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2003 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 7585
(http://iopscience.iop.org/1347-4065/42/12R/7585)
View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more
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IP Address: 129.93.16.3
This content was downloaded on 10/09/2015 at 11:15
(Received March 17, 2003; revised August 11, 2003; accepted August 21, 2003; published December 10, 2003)
In the fabrication of the practical helix slow wave structure (SWS), the misalignment or the dielectric constant variation in its
support is not avoidable and, thus, causing azimuthal asymmetry in the structure. Therefore, the analysis of the asymmetric
structure becomes an important issue. In this study, rigorous eld analysis of a general asymmetric helical SWS was done by
considering the structure as a helix supported by n wedge shaped dielectric supports, enclosed in a metal envelope. To
consider the angular harmonic eect, the dielectric was not smoothed out. Using the present theory, the dispersion
characteristics of the asymmetric helical structure were obtained. The study of the dispersion characteristics of the asymmetric
structure revealed the stopband characteristics near the -phase-shift point. This result was compared with that obtained from
3D FEM code, high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and found to be in good agreement. It was also found that the
asymmetry in the structure lowered the phase velocity and the cut-o frequency but increased the stopband width.
[DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.42.7585]
KEYWORDS: helix slow wave structure, asymmetric structure, field analysis
1.
Introduction
E-mail: gunsik@plaza.snu.ac.kr
Analysis
7585
7586
n-1
n-2
n=n
1
2
n=1
n=n1
n-3
n=n2
n=2
r ,n1
r ,n2
n-4
n=n3
r ,n3
Y. D. JOO et al.
r ,n
r ,1
r ,3
Sheath helix
n=i
n=3
r ,2
n=4
4
r ,4
n=5
n = n 4 r ,n4
Barrel
r ,5
5
n-5
r 0, hence
dierent dielectric constant "r;n . With the help of Loshakov10) and Basu,11) the axial (Ez ) and azimuthal (E ) eld
expressions for the dierent regions in the structure can be
written as:
Ez;s
Hz;s
m1
1
X
m1
1
X
j!0
Cs;m Ip0 m r Ds;m Kp0 m r
m1
pm
2 As;m Ipm r Bs;m Kpm r ejpm ;
r
1
X
j!"0 "r;s
E;s
H;s
1
X
Bi;m Di;m 0;
where As;m , Bs;m , Cs;m and Ds;m are the eld constants, and
are the radial and axial propagation constants, respectively. "r;s is the relative permittivity of the sth region, and m is
the angular harmonic number. Here, for s, si for inside
helix, and s1, 2, , n for dierent wedge shaped regions
in angular period exterior to the helix. Ipm r Ipn r and
Kpm r Kpm r are respectively the rst and second kinds
modied Bessel functions of argument r and order pm
which is dened as:
Hz;i a; ; z tan
Hz;n a; ; z tan
H;n a; ; z;
m1
X
m;q Ai;m
m 1
m 6 q
pm m2= mN;
where N is the angular period number and m is the angular
harmonic number.
The primed I and K are derivatives of the Bessel functions
with respect to r. Further, the elds should not diverse at
H;i a; ; z
2
q
tan
k
pq
2
a
2
0;
1 q Ipq a Kpq a
1
1 0q Ip0 q a Kp0 q a
Y. D. JOO et al.
Boundary condition
Ez;n b; ; z 0
Bn;m An;m
Ipm b
Kpm b
(T2)
E;n b; ; z 0
Dn;m Cn;m
Ip0 m b
Kp0 m b
(T3)
(T4)
(T6)
pm Ipm a
tan 2
j!0
a Ip0 m a
pm 1 m 0m Ipm a
An;m
tan 2
j!0
a 1 0m m Ip0 m a
Ci;m Ai;m
Cn;m
Ez;i a; ; z Ez;n a; ; z
An;m Ai;m
!
