Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
INTRODUCTION
The matrix converter providing directly ac-ac power conversion is one of the most interesting
members of the power converter family. Matrix converter firstly introduced in 1976 started to
improving after papers of Venturini and Alesina in 1980. The proposed method by these authors is
known as the Venturini method or the direct transfer function approach. In this method, gate-drive
signals for the nine bidirectional switches are calculated to generate variable-frequency and/or
variable-amplitude sinusoidal output voltages from the fixed-frequency and the fixed-amplitude input
voltages.
The MC has some advantages as follows according to traditional converter Energy regeneration
aptitude to the mains, Sinusoidal input and output currents, Controllable of input displacement factor
regardless of the load, Compact design due to the lack of dc-link components for energy storage.
But the matrix converter has also some disadvantages. First of all it has a maximum input output
voltage transfer ratio limited to 87 % for sinusoidal input and output waveforms. It requires more
semiconductor devices than a conventional AC-AC indirect power frequency converter, since no
monolithic bi-directional switches exist and consequently discrete unidirectional devices, variously
arranged, have to be used for each bi-directional switch. Finally, it is particularly sensitive to the
disturbances of the input voltage system.
The physical realization of the MC is very difficult, and the number of the devices in the power
circuit is higher than that of the inverter. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain an effective model and to test
it before constructing a working prototype of the MC. However, popular circuit-oriented simulation
software packages such as PSPICE, PSIM and MATLAB&SIMULINK have not got the model of an
MC as a standard block in their libraries.
2. BASIC TOPOLOGY
The matrix converter consists of 9 bi-directional switches that allow any output phase to be
connected to any input phase. The circuit scheme is shown in Fig.1. The input terminals of the
converter are connected to a three phase voltage-fed system, usually the grid, while the output terminal
are connected to a three phase current- fed system, like an induction motor might be. The capacitive
filter on the voltage- fed side and the inductive filter on the current- fed side represented in the scheme
of Fig.1 are intrinsically necessary. Their size is inversely proportional to the matrix converter
switching frequency.
Sij(t)=1,switch on
0,switch off
The power filter at the input of the converter mitigates the high-frequency components of the
MC input currents, generating almost sinusoidal source currents and avoiding the generation of
overvoltages. Overvoltages are caused by the fast commutation of input currents due to the presence of
the short-circuit reactance of any real power supply. The inductance of the input filter Lf and capacitor
Cf provide series resonance for any harmonic coming from the three-phase mains and parallel
resonance for current harmonics generated in currents iA,iB, and iC through the operation of the
switches. When the frequency of these harmonics is close to the resonance frequency of the filter,
strong oscillations will appear. The design of the input filter is an important issue in the operation of
the DMC. Due to the presence of capacitors at the input of the DMC, only one switch on each column
can be closed. Furthermore,the inductive nature of the load makes it impossible to interrupt the load
current suddenly, and therefore, at least one switch of each column must be closed.
In order to develop a modulation strategy for the MC, it is necessary to develop a
mathematical model, which can be derived directly
vo = T(Sij)vi
ii=T(Sij)Tio
Where
vo=[va vb vc]T is the output voltage vector,
vi=[vA vB vC]T is the input voltage vector,
ii=[iA iB iC]T is the input current vector,
io=[ ia ib ic]T is the output current vector, and
T(Sij) is the instantaneous transfer matrix of the DMC as a function of the
switches Sij , which is defined as
3. PERFORMANCE
This section gives a short description of what are the performance of a matrix converter. A
qualitative analysis of some performance parameters is carried out. Some numerical results based on
simplified model of a matrix converter system are also shown.
3.1 THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Since no energy storage components are present between the input and output side of the matrix
converter, the output voltages have to be generated directly from the input voltages. Each output
voltage waveform is synthesized by sequential piecewise sampling of the input voltage waveforms.
The sampling rate has to be set much higher than both input and output frequencies, and the duration
of each sample is controlled in such a way that the average value of the output waveform within each
sample period tracks the desired output waveform. As consequence of the input-output direct
connection, at any instant, the output voltages have to fit within the enveloping curve of the input
voltage system. Under this constraint, the maximum output voltage the matrix converter can generate
without entering the over- modulation range is equal to 3/2 of the maximum input voltage: this is an
intrinsic limit of matrix converter and it holds for any control law. Entering in the over- modulation
range, thus accepting a certain amount of distortion in the output voltages and input currents, it is
possible to reach higher voltage transfer ratio . In Fig.2 the output voltage waveform of a matrix
converter is shown and compared to the output waveform of a traditional voltage source inverter
(VSI). The output voltage of a VSI can assume only two discrete fixed potential values, those of the
positive and negative DC-bus. In the case of the matrix converter the output voltages can assume either
input voltage a, b or c and their value is not
harmonics.
