Infrared cloaking based on the electric response

of split ring resonators

Boubacar Kant, Andr de Lustrac, Jean-Michel Lourtioz, Shah Nawaz Burokur
Institut dElectronique Fondamentale, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR 8622, CNRS, Orsay, F-91405 France
Andre.delustrac@ief.u-psud.fr

Abstract: Electromagnetic cloak was recently demonstrated in the

microwave domain using a metamaterial structure made of metallic split
ring resonators (SRR) arranged in a cylindrical geometry. The SRRs were
designed to provide a magnetic response that varied in an appropriate
manner with the radial coordinate. In the present work, we propose an
electromagnetic cloak, which exploits the electric response of gold SRRs
instead of their magnetic response. Numerical simulations performed at
infrared frequencies (~100 THz) reveal low loss and weak impedance
mismatch, thereby proving the interest in using SRRs as universal atoms
in the design of metamaterials. We also show that SRRs can be ultimately
replaced by simple cut wires for the construction of approximate
electromagnetic cloaks whose dielectric permittivity is the only parameter
varying with space coordinates.
2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (160.4760) Optical properties; (260.5740) Resonances; (160.3918) Metamaterials.

References and links

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Received 27 Feb 2008; revised 3 Apr 2008; accepted 3 Apr 2008; published 6 Jun 2008

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1. Introduction
The design and realization of invisibility cloaks in the infrared and visible domains represent
today a great challenge for the scientific community of electromagnetism and optics regarding
both fundamental aspects and potential applications. An invisibility cloak is expected to expel
the electromagnetic field from a given region of space while preserving the field lines outside
this concealment region. The design process for the cloak thus involves a coordinate
transformation that squeezes space from the concealment region into a shell surrounding this
region [1-3]. Typically, a spherical (or cylindrical) shape is chosen for the concealment region
defined by: r < b, and the space transformation compressed it into a spherical (or cylindrical)
shell defined by: a < r < b (see for instance Fig. 2(b) in [1,2]). This in turn allows determining
the tensor components associated to either the dielectric permittivity or magnetic permeability
of the cloak shell. However, the practical implementation of an electromagnetic cloak defined
in this way still remains out of reach due to the fact that some of the tensor components vary
in a rather complex manner with space coordinates [1,2]. Simplified versions of
electromagnetic cloaks can actually be found that preserve dispersion relations and light
trajectory in the cloak despite of a small mismatch at the outer cloak boundary [4,5]. For a
cylindrical geometry and a polarization of the incident light either parallel or perpendicular to
the cylinder axis, it has been shown that the electromagnetic tensors could be reduced to a set
of only three components: z, r and for an incident field polarized parallel to the cylinder
axis or z, r and for an incident field polarized perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Such an
approximate version of electromagnetic cloak has been experimentally demonstrated in the
microwave range for the first polarization case [4]. For this purpose, a structure of metallic
split ring resonators (SRR) [6] was designed to provide a magnetic response r(r) that varied
in an appropriate manner with the radial coordinate. More recently, an alternative route for
terahertz cloaking has been theoretically proposed [7] using the magnetic response of microcut BST (Barium Strontium Titanate) rods [8]. Regarding the second polarization case (H
field parallel to the cylinder axis), a structure made of metallic ellipsoids has also been
proposed [5] for the design of a non-magnetic cloak at optical frequencies. One advantage in
this latter work stems from the absence of magnetic materials which still remain hard to obtain
in the optical regime. The main drawback is the difficulty to design precisely metallic
ellipsoid at infrared wavelengths.
In the present work, we propose an electromagnetic cloak, which exploits the electric
response of SRRs instead of their magnetic response. Numerical simulations performed at
infrared frequencies (~100 THz) reveal low loss and weak impedance mismatch, thereby
proving the interest in using SRRs as universal atoms in the design of metamaterials. We
also show that SRRs can be ultimately replaced by simple cut wires for the construction of
simplified electromagnetic cloaks whose dielectric permittivity is the only parameter
varying with space coordinates.