Ip0 q a Kpq b
N
1
aIpq a Kp0 q a
2
Ipq b Kp0 q a
(
)
n
X
2
;
"r;n n n1
N
n1
"
Ipm a Kp0 m a
N
j!"0
aKpq n 1 q
2 j!"0
Kpm a
#
!
Z
0
n
n
Ipm a Kpm b X
1
jmqN
1
"r;n
e
d
1 m
Ipm b Kp0 m a n1
n1
N
1 m Ipm a Kp0 m a
1 q aKpq a
2
1 m Kpm a
n !
n
jmqN
X
e
"r;n
;
jm qN n1
n1
IN r cosN
A
Ai;0
Ai;0
2 # 12
Ai;1 Ai;1
;
10
IN r sinN
Ai;0
Ai;0
0
1
Ai;1 Ai;1
IN r sinN
B
C
Ai;0
Ai;0
B
C
tan1 B
C:
@
A
Ai;1 Ai;1
I0 r
IN r cosN
Ai;0
Ai;0
11
m
1 m
An;m An1;m
a<r<b
where m Ipm a Kpm b =Kpm a Ipm b , Ip0 m a Kp0 m b =Kp0 m a Ip0 m b , and
m;q
(T1)
(T5)
7587
2.1 Dispersion
The condition for a non-trivial solution for the eld is that
the determinant, formed by the coecients of the constants
occurring in three equations, is equal to zero. This condition
gives the determinant dispersion relation as:
0
1;0 1;0
9
1
1;1 0;
0;1
0;1 1;1 1
The numerical calculation is done using C++ program to
get the propagation constant for the given helix, support rod
and envelope parameters at a selected frequency.
2.2 Axial eld amplitude and phase
tot
tot
amplitude ratio (A ) [ Ez;i
r=Ez;i
0
PThe
q1 q
E
=A
]
and
the
phase
angle
(
),
between
the
i;0
q1 z;i
tot
total axial electric eld at radial coordinate r [ Ez;i
r] and
tot
the total axial electric eld at helix axis [ Ez;i
0] may be
;
Ai;0
1 1 1;1 1;1
3.
Ai;1
0;1 1;1 1 0;1
Ai;0
1 1 1;1 1;1
12
7588
(
r,1
r,2 6
r,3 ) with =0.
Therefore, in each cases of asymmetry, the number of
angular period (N) becomes 1 and the number of regions (n)
in one angular period becomes 6 respectively, with dielectric
constant of each interrod region equals to 1 for vacuum.
While, for the symmetric structure, N3 and n2 because
0 and "r 0 (
r,1
r,2
r,3 ).
Solving eq. (9), the general dispersion curve of the
symmetric structure with no angular oset and equal
dielectric constant is shown in Fig. 3 where the phase shift
is the axial propagation constant multiplied by the pitch of
the circuit. Curves AE mean the dierent solutions of eq.
(9). Curves A and B are just the numerical solutions because
they do not represent physical situations. For example, for
phase shift equals to 1, the normalized phase velocity > 0:3
for curves A or B. Next, curve E representing m1 is also
beyond the range of practical interest and thus, only curves
C and D representing m0 and m1 are considered for
further study.
It is found from the earlier published works13,16) that the
-mode stopband is created in the asymmetric structure.
Thus, at rst, our study is related to analyze the structure
near the -point where propagation constants of m0 and
m1 modes become equal. The dispersion shape around
the -point for the angular asymmetric structure is shown in
Fig. 4 and compared with the symmetric structure. Figure 4
shows that for the symmetric structure, the upper and lower
branch lines are crossed. But, for the asymmetric structure
there occurs a frequency gap (f ) between the lower and
upper branches of the dispersion curves, and this gap is
known as the stopband. Further, the asymmetry causes the
lowering of the cut-o frequency (fc ) which is the highest
point of the lower branch where the propagation constants of
m=0 and m=1 modes meet each other and practically, the
device can operate upto this frequency (fc ). The gure, also,
clearly shows that for a given frequency the asymmetry
results in higher propagation constant, that is, reduced phase
velocity, particularly near to the cut-o frequency regime.