(a)
VSI
Fig. 3.2- Matrix converter input current and harmonic spectrum (switching frequency 2kHz)
Fig. 3.3 - Matrix converter input line-to-neutral voltage, instantaneous input current
and its average value. Switching frequency 2kHz.
Fig 4.1 Diode bridge with a single IGBT. Fig 4.2 Two anti-paralleled IGBT with series diodes
This is a disadvantage, as many of the advanced commutation methods described later require this.
The common emitter bidirectional switch cell arrangement consists of two diodes and two IGBTs
connected in antiparallel as shown in Fig. 5(a). The diodes are included to provide the reverse blocking
capability. There are several advantages in using this arrangement when compared to the previous
example. The first is that it is possible to independently control the direction of the current. Conduction
losses are also reduced since only two devices carry the current at any one time. One possible
disadvantage is that each bidirectional switch cell requires an isolated power supply for the gate drives.
The common collector bidirectional switch cell arrangement is shown in Fig. 5(b). The conduction
losses are the same as for the common emitter configuration. An often-quoted advantage of this
method is that only six isolated power supplies are needed to supply the gate drive signals . However,
in practice, other constraints such as the need to minimize stray inductance mean that operation with
only six isolated supplies is generally not viable. Therefore, the common emitter configuration is
generally preferred for creating the matrix converter bidirectional switch cells. Both the common
collector and common emitter configurations can be used without the central common connection, but
this connection does provide some transient benefits during switching. In the common emitter
configuration, the central connection also allows both devices to be controlled from one isolated gate
drive power supply.
4.1.2 INTEGRATED POWER MODULES
It is possible to construct the common emitter bidirectional switch cell from discrete
components, but it is also possible to build a complete matrix converter in the package style used for
standard six-pack IGBT modules. This technology can be used to develop a full matrix converter
power circuit in a single package, as shown in Fig. 6.
This has been done by Eupec using devices connected in the common collector configuration
(Fig.7) and is now available commercially . This type of packaging will have important benefits in
terms of circuit layout as the stray inductance in the current commutation paths can be minimized.
If the switching devices used for the bidirectional switch have a reverse voltage blocking
capability, for example, MOS turn-off thyristor (MTOs), then it is possible to build the bidirectional
switches by simply placing two devices in antiparallel.
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.6- (a) Avoid short circuits on the matrix converter input lines. (b) Avoid open circuits on
the matrix converter output lines.
These two considerations cause a conflict since semiconductor devices cannot be switched
instantaneously due to propagation delays and finite switching times.
10
11
5. MODULATION TECHNIQUES
(1)
(2)
In (2), is the voltage gain between the output and input voltages.
(3)
(4)
12
Vo=qVim
...(5)
The common-mode voltages have no effect on the output line-to-line voltages, but allow the target
outputs to fit within the input voltage envelope with a value of q up to 87% as illustrated in Fig. 15.The
common-mode voltages have no effect on the outputline-to-line voltages, but allow the target outputs
to fit within the input voltage envelope with a value of up to 87% as illustrated in Fig. 15.
The improvement in voltage ratio is achieved by redistributing the null output states of the converter
(all output lines connected to the same input line) and is analogous to the similar well-established
technique in conventional dc-link PWM converters. It should be noted that a voltage ratio of 87% is
13
the intrinsic maximum for any modulation method where the target output voltage equals the mean
output voltage during each switching sequence.Venturini provides a rigorous proof of this fact.
...(6)
This method is of little practical significance because of the 50% voltage ratio
limitation.Venturinis optimum method employs the common-mode addition technique defined in (5)
to achieve a maximum voltage ratio of 87%. The formal statement of the algorithm, including
displacement factor control, in Venturinis Algorithm is rather complex and appears unsuited for real
time implementation. In fact, if unity input displacement factor is required, then the algorithm can be
more simply stated in the form of (7)
...(7)
Note that, in (7), the target output voltages vj include the common-mode addition defined in
(5). Equation (7) provides a basis for real-time implementation of the optimum amplitude Venturini
method which is readily handled by processors up to sequence (switching) frequencies of tens of
kilohertz. Input displacement factor control can be introduced by inserting a phase shift between the
14
measured input voltages and the voltages vk inserted into (7). However, like all other methods,
displacement factor control is at the expense of maximum voltage ratio.
Fig.5.3 Typical waveforms (a) Phase output voltage (b) Load current
15
6. PRACTICAL ISSUES
6.1 INPUT FILTERS
Filters must be used at the input of the matrix converters to reduce the switching frequency
harmonics present in the input current. The requirements for the filter are as follows:
1) to have a cutoff frequency lower than the switching frequency of the
converter;
2) to minimize its reactive power at the grid frequency;
3) to minimize the volume and weight for capacitors and chokes;
4) to minimize the filter inductance voltage drop at rated current in order to avoid a reduction in the
voltage transfer ratio.
