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Synchronous Machine
The stator is similar in construction that of a induction motor.
The rotor can be Salient or Non-Salient (cylindrical rotor).
Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or
electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the RMF
caused by stator.
Non-excited rotors are also possible as in case of reluctance
motors.

The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction
motor at synchronous speed under all load condition.
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Synchronous Motor
The synchronous motor rotates at the synchronous speed i.e.
the speed of the RMF.
Stator is similar in construction to that of an induction motor,
so same principle is applied to the synchronous motor rotor.
Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent
or electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of
the RMF caused by stator.

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Synchronous Machine Construction

(a) CRSM

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(b) SPSM

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Synchronous Motors
Therefore, at this instant the rotor experiences a counterclockwise torque
tending to make it rotate in the direction opposite to that of the stator
poles.
The net torque on the rotor in one revolution will be zero, and therefore
the motor will not develop any starting torque.
The stator field is rotating so fast that the rotor poles cannot catch up or
lock onto it. The motor will not speed up but will vibrate.
Because it not self-started, two methods are normally used to start a
synchronous motor:

Use a variable-frequency supply

Start the machine as an induction motor.

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Types of synchronous motor

1. Wound field motor
a. Cylindrical rotor

b. Salient pole rotor

2. Permanent magnet motor

3. Hysteresis motor
4. synchronous reluctance motor
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Synchronous Motor-Principle
The rotor acting as a bar magnet will turn to line up with the rotating
magnet field. The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike
induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition.

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Electrical Frequency
Electrical frequency produced is locked or synchronized to the
mechanical speed of rotation of a synchronous generator,

fe

nm P
120

where,

fe = electrical frequency in Hz
P = number of poles
nm= mechanical speed of the rotor, in r/min

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Generated Voltage
The generated voltage of a synchronous generator is given by

EA K f w
where f = flux in the machine (function of IF)
w = angular speed
Kc= synchronous machine constant
EA

IF

Saturation characteristic (generated voltage vs field current) of

a synchronous
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Voltage Regulation
A convenient way to compare the voltage behaviour of two generators is

by their voltage regulation (VR). The VR of a synchronous generator at a

given load, power factor, and at rated speed is defined as

VR

Vnl V fl
V fl

100%

Where Vfl is the full-load terminal voltage, and Vnl (equal to Ef) is the

no-load terminal voltage (internal voltage) at rated speed when the load is
removed without changing the field current. For lagging power factor
(PF), VR is fairly positive, for unity PF, VR is small positive and for
leading PF, VR is negative.
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Wound field synchronous motor

The rotor has dc field winding, which is supplied from a dc

source through slip rings and brushes. It contains

Cylindrical or Salient pole construction.
Cylindrical rotor Wound field motor
Salient pole wound field motor
The cylindrical rotor have higher mechanical strength and
are employed in high power & high speed applications.
Mostly salient pole motors are prepared due to low cost.
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Cylindrical rotor Wound field motor

Equivalent circuit of cylindrical rotor

Xs synchronous reactance
E Excitation EMF

Power input to motor is,

Where is phase angle of Is with respect to V.
Developed power in motor after neglecting the stator loss
Now,

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Then

Sub the above eqn in developed power in motor ,

The stator produces a rotating magnetic field by moving at a syn speed

Where, f & P frequency and no of poles

Rotor field must move at the same speed as stator speed to produce the
steady state torque.

E- constant. Pm and T are proportional to sin .

The angle (power or torque angle)

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Characteristics of Cylindrical rotor Wound field motor

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Salient pole wound field motor

Equivalent circuit of Salient pole wound field motor, it contains
different synchronous reactance in direct & quadrature axis.

From the phasor diagram,

and

Then the eqn becomes,

Xsd & Xsq -- synchronous reactance of direct & quadrature axis.
Isd & Isq -- direct & quadrature components of Is

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Sub Isd & Isq in above eqn,

Developed power in motor is given by

Sub Is.cos eqn in developed power,

And we know that,
Then the eqn is,

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Characteristics of salient pole wound field rotor

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STARTING SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

1 Starting by Reducing Electrical Frequency

If stator B rotate at low enough speed, there will be no problem

for rotor to accelerate & will lock in with stator.
Speed of BS then can be increased gradually to normal 50 or 60
Hz
Shortcoming: how to provide a variable electrical frequency

source, this needs a dedicated generator.

This requirement is obviously impractical.

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Start with Variable-Frequency Supply

By using a frequency converter, a synchronous motor can be brought from standstill

to its desired speed.

The motor is start with a low-frequency supply.

This will make the stator field rotate slowly so that the rotor poles can follow the
stator poles.

Afterwards, the frequency is gradually increased and the motor brought to its

desired speed.

This method is expensive since the frequency converter is a costly power

conditioning unit.

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STARTING SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

2- Starting With an External Prime Mover
Attaching an external motor to it to bring syn. Machine up to full
speed

Then syn. Machine be paralleled

with its power system as a

generator
Now starting motor can be detached from machine shaft, then its

slow down
BR fall behind Bnet & machine change its mode to be motor
Once paralleling completed syn. Motor can be loaded down in an
ordinary fashion
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STARTING SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

3- Starting by Using damper or Amortisseur Windings

most popular method is to employ amortisseur or damper

winding
armortisseur windings are special bars laid into notches
carved in face of a syn. motors rotor & then shorted out on
each end by a large shorting ring

To understand what a set of amortisseur windings does in a

syn. motor, examine salient 2 pole rotor.
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Start as an Induction Motor

For this purpose, a damper or amortisseur

winding, which resembles the cage of an
induction motor, is mounted on the rotor.
To start the motor the field winding is left
unexcited.
If the motor terminals are now connected to the
ac supply, the motor will start as an induction
motor.