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Received 27 Feb 2008; revised 3 Apr 2008; accepted 3 Apr 2008; published 6 Jun 2008

9 June 2008 / Vol. 16, No. 12 / OPTICS EXPRESS 9192

2. Artificial control of the permittivity of split ring resonators

Split ring resonators have been introduced in the context of artificial magnetic materials by
J. Pendry and co-workers [5]. One important objective was to achieve negative permeability
and, ultimately, negative refraction by combining these materials with artificial dielectrics
possessing negative permittivity [9,10]. Actually, a strong magnetic response of SRRs
possibly leading to negative permeability can be obtained when only the magnetic field
couples to the SRR resonance. This implies that the main component of the magnetic field is
along the SRR axis, and that the electromagnetic wave illuminates the SRR plane at an
oblique or grazing incidence. In these conditions, the magnetic response of SRRs is
superposed with a weak electric anti-resonant response [11,12]. Artificial magnetism for an
oblique incidence of the electromagnetic wave has been claimed in recent works on SRR
structures at near-infrared and visible wavelengths [13]. The situation is different for a normal
incidence where only the electric field couples to the SRR resonances [14]. Contrary to the
preceding case, a strong electric response of SRRs is obtained together with a weak magnetic
anti-resonant response. Calculated values of the effective and parameters for this
configuration can be found in [12,14,15]. Despite the weakness of the magnetic response, the
normal incidence configuration is of practical interest for sensing SRR resonances at optical
wavelengths [12,13, 16], which are but plasmon resonances [17].
The SRR geometry and field polarization used in this work are shown in Fig. 1(a). The
magnetic field is parallel to the SRR legs. The electric field has one component parallel to the
SRR gap (Er), and the other parallel to the SRR axis (E). Following the considerations above,
the electric response of the SRR is therefore the dominant one [15]. This will remain true even
for a stack of SRRs provided that there is no coupling between adjacent metallic elements in
the direction of propagation [18]. For the purpose of practical realization, the SRRs are
supposed to be made of gold wires embedded in a host medium of dielectric constant m = 4.
A Drude model is used to simulate the permittivity and loss tangent of the gold wires:

( ) = 1

2p
( + i c )

(1)

where p and c are the plasma frequency and collision frequency of the gold film,
respectively. The values of p and c chosen in the simulations are: p = 1.3671016 s-1
(fp = 2176 THz) and c = 6.4781013 s-1 (fc = 10.3 THz). Both these values have been validated
from previous measurements of SRR resonances in the near-infrared region [19]. The
collision frequency is 2.6 times larger than in bulk gold, which is supposed to account for
additional scattering experienced by electrons at the metal surfaces.
Calculated transmission and reflection spectra of a two-dimensional array of SRRs around
the first SRR resonance (the so-called LC resonance [14]) are presented in Fig. 1(b) for
normal incidence of the electromagnetic wave (E = Hr = H =0). The geometrical parameters
of the SRRs are chosen in such a way as to obtain the first SRR resonance near 60 THz, and
calculations are performed from a finite element HFSS software. Figure 1(c) shows the
effective and parameters (real and imaginary parts) retrieved from the complex
transmission and reflection amplitudes by using the inversion method described in [20,21]. It
is confirmed that the SRR essentially exhibits an electric response to the incident wave with a
slight magnetic anti-resonance. The permittivity (r) associated to the field component Er
covers the full range of values in the interval [0, 1] for frequencies (wavelengths) comprised
between ~ 68 and 100 THz (~ 3 and 4.4 m). As is seen in Fig. 1(b), the minimum reflection
is reached near 100 THz with a value lower than 35 dB. It is also worthwhile noticing that
the SRR does not exhibit any electric response in the azimuthal direction (E 0, Er = 0)
within the frequency range of interest. In other words, the dielectric tensor component in this
direction is simply a constant equal to the permittivity of the host medium ( =m = 4). As
will be seen in the next section, all these conditions are very favourable for the design of an
invisibility cap with weak impedance mismatch at 100 THz.
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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 1. (a) Unit cell and field polarization used in calculations. (b) Transmission and reflection
of gold SRRs calculated at normal incidence (E = Hr = H =0) in the frequency range from 20
to 120 THz. The SRRs are supposed to be embedded in a dielectric with m = 4 permittivity.
The lengths of the SRR gap, base and legs are 120, 360 and 260 nm, respectively. The width
and thickness of the gold wires are w = 50 nm and h = 40 nm. The dimensions of the unit cell
used in calculations are: l = 350 nm, lr = 570 nm, lz = 580 nm. (c) Effective permittivity ( r) and
permeability () of the SRRs for the field polarization considered in Fig. 1(b).