Y. D. JOO et al.
Fig. 7. Cut-o frequency versus dielectric constant oset "r (curve A),
stopband width (%) (curve B) of the dielectric asymmetric structure.
Solid line is from the present analysis, and the circle point is from HFSS
simulation (helix radius=0.7 mm, envelope radius=1.5 mm, support rod
dielectric constant=6.5, wedge angle 60 ) In HFSS simulation
averaged 8810 mesh was made, max delta frequency is 0.200315%,
and simulation time is about 1 h for 1 data point in pen4 1.6 GHz CPU,
512 MB RAM.
Y. D. JOO et al.
7589
7590
Fig. 10. Normalized phase velocity vs. frequency for b=a (ratio between
the metal envelope radius and the helix radius)=2.0, 2.5, 3.0 shown by
curves A, B, and C respectively (support rod wedge angle=50 , dielectric
constant=6.5, helix radius=0.7 mm, pitch=0.65 mm).
Y. D. JOO et al.
Fig. 12. For the angular asymmetric structure: Amplitude ratio (A ) and
the phase angle ( ) between the axial electric eld and the nonazimuthally varying mode of the axial eld versus the azimuthal angle,
for the angular oset angle 0, 10, 20 shown by curves A, B, and C
respectively. The observation position r is 0.4 mm, and at 6 GHz (Support
rod wedge angle=60 , dielectric constant=6.5, helix radius=0.7 mm,
pitch=0.65 mm, metal envelope radius=1.5 mm).
Fig. 13. For the dielectric asymmetric structure: Amplitude ratio (A ) and
the phase angle ( ), between the axial electric eld and the nonazimuthally varying mode of the axial eld versus the azimuthal angle,
for the dielectric oset "r 0% ("r 6:5), 10% ("r 7:15) and 20%
("r 7:8) shown by curves A, B, and C respectively. The observation
position r is 0.4 mm, and at 6 GHz (Support rod wedge angle=60 ,
dielectric constant=6.5, helix radius=0.7 mm, pitch=0.65 mm, envelope
radius=1.5 mm).
position at dierent frequencies. With this aim, the amplitude (A ) and the phase ( ) of the normalized total axial
electric eld are computed from eqs. (10) and (11)
respectively. Here, the axial electric eld of two typical
frequencies, 6 GHz far away from the cut-o frequency and
20.3 GHz near the cut-o frequency, are presented for both
the symmetric and the asymmetric structures.
First, the results, at the frequency 6 GHz, are presented at
the dierent angular positions () in Fig. 12 for the angular
asymmetric case and in Fig. 13 for the dielectric asymmetric
case, respectively. For the symmetric case, A is the max at
the centers of support rods (0 , 120 , 240 ), since the plot
is made in such way that angular position 0 is the
center of the rst support rod of wedge angle 60 and A is
the min at 60 , 180 , 300 . For the angular asymmetric
Fig. 14. For the angular asymmetric structure: Amplitude ratio (A ) and
the phase angle ( ) between the axial electric eld and the nonazimuthally varying mode of the axial eld versus the azimuthal angle,
for the angular oset angle 0, 10, 20 degrees shown by curves A, B,
and C respectively. The observation position r is 0.4 mm, and at 20.3 GHz
(Support rod wedge angle=60 , dielectric constant=6.5, helix radius=0.7 mm, pitch=0.65 mm, metal envelope radius=1.5 mm).
Y. D. JOO et al.
Fig. 15. For the dielectric asymmetric structure: Amplitude ratio (A ) and
the phase angle ( ), between the axial electric eld and the nonazimuthally varying mode of the axial eld versus the azimuthal angle,
for the dielectric oset "r 0% ("r 6:5), 10% ("r 7:15) and 20%
("r 7:8) shown by curves A, B, and C respectively. The observation
position r is 0.4 mm, and at 20.3 GHz (Support rod wedge angle=60 ,
dielectric constant=6.5, helix radius=0.7 mm, pitch=0.65 mm, envelope
radius=1.5 mm).