The motor will speed up and will approach synchronous speed.

The rotor is then closely following the stator field poles, which are rotating at
the synchronous speed.

Now if the rotor poles are excited by a field current from a dc source, the
rotor poles will be locked to them.

The rotor will then run at synchronous speed.

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Permanent magnet motor (PM)

Field excitation is obtained by mounting permanent magnets on the rotor.
This eliminates dc source; losses associated with the field winding and
frequent maintenance associated with slip rings and brushes in a wound field
motor.
Power factor cannot controlled field excitation cannot be controlled.
The permanent motors designed to operate at unity power factor at full load.
The power developed by the motor,
The torque is,
PMSM eliminates field copper loss, higher
power density, lower inertia and more robust.
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Hysteresis synchronous motor

In hysteresis motor, stator has single or three phase arc winding.
Rotor consists of a single thin walled cylinder made of hard steel.
Below syn speed the motor works as induction motor.
As hysteresis loss is proportional to
frequency and eddy current loss is
proportional to square of frequency.

The rotor has smooth non-salient

construction, its operation smooth and
quiet. Small rating motors used in

tape recorders, fans and high inertia

applications.
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Synchronous reluctance motor

Salient pole motor without field winding. Then the expression
for torque at syn torque is equal to 0.

Due to the absence of field excitation, the air gap flux is

produced only by magnetising current drawn from the source.

magnetising current is larger & power factor is lower compared to
other syn motors.
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Control of synchronous motors on adjustable

(variable) frequency supply
Synchronous Speed is directly proportional to frequency.
Rated voltage is reached at the base speed. For higher
speeds, the machine is operated at a rated terminal voltage

and variable frequency, and pull-out torque decreases with

an increase in frequency.
Types
(1). True synchronous mode (or) separate controlled mode
(2). Self- synchronous mode (or) self controlled mode
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True synchronous mode (or) separate controlled mode

In separate controlled mode, the stator supply frequency is
controlled by independent of oscillator. Freq changed from
initial to desired value the difference b/w syn speed and
rotor is small.
when the desired syn speed is reached, the rotor pulls into

step, after hunting oscillations.

Variable freq control not only allows the speed control, also
used for smooth starting & regenerative braking. A motor with
damper winding is used for pull- in to synchronism.
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True synchronous mode (or) separate controlled mode

Used

for

multiple

control

of

synchronous

reluctance or permanent
magnet

motors-

fiber

spinning, textile & paper

mills.

Freq command f* applied to VSI through a delay ckt. So that rotor speed is
able to track or sense the changes in the frequency.
The flux controller changes this stator voltage with freq to maintain a
constant flux below rated speed (( (v/f))

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Self- synchronous mode (or) self controlled mode

Self controlled mode- if it gets its operating freq from the inverter whose
thyristors are fixed from a rotor position sensing unit. This unit measures
the rotor position with respect to stator reference and sends pulses to the

thyristors.
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Principles of separate control & Self control

There are 3 possible combinations available to provide a VVVF to syn
motor fed from a VSI.
(a). Square wave inverters dc link voltage is variable, the voltage control is
obtained to inverter using phase controlled rectifier. (commutation is
difficult at low speeds)
(b). PWM inverter - the voltage control is obtained to inverter using the
principles of PWM & dc link voltage is constant.
(c). Chopper with Square wave inverter chopper is placed in between the
rectifier and inverter. Usage of 3 simple converters makes it possible to
reduce the link inductance by having syn control of the chopper.
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Principles of separate control

Separate control of syn motor fed square wave inverter

Separate control of syn motor fed PWM inverter

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Self control of synchronous motor

Self control of syn motor fed square wave inverter

Self control of syn motor fed PWM inverter

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Chopper fed synchronous motor

The DC chopper placed in between the diode rectifier and inverter.

Inverter has many advantages through it seem complex circuitry.
Usage of 3 simple converters makes it possible to reduce the link
inductance by having synchronous control of the chopper.
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VSI fed synchronous motor

VSI fed drives can also be developed to have self control, using rotor
position sensor or phase control methods. But these drives might
impose fewer commutation problems both on machine as well as on

the system design.

A normal voltage source inverter with 180* conduction of thyristors
requires forced commutation and load commutation is not possible.

There are 3 combinations are possible to provide a variable voltage

variable frequency supply to a syn motor.
(1). Using PWM inverter and diode rectifier
(2). Using square wave inverter and phase controlled rectifier
(3). Using square wave inverter & chopper & diode rectifier
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Using PWM inverter and diode rectifier

Using square wave inverter and phase controlled rectifier

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Using square wave inverter & chopper & diode rectifier

Three simple converters are used to give the desired result. It is

possible to reduce the size of link inductance by having a synchronous
control of the chopper.
Separate control VSI fed syn motor
Self control - VSI fed syn motor
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self controlled VSI fed synchronous motor using

square wave inverter

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self controlled VSI fed synchronous motor using

PWM inverter

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separately controlled CSI fed synchronous motor using

Square wave inverter

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separately controlled CSI fed synchronous motor using

PWM inverter

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Cycloconverter fed synchronous motor

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Closed loop control of synchronous motor

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synchronous motor power factor control

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