart from the initial fee, will occur at the end of the year concerned.
Required:
(a) As finance director of QFE plc what is the minimum toll per mile you would be prepared
to charge?
(b) Assume the government of Nopia is prepared to accept an alternative to the initial fee of
15 million. The alternative is to pay five equal annual instalments to the government
commencing immediately. What is the maximum QFE plc should be prepared to pay per year
to avoid the initial fee of 15 million?
(c) Assume that the government now states that the toll charge must fall by 4% per year from
the end of year 1. How would this effect your recommendation in part (a) above?
All calculations should be expressed in millions and rounded to two decimal places.
96
Problem 115
Part 1
The international division of a large Bulgarian wine producing company is considering
starting operations in the UK market. It has commissioned market research on the UK wine
market which cost 23,000 Bulgarian Leva (abbreviated BGL). The findings result in a
recommendation: to enter this new market the Bulgarian firm needs a marketing campaign.
This initial investment is estimated to cost BGL 3 million. The research has also estimated
that, following the campaign, the revenues net of cash expenses for UK sales over the next ten
years will be:
BGL
Year 1
450,000
Year 2
500,000
Year 3
620,000
Year 4
700,000
Year 5
700,000
Year 6
700,000
Year 7
700,000
Year 8
700,000
Year 9
700,000
Year 10
700,000
Assume that all cash flows arise at the end of the year. All figures are in real terms. The real
discount rate is 6%. Thanks to funds from the European Union to promote trade with new
members, the project is exempt from taxes.
Required:
Should the company enter the UK market? Provide the relevant calculations to illustrate your
answer. Explain and discuss.
Part 2
At the end of year 3, an internal assessment of the project and of the revenues from the UK
market shows that the sales have been more successful than expected. The company has had a
total net cash flow over the previous three years of BGL 2.5 million (instead of the expected
BGL 1.57 million).
However, the UK market has become more competitive and it is felt that a new marketing
campaign is necessary if the company intends to stay in that market. New adverts and
promotions would cost BGL 1.4 million. The real discount rate and the tax treatment of the
97
project remain the same. However, because of increased competition the estimates of
revenues net of cash expenses in real terms, for the remaining seven years, have to be adjusted
downwards to the following:
BGL
Year 1
620,000
Year 2
510,000
Year 3
300,000
Year 4
300,000
Year 5
300,000
Year 6
300,000
Year 7
300,000
Required:
(a) Should the company continue with sales in the UK? Provide the relevant calculations to
illustrate your answer. Explain and discuss.
(b) Should the initial success of the project in the first three years be taken into account in the
decision at the end of Year 3? Why?
Part 3
At the same time of the re-assessment of the UK market, at the end of year 3, the domestic
division of the firm proposes an alternative investment, completely independent of the first
one. They are considering entering the bottle production market to supply glass bottles to the
growing Bulgarian wine industry. The project would require exactly the same initial
investment as the new marketing campaign BGL 1.4 million to buy the necessary
machinery. The company depreciates its fixed assets using the straight-line method. Capital
allowances are equal to depreciation for this Bulgarian company. The estimated revenue net
of cash expenses for the following seven years would be:
BGL
Year 1
620,000
Year 2
530,000
Year 3
430,000
Year 4
420,000
Year 5
420,000
Year 6
420,000
Year 7
420,000
98
It is customary for this division, dealing with the domestic market, to state projects cash
flows in nominal terms. Moreover, this project, as a domestic one, is subject to a tax rate of
20%. The inflation rate is 3% per year. The real discount rate is the same.
Required:
Compare this project with the project in part 2. Which project should the firm choose if it can
only undertake one? Provide the relevant calculations to illustrate your answer. Explain and
discuss.
Problem 116
Hayek Plc. is considering investing in either project P or project Q:
Time
Project P
Project Q
(years)
Equipment cost
100,000
100,000
Expected annual profit/loss
34,000
4,000
24,000
4,000
14,000
12,000
4,000
16,000
(36,000)
4,000
20,000
20,000
Estimated resale value of equipment
Hayek Plc depreciates equipment on the straight-line basis. Profits and losses are earned
evenly throughout the year.
Required:
(a) Calculate the payback period for each project and on this basis advise Hayek Plc which
project to invest in.
(b) Briefly explain two disadvantages of payback period as a method of investment appraisal.
Problem 117
The directors of Welch plc are considering which of the following projects to invest in:
Year
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Initial capital investment
50,000
50,000
50,000
Expected cash inflows
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
99
Scrap proceeds
6,000
6,000
10,000
4,000
4,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
Welch plc uses the straight-line method of depreciation.