3. Design and simulation of the invisibility cloak

The space transformation used in the proposed cloak is similar to that in [4], by which the
cylindrical region r < b is compressed into the annular region a < r < b. This transformation
leads to the following expression for the permittivity and permeability tensor components:

r = r =

ra
,
r

= =

r
,
ra

b ra

b a
r

z = z =

(2)

We will further restrict the problem to electromagnetic waves with the magnetic field
polarized along the z axis, thereby benefiting from a significant simplification in that only z,
r and are relevant [5]. Since z is the only component of interest in the permeability tensor,
we can multiply r and by the value of z to obtain the following reduced set of parameters :

z = 1,

= (

b 2
) ,
ba

b ra

b a r

r =

(2bis)

which provides the same wave trajectory as the original set of Eq. (2). The only penalty for
choosing the reduced parameters is an imperfect impedance matching at the outer boundary of
the cloak.
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(a)
annular
region
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

SRR
gap
(nm)
110
150
170
200
220
250
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260

(b)
SRR
legs
(nm)
260
260
260
260
260
260
245
230
220
210
200
195
190
185
182.5
180
180
177.5
180
182.5

(c)

Fig. 2. (a) Values of the SRR parameters used in the different annular regions of the invisibility
cloak. The regions are numbered from 1 to 20 going from the outer to the inner boundary of the
cloak. (b) Schematic view of a cloak sector with an enlarged view in the insert. The elementary
cells within a given annular region are identical. In contrast, the cell width l linearly increases
with the radial position of the cell: l = rl1/b, where l1= 500 nm is the width of the elementary
cells in the annular region at the outer cloak boundary (r = b). (c) Evolutions of the three tensor
components ( r, , z) with the radial position of the elementary cell (dotted curves).

The metamaterial cloak proposed in this work consists of an ensemble of elementary cells
similar to that of Fig. 1(a) and arranged in a cylindrical geometry (Fig. 2). The inner and outer
radii of the cloak are a = 11.4 m and b = 22.8 m, respectively. The cloak is comprised of 20
annular regions which themselves are composed of 300 elementary cells. The elementary cells
within a given annular region are identical. In contrast, the cell width and the SRR dimensions
vary with the radial position. The cell width l linearly increases with the radial position:
l = rl1/b, where l1= 500 nm is the width of the elementary cells in the annular region at the
cloak periphery (r = b). The other cell dimensions lr and lz as well as the thickness h and width
w of the gold wires are kept constant. In principle, one should consider elementary cells with a
trapezoidal base and curved boundaries (Fig. 2(b)) instead of the parallelepiped shown in

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Fig. 3. Finite element simulations showing the magnetic field (Hz) distribution around a
metallic cylinder illuminated by a plane wave at 100 THz. The wave propagates in the air from
the left to the right, and the magnetic field is polarized parallel to the cylinder axis. (a) In the
absence of invisibility cloak, wave scattering and shadowing effects are clearly evidenced. (b)
In the presence of the invisibility cloak as described in Fig. 2, the wave travels as if there was
no bulky obstacle. The wave fronts and field amplitudes behind the cloak are essentially the
same as in the absence of the metallic cylinder, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the
cloak.

