Disaster Resilience and Safety:

a) Site consideration:
The building site shall be the safest available with respect to natural
hazards. These hazards include Geological Fault or Ruptured Areas, Areas
Susceptible to Landslide, Boulder Hazard, River Bank, Swamp/Marshy
Area, Steep Slope, Water-Logged Area, Filled Area, etc.
b) Classification of Soil Type:
No Type of soils
.
1

Soil
classificati
on
Rocks
in
different
state
of Hard
weathering.
Boulder
bed
and
gravels. Sandy gravels. Dense or
loose, coarse to medium, sand
offering
high
resistance
to
penetration by tools. Stiff to medium
clay which are readily indented by a
thumb nail.
Fine sand and silt (dry lumps easily Medium
pulverized by the finger). Moist clay
and sandy clay that can be that can
be indented with thumb pressure
Fine sand loose and dry. Soft clay Soft
indented with moderate thumb
pressure.
Soft clay which can be penetrated Weak
several centimeters with thumb. Wet
clays

c) Building shape:

Bearing
Capacity
(KN/m2)
200

150
<200

and

100
<150

and

50
<100

and

d) Material specification:
1) Concrete:
The concrete to be used in footings, columns, beams and slabs, etc., shall have
a minimum crushing strength of 20 N/mm (Nominal mix, 1:1.5:3) at 28 days for
a 150 mm cube.
Cement: All cement used shall be Ordinary Portland Cement meeting the
requirements of NS: 049-2041
Course aggregate: The aggregate shall conform to the requirements of NS: 3052050 and
NS: 297-2050.
Sand: The sand shall confirm to the requirements of NS: 51-204.
2) Brickwork:
Bricks: The bricks shall be of a standard rectangular shape, burnt red,
handformed or machine-made, and of crushing strength not less than 3.5
N/mm. The brick shall confirm to the requirements of NS: 01-2035.
Mortar: Cement-sand mixes of 1:6 and 1:4 shall be adopted for one-brick and
half-brick thick walls, respectively.
3) Reinforcement bars:
High-strength deformed bars conforming to NS: 191-2046 with fy = 415 N/mm
shall be used for reinforcing all masonry and concrete. High strength deformed
steel bars, produced by the thermo mechanical treatment process, of grades Fe
500 , having elongation more than 14.5 percent and conforming to other
requirements of IS 1786:2008 / NS: 191- 2046 may also be used for the
reinforcement.
e) Seismic Design:
1) Methods of Analysis:
Analysis for the design earthquake actions shall be in accordance with one of
the following methods:
(1) The Seismic Coefficient Method

(2) The Modal Response Spectrum method

Selection of Method of Analysis
Seismic Coefficient Method should be used for:
(1) Simple regular configuration buildings, H < 40m
The Modal Spectrum Method should be used for:
(1) Buildings with irregular configurations
(2) Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral resistance
(3) Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral stiffness with height
(4) Buildings with unusual shape, size or importance
2) Seismic Weight:
Wi = Dead Load between mid-height of adjacent storey+ Seismic Live Load
Design Live Load
Up to 3KN/m2
Above 3KN/m2 and
vehicle garages

Percentage of live load

25%
50%

3) Periods of Vibration:
For Concrete Frames, T = 0.07 H0.75
For Steel Frame, T = 0.085 H0.75
For Other structures, T=0.09 H/D
Where H = Building Height in m, D=Base Dimension at plinth level in m
4) Lateral Force Coefficients:
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient for the Seismic Coefficient Method
The design horizontal seismic force coefficient, Cd shall be taken as:
Cd = CZIK
Where C is the basic seismic coefficient for the fundamental translational period
in the direction under consideration.
Design Spectrum for the Modal Response Spectrum Method
The design spectrum, Cd (Ti), shall be taken as:
Cd (Ti) = C (Ti) ZIK
Where C (Ti) is the ordinate of the basic response spectrum for translational
period, Ti.
Z = Zoning Factor
I = occupancy importance factor
K = horizontal force factor (Structural performance factor)
S = Soil structure interaction
W = Total Seismic Weight of the building
Basic Seismic Coefficient (Cd):

Basic seismic coefficient is the function of Time Period.

Seismic Zoning Factor (Z):

Importance Factor (I):

Governing Factors for I:

Functional Use of Structure
Hazardous consequence of its failure
Post earthquake functional needs
Historical Value
Economic Importance

Structural Performance Factor (K):

Governing Factors for K:

Over Strength
Ductility
Redundancy
5) Horizontal Base Shear:
Vb = Cd W
Design Seismic Force at each level i
Fi = Vb Wi hi2 / Wi hi
Where hi = floor height

6) Design Load Combinations for the Limit State Method

The design loads including earthquake for the Limit State Method shall be not
less than whichever of the following load combination gives the greatest effect:
DL + 1.3 LL + 1.25 E
0.9 DL + 1.25 E
DL + 1.3 SL + 1.25 E
7) Design Eccentricity:
The design eccentricity, ed shall be determined as follows :
(1) If ec is less than 0.1 b and the building is 4 storeys or less in height : e d may
be taken as equal to 0
(2) If ec is less than 0.3 b and (1) does not apply; e d = ec + 0.1 b or ed = ec - 0.1
b, whichever is the most severe for the element under consideration.
(3) If ec is greater than 0.3 b, the structure should be analyzed using threedimensional modal response spectrum analysis with the mass at each level
displaced by 0.1 b, whichever is the most severe for the element under
consideration.
8) Torsion:
An analysis for torsional effects may be conducted by the static method. For
structures where ec is greater than 0.3 b, torsional effects should evaluated
using three-dimensional analysis.
Static Analysis for Torsional Effects
For a static analysis for torsional effects