It must be noticed that this filter does not need to store energy coming from the load. Several
filter configurations like simple LC and multistage LC have been investigated . It has been shown that
simple LC filtering, as shown in Fig. 17, is the best alternative considering cost and size. The matrix
converter is expected to be the pure silicon converter, because it does not need large reactive
elements to store energy.
16
17
18
Fig 7.1 Simulink Model for Venturini Algorithm Based Modulation of Matrix Converter
Fig.7.2 Switching Scheme for Matrix Converter Using Nine Bidirectional Switches
19
20
21
22
Fig.7.13 Sum of all the three duty cycles for input phase"a"
23
Fig.7.14 Sum of all the three duty cycles for input phase"b"
Fig.7.15 Sum of all the three duty cycles for input phase"c"
24
8.
After two decades of research effort, several modulation and control methods have been
developed for the matrix converter, allowing the generation of sinusoidal input and output
currents, operating with unity power factor using standard processors. The most important
practical implementation problem in the matrix converter circuit, the commutation problem
between two controlled bidirectional switches, has been solved with the development of highly
intelligent multistep commutation strategies. The solution to this problem has been made possible
by using powerful digital devices that are now readily available in the market.
Another important drawback that has been present in all evaluations of matrix converters
was the lack of a suitably packaged bidirectional switch and the large number of power
semiconductors. This limitation has recently been overcome with the introduction of power
modules which include the complete power circuit of the matrix converter
Now, the matrix converter faces a very strong competition from the VSI with a threephase active front end (AFE). This fully regenerative VSI-AFE topology has similar operating
characteristics of sinusoidal input and output currents and adjustable power factor. In addition, the
technology is mature and well established in the market. The real challenge for the matrix
converter is to be accepted in the market. In order to achieve this goal, the matrix converter must
overcome the VSI-AFE solution in terms of costs, size, and reliability.
Future work should focus on the improvement of the developed code to control the
switching of the converter switches to obtain a better performance of the direct matrix converter.
The design of accurate voltage measurement and high sensitivity current direction detection
circuits is necessary. Since safe commutation depends solely on either reliable detection of the
load current direction or accurate voltage measurement. Besides, improvement of both
measurement circuits would solve the exiting problems.
Futhermore, future work would focus on the implementation of soft computing techniques
in matrix converter.
25
9. REFERENCES
1. Matrix Converters: A Technology Review Patrick W. Wheeler, Member, IEEE, Jos
Rodrguez, Senior Member, IEEE, Jon C. Clare, Member, IEEE, Lee Empringham, Member,
IEEE, and Alejandro Weinstein, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,
VOL. 49, NO. 2, APRIL 2002
2. A Review of Control and Modulation Methods for Matrix Converters-Jose Rodriguez, Fellow,
IEEE, Marco Rivera, Member, IEEE, Johan W. Kola,Fellow, IEEE, and Patrick W. Wheeler,
Member, IEEE
3. P.Tenti, L. Malesani, L. Rossetto, Optimum Control of N-Input K-Output Matrix
Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 707-713, October 1992.
4. A. Alesina, M. Venturini, Analysis and Design of Optimum-Amplitude Nine-Switch Direct
AC-AC Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101-112, January
1989.
5. D. Casadei, G. Grandi, G. Serra, A. Tani, Space vector control of matrix converters with unity
input power factor and sinusoidal input/output waveforms, Proceedings of IEE-EPE'93, Vol. 7,
pp. 170-175, 1993.
6. P. Nielsen, The matrix converter for an induction motor drive, Industrial Ph.D. project
EF493, ISBN 87-89179-14-5, 296 pages, Aalborg University, Denmark,1996.
7. P.D. Ziogas, S.I. Khan, and M.H. Rashid, Analysis and Design of Forced Commutated
Cycloconverter Structures with Improved Transfer Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Application, vol. IE-33, No. 3, August 1986, pp. 271-280.
8. J. Chang, D. Braun, High- frequency AC-AC converter using 3- in-1 IBPMs and adaptive
commutation, Proceedings of IEEE/PESC99, vol. 1, pp. 351 357, 1999.
9. J. Mahlein, O. Simon, M. Braun, A Matrix Converter with Space Vector Control Enabling
Overmodulation, Proceedings of EPE99, CD-ROM, paper 394, pp. 1-11, 1999.
26
10. M. Milanovic and B. Dobaj, A Novel Unity Power Factor Correction Principle in Direct AC
to AC Matrix Converters, Proceedings of IEEE/PESC98, pp. 746-752.
27