Figure 1(a). For the sake of simplicity, parallelepipeds are used in the calculations since the
low curvature of the cell boundaries has actually a negligible impact on the permittivity tensor
components associated to the cell [5]. The SRR dimensions are varied from the outer region to
the inner region of the cloak (Table 2b) to produce the radial dependence r(r) given in
Eq. (2bis) at the fixed frequency of 100 THz. An increase of the SRR gap or a decrease of
the SRR legs allows shifting the SRR resonance to higher frequencies, which in turn allows
decreasing the value of r from the outer region to the inner region of the cloak. The values of
SRR gap and legs reported in Table 1a actually allow covering the whole range of dielectric
constants from 1 (region n=1) to 0 (region n=20) at 100 THz (Fig. 2(c)). It is worthwhile
noticing that this range of values is wider than that required for the r parameter in the case of
a magnetic cloak with the same dimensions (E parallel to the cylinder axis). The magnetic
permeability would actually vary from 0 to 0.25 going from the inner region to the outer
region of the cloak. The larger range of permittivities required in the present case imposes in
turn a larger number of annular regions to correctly reproduce the radial dependence of r.
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(a)

(b)

Fig. 4. (a) Unit cell including a metallic cut wire instead of a split ring resonator. The field
polarization is the same as in Fig. 1(a). (b) Effective permittivity ( ) and permeability () of the
cutwire based metamaterial for the field polarization considered in Fig. 4(a). The length, width
and thickness of the gold wire are: l = 400 nm, w = 50 nm and h = 40 nm. The dimensions of
the unit cell are: l = 200 nm, lr = 570 nm and lz = 580 nm.

This being, the length of elementary cells in the radial direction, lr = 570 nm, remains
sufficiently long so as to prevent coupling effects between adjacent SRRs. It can also be
verified that the permittivity chosen for the host material in Section 2 (m = 4) simply
identifies to the tensor component expressed as a function of the outer and inner diameters
of the cloak in Eq. (2bis). The inner cloak diameter (i.e. the diameter of the concealment
region) is presently 7.6 times larger than the working wavelength ( ~ 3 m). To the best of
our knowledge, this is the largest concealment region ever reported in the literature in
wavelength units [4,5,7]. This characteristic is achieved with a quite reasonable ratio between
the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the cloak (b/a = 2), i.e. with a quite reasonable
thickness of the cloak. In contrast, the very large number of elementary cells contained in
the entire cloak (6000) makes a full electromagnetic simulation of the structure very difficult.
For the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of the cloak design, we restricted ourselves
to field mapping simulations [4,5] where each elementary cell is simply represented by a
homogeneous medium with the r(r), , and z tensor components. Calculations were
performed using the finite element package Comsol Multiphysics [22].
Results of our calculations are shown in Fig. 3, which shows the magnetic field (Hz)
distribution around a metallic cylinder illuminated by a plane wave at 100 THz. The
dimensions of the simulation domain are: 91.5 58 m2. Two cases are considered depending
whether an invisibility cloak is present or not. In the first case where the cylinder is
surrounded by air, wave scattering and shadowing effects are clearly evidenced (Fig. 3(a)). In
the second case where the invisibility cloak of Fig. 2 is used, the wave travels as if there was
no bulky obstacle (Fig. 3(b)). The wave fronts and field amplitudes behind the cloak are
essentially the same as in the absence of the metallic cylinder, thus demonstrating the
effectiveness of the cloak. Residual reflections and minute perturbations of the wave fronts
can be readily attributed to the small impedance mismatch of the cloak.
4. From split ring resonators to metallic cut wires
The simulation results of Fig. 3 demonstrate the interest of using SRRs not only for their
magnetic response but also for their electric response. Split ring resonators can indeed be seen
as universal atoms for the construction of two- and three-dimensional photonic
metamaterials at optical frequencies. However, the fabrication of SRR based cloaks as the one
proposed in Fig. 2 represents a very difficult challenge at infrared and visible frequencies.
Modern micro- nano-fabrication technologies are for the most part based on thin-film

