Exciter

Objectives
Provide excitation current

Table of contents

Excitation System.................................................................................................................................... 2

By Engr. Jonald
Excitation System
1. Three distinct type of exciter
a. DC excitation system (DC) utilize DC generator with commutator.
b. AC excitation system (AC) use alternator and either brush excitation system (stationary) or
brushless excitation system (with rotating diode)
c. Static excitation system (ST) power is supplied through transformers & rectifiers. (no rotary
component)
2. General function block diagram for the three types of excitation.

-Governor monitors and maintain the rotor speed, 60hz

1. Typical flow chart of Excitation System

Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator convert voltage/current into electronic signal
that AVR can be able to read.
Excitation control elements or AVR compares the Vc and Vref to get error voltage signal V R,
VUEL and VOEL is the underexcitation limit and overexcitation limit.
Exciter amplifies voltage receive from AVR so it can apply in the field winding of the rotor.
Power System Stabilizer introduce damping signal to damp noise created by excitation system

2. DC excitation system

3. AC excitation sys

Either monitor the generator output voltage using AC regulator or monitor the dc excitation
voltage output by rectifier using DC regulator

4. Static excitation system most used either stationary or with rotating diode.

AVR control exciter very effective during steady state operation, but in case of sudden disturbance it
may have negative influence on damping of power swing, because if force field current changes in the
generator. This may be eliminated by additional loop PSS that produce signal to compensate for
voltage oscillation.

Proportion present input value to correct error

Itegral past correct value slowly based on past condition
Derivative Future- know the value where to stop and input correct signal so it will not overshoot.
The more the closer the more slower the input signal. If the reference is moving away and cannot
reach by derivative then integral will correct it slowly.

Proportional Control
Proportional control is a pure gain adjustment acting on the error signal to provide the driving input to
the process. The P term in the PID controller is used to adjust the speed of the system.
Integral Control
Integral control is implemented through the introduction of an integrator. Integral control is used to
provide the required accuracy for the control system.
Derivative Control
Derivative action is normally introduced to increase the damping in the system. The derivative term
also amplifies the existing noise which can cause problems including instability.

Proportional control Pure gain adjustment acting on the error signal. Adjust speed in the controller, a steady state error
occured
Proportional and integral control The response becomes more oscillatory and needs longer to settle, the error disappears.
Proportional, integral and derivative control Now the design specifications are reached.
Summary
PID control:
Three different parameters (KP, Ti, Td)
Difficult to adjust according to the specifications

P term is used to adjust the speed.

I term provides zero error.

D term introduces damping.

Reference
1. Sample calculation Power System Dynamics _stability and control pp 47 got excitation also to
study
2. 6824941-power-system-stasbility-lecture.pdf

Term
Efdmax

Description
Maximum exciter output voltage (applied
to generator field)

FEX

Rectifier loading factor

Ifd

Generator field current

IN

Normalized exciter load current

KA

Regulator gain

KB

Second stage regulator gain

KC

Rectifier loading factor related to

commutating reactance

KD

Demagnetizing factor, function of exciter

alternator reactances

KE

Exciter constant related to self-excited

field

KF,KN

Regulator stabilizing circuit gains

KG

Inner loop feedback constant

KH

Exciter field current feedback gain

KI

Current circuit gain coefficient

KL

Gain of exciter field current limit

KLV

Gain of exciter low voltage limit signal

KP

Potential circuit gain coefficient

KR

Constant associated with regulator and

alternator field power supply

KV

Fast raise/lower contact setting

SE

Exciter saturation function

TA, TB,
TC

Regulator amplifier time constants

TE

Exciter time constant

TF

Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant

TF1,TF2 Regulator stabilizing circuit time constants

(rotating rectifier system)
TR

Regulator input filter time constant

TRH

Travel time of rheostat drive motor

VA
VERR

Regulator internal voltage

Voltage error signal

VG

Inner loop voltage feedback

VI

Internal signal within voltage regulator

VLR

Exciter field current limit reference

VLV

Exciter low voltage limit reference

VN

Rate feedback input variable

VR

Regulator output voltage

VR max

Maximum value of VR

VR min

Minimum value of VR

Vref

Regulator reference voltage setting

VRH

Field rheostat setting

Vt
Vthev

XL

Generator terminal voltage

Voltage obtained by vector sum of
potential and current signals, Type 3
system
Reactance associated with potential source

HV Gate High value gate: If A > B, C = A; if A < B,

C = B, where A & B are inputs and C is
output
LV Gate

Low value gate: If A < B, C = A; if A > B,

C = B, where A & B are inputs and C is
output