7591
Conclusion
7592
Appendix A
The various constants occurring in eqs. (1)(4) can be
easily expressed in terms of a single constant, namely, Ai;m
using the relations between the constants shown in Table I.
as:
m
Ai;m ;
A1;m A2;m . . . An;m
1 m
Ip b
1
B1;m B2;m . . . Bn;m m
Ai;m ;
K pm b 1 m
C1;m C2;m . . . Cn;m
pm
0m Ipm a
tan 2
Ai;m ;
j!0
a 1 0m Ip0 m a
D1;m D2;m . . . Dn;m Cn;m
tan
j!0
Kp0 m b
Ip0 m b Ipm a
pm
2
Ai;m :
a 1 0m Kp0 m b Ip0 m a
A:1
0m
j!"0 "r;n
An;m Ip0 m a Bn;m Kp0 m a
pm
jmqN
2 Cn;m Ipm a Dn;m Kpm a e
d
a
nn X
1
X
pm
ejmqN d:
An;m Ipm a Bn;m Kpm a
n1
B:2
Substituting eq. (A1) and (T3) of Table I. into eqs. (B2) and
(B3), and after a little algebraic manipulation, one can get:
"(
1
X
Ipm a
pm 2 j!"0 0
Ai;m
tan 2
I
j!0 Ip0 m a
a
pm a
m1
pm 2
0m Ipm a
tan 2
r j!0 1 0m Ip0 m a
!) Z 2
Ip0 m b Kpm a
N
Ipm a
ejmqN d
Kp0 m b
0
0
I
j!"0 m
pm b Kpm a
Ip0 m a
1 m
Kpm b
#
Z
n
n
n
X
jmqN
"r;n
e
d 0
B:3
j!"0 "r;i
Ai;m Ip0 m a Bi;m Kp0 m a
pm
2 Ci;m Ipm a Di;m Kpm a ejmqN d
a
1
X
pm
j!"0 0
Ci;m Ipm a tan 2
Ai;m
I
a
pm a
m1
Z 2
N
ejmqN d
B:1
0
n1
n1
1
X
n
X
Ai;m Um GII Vm
!
"r;n Gn;II
0;
B:4
n1
m 1
m 6 q
where
0
1
p q 2 Ip q a
j!"0 0
@
m A
m
tan 2
Ip q a
Uq
0
j!
a
I
m
m
0
pqa
m
2
3
0
1
0
0
Ip q a Kp q a p q a
m
6
A m 7
4Ip q a @Ip q a m 0
5;
m
m
Kp q a
1 0q
m
Vq
m
j!"0 @ 0
Ip q a
m
Ip q
m
0
b Kp
q a
m
Kp q b
1
A
2
N
GI
d
2
N
GII
2
;
N
1 q
n
Gn
d n n1 ;
n1
ejmqN d 0;
q
m
n1
n1 m1
Ip0 m b
Appendix B
m1
Y. D. JOO et al.
n
Gn;II
n1
ejmqN d
ejmqN
jm qN
n
:
n1
1
:
a
Y. D. JOO et al.
7593
And the last term of eq. (B4) becomes, in the case of m6q:
GII 0;
"
!#
1
n
X
X
Ai;m Vm
"r;n Gn;II
n1
m 1
m 6 q
"
1
X
Ai;m
m 1
m 6 q
n
X
n
"r;n
n1
Adding
!
Kp0 m a Ipm a
Ip0 m a Kpm a
j!"0
1
1 0
1 m
Kpm a
Kpm a Ipm b
eqs.
!#
ejmqN d
B:6
n1
2 j!"0 1 1
1
N a Kpq a 1 q ,
with