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depositions and processes. Even though complex structuring of these films or layers is not
excluded for the realization of innovative two- and three-dimensional photonics, the
feasibility of an invisibility cloak at optical frequencies must be first examined in the context
of standard photonics and planar optics. Regarding this point, it is important to note that the
electric response of SRRs used for the proposed cloak can also be obtained from simpler
metallic nanostructures derived from SRRs. In particular, recent works have shown
numerically [17] and experimentally [19] that a gradual shift in the electric SRR resonances
was obtained by reducing the length of SRR legs to the point where the SRR was transformed
into a single wire piece. A simplified version of optical cloak could be constructed, for
instance, by using an ensemble of elementary cells as the one shown in Fig. 4(a) where the
SRR is replaced by a simple metallic cut wire. This cloak version would be also somewhat
simpler than that recently proposed using metal ellipsoids [5], and its fabrication should be
indeed achievable with standard thin film deposition and nanolithography techniques.
In order to prove the interest of such an optical cloak, we determined the effective
parameters of a cutwire based metamaterial in the same way as it was done for the SRR based
metamaterial (see Section 2). Results are presented in Fig. 4(b), which shows the effective
and parameters (real and imaginary parts) retrieved from the complex transmission and
reflection amplitudes by using the inversion method described in [20,21]. The field
polarization (Er 0, E = 0) and the dielectric permittivity of the host material of the cell are
the same as in Fig. 1. The width and thickness of the metallic wire are also the same as for the
SRR in Fig. 1. The wire length (l = 400 nm) is chosen to be sufficiently long so as to maintain
the first cutwire resonance in the infrared domain while simultaneously keeping reasonable
dimensions for the elementary cell. The resonance frequency (here ~ 110 THz) is
approximately two times larger than that of the SRR represented in Fig. 1, whose total length
is 930 nm (unfolded SRR). The length lr and height lz of the elementary cell in Fig. 4(a) are
the same as in Fig. 1(a) while its width l is 1.75 times smaller (200 nm instead of 350 nm).
As seen in Fig. 4(b), these dimensions allow covering the full range of values in the interval
[0, 1] for frequencies (wavelengths) comprised between ~ 135 and 285 THz (~ 1.06 and
2.2 m). All the evolutions reported in Fig. 4(b) are actually quite similar to those of Fig. 1(c).
This demonstrates that an invisibility cloak can be obtained with the same performances as
those of the cloak described in Fig. 3 but with the use of metallic cut wires instead of SRRs.
The only difference stems from the narrower width of the elementary cells and therefore from
the larger number of cells needed to construct the cloak.
5. Conclusion
We have proposed an electromagnetic cloak, which exploits the electric response of metallic
split ring resonators instead of their magnetic response used so far. This electric response has
been engineered in the infrared part of the spectrum to achieve a gradual variation of the
relative permittivity in the interval [0,1] with very low absorption loss. Numerical simulations
have shown the effectiveness of the proposed cloak, which provides an almost perfect
cloaking and preserves the wave fronts in the surrounding region with negligible impedance
mismatch. Incidentally, this is, to our knowledge, the first time that the diameter of the
cloaked region is as large as about eight times the working wavelength. These results confirm
the high potential of SRRs for the design of metamaterials where their electric and magnetic
responses can be used either independently or in conjunction. Other cloak configurations than
the one studied in this work could be envisaged using a different field polarization with, for
instance, the electric field polarized perpendicular to the SRR gap, and/or higher-order
resonant modes of the SRRs, and/or other cloak shapes. We have also shown that SRRs could
be ultimately replaced by simple cut wires for the construction of non-magnetic cloaking
whose fabrication would be highly compatible with the thin film deposition and processing
techniques currently used for photonics at infrared and visible wavelengths.

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