Required:
(a) Calculate the payback period of each project.
(b) Calculate the average accounting rate of return of each project.
(c) Based on your calculations in (a) and (b), advise the directors which project they should
invest in.
Problem 118
As a member of the finance directors team at Londy plc. you have been asked to approve at
investment proposal recently received from the companys subsidiaries, Franly Ltd, whose
directors consider that the project should be supported as it yields a forecast profit of
460,000 over its anticipated five year life.
The following financial information has been provided to support the proposal:
Five year forecast profit and loss account for years ending on 31 May
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
000
000
000
000
000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2,000
1,000
Less: Cost of sales
900
1,200
1,500
1,200
600
Gross profit
600
800
1,000
800
400
Less: Depreciation
240
240
240
240
240
Wages
150
170
170
170
150
Overheads
200
270
320
220
120
Forecast not profit/loss
10
120
270
170
(110)
Sales
Notes:
(1) Closing stock (in 000s) is expected to be as follows:
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
100
150
100
50
The project will commence on 1 June 2001 with no opening stock.

(2) Franly Ltd uses the straight-line method of depreciation. The value of the machinery
needed for the project is expected to be 300,000 and the end of its five year life.
100
(3) The wages figure includes 48,000 for a manager and 27,000 for a supervisor who are
already employed by Franly Ltd. If the project goes ahead, the company will need to hire an
additional supervisor at a cost of 25,000 per year. If the project does not proceed, the
existing manager and supervisor will remain in their present posts.
(4) 10% of the overhead charge varies with the value of sales revenue and 90% in an
allocation of group overheads.
(5) The equipment will be paid for on 1 July 2001. The required amount of materials and
components for the years production will be paid for at the beginning of the year concerned.
All other cash flows will occur at the end of the year.
(6) Londy plc. uses the discounted cash flow method for project appraisal and the discount
rate to be used for this project is 10% per year.
Required:
(a) Based upon the above information, advise the finance director whether or not the project
should be accepted.
(b) If it were possible to lease the equipment by paying five equal annual instalments, the first
being on 1 June 2001, what is the maximum Franly Ltd should be willing to pay? Explain
your answer.
(c) Explain to the directors of Franly Ltd why the discounted cash flow approach to project
evaluation is often preferred to the forecast profit approach and discuss any limitations the
method may have.
Problem 119
Parsons plc. is considering an investment proposal for recycling waste production materials
into a product, which can be sold to the packaging industry. The companys accountant has
rejected the project on the basis that it results in a forecast loss of 890,000 over its expected
five-year life. The companys board of directors are concerned about the carbon footprint of
the company and are looking for ways to improve its environmental impact and have agreed
that a maximum loss of half a million pounds over a five year period is acceptable. They have
requested you to re-examine the financial consequences of the product.
You are provided with the following financial information about the project:
(1) The accountants forecast is as follows based on the project commencing on 1st January
2009.
Five year forecast profit and loss account for years ending on 31 December
101
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
000
000
000
000
000
Sales
1,300
2,000
2,200
2,200
2,200
Less: Cost of sales
1,100
1,300
1,450
1,500
1,500
Gross profit
200
700
750
700
700
Less: Depreciation
320
320
320
320
320
Labour costs
175
195
205
195
195
Overheads
150
325
300
300
300
(445)
(140)
(75)
(115)
(115)
Forecast loss
The following additional information is made available:

(2) The recycling process uses up waste materials which have no resale value. At present,
disposal of the production waste is arranged by paying an annual fee to a local waste disposal
company. If the project is undertaken, these costs will no longer be incurred. The yearly
estimated cost of waste disposal (in 000s) is as follows:
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
80
80
80
80
160
(3) The process will require the purchase of additional materials which are included as cost of
sales in the company accountants forecast. The project commenced with no opening stock,
but the forecast includes the following projected closing stock of materials (in 000s) at 31st
December:
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
100
200
150
50
The materials needed for the year will be purchase and paid for on the first day of the year.
(4) On 1st January 2009 the company will purchase and pay for special recycling machinery.
The scrap value at 31st December 2013 is estimated at 50,000. Parsons plc uses the straightline method of depreciation which results in a charge of 320,000 per annum.
(5) 80% of the overhead charge is an allocation of existing company fixed overheads and 20%
represents the overheads incrementally incurred on the new recycling project.
(6) In August 2008, the company spent 20,000 on commissioning a report investigating the
environmental impact of its waste products.
(7) Each years labour costs include 55,000 for the environmental manager and 25,000 for a
production supervisor. Both are already employed by Parsons plc. If the project does not
proceed, these two employees will remain in their present posts. The remaining labour costs
reflect additional workers needed for the process.
102
(8) The board of Parsons wish you to use the discounted cash flow method for the project
appraisal and the discount rate to be used for this project is 12% per year. Assume all cash
flows occur at the year end, unless otherwise indicated.
Required:
(a) Based upon the above information, advise the finance director whether or not the recycling
project should be accepted. State any assumptions and use a tabular format for your
calculations. All figures to the nearest 000.
(b) In the context of project evaluation, what do you understand by the term sensitivity
analysis? Give (without calculations) two examples of sensitivity analysis considerations for
the recycling projects.
103

Accounting Problem Book 2011 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Accounting Problem Book 2011 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2011

International College of Economics and Finance

Loan from C Shirley

We owe for goods

Fixtures and fittings

Loan from C Smith

Money owing to bank

(a) We pay a creditor 70 in cash.

Total Liabilities & Equity

(b) Journalize the transactions

Stock at 31 December 19X6 was 2,548.

Lighting and heating expense

Salaries and wages

Motor running expenses

Stock at 30 June 19X8 was 4,166.

Stock as at 1st January 19X7

Selling & distribution expenses

At the year end (31st December) the following information is available:

(d) Explain the role of adjustments you made.

Provision for doubtful debts

Rent, rates and insurance

Heating and lighting

Postage, stationery and telephone

Salaries and wages

Stock as at 1 May 19X6

Fixtures and fittings at cost

Provision for depreciation on fixtures and fittings as at 30th April 19X7

The following additional information as at 30th April 19X7 is available:

Purchases and sales

Capital account 1st March 19X6

Wages and salaries

Debtors and creditors

Stock 1st March 19X6

Provision for doubtful debts 1st March 19X6

Van running costs

Bad debts written off

The following additional information as at 28th February 19X7 is available:

(2) Wages and salaries accrued at 28th February 19X7 90.

(11) Electricity bills of 1,600 were paid by cheque.

Plant, equipment and vehicles, at cost

Provision for depreciation at 1 June 2009

Distribution and selling costs

Inventories at 1st June 2009

The following information is available.

Buildings: accumulated depreciation at 1.1.09

Equipment: accumulated depreciation at 1.1.09

Vehicles: accumulated depreciation at 1.1.09

Provision for doubtful debts at 1.1.09

Share capital: ordinary 50c shares

Wages and salaries

Other administrative expenses

You are given the following information:

40% reducing balance

25% straight line.

Accounting for Current Assets

stock at 31st December 1998, and

net profit before tax for 1998.

(b) creditors control account at 31 January 2010.

Accounting for Fixed Assets

50p ordinary shares

6% preference shares of 1 each

Stock at 1st January 19X0

Undistributed profit at 1st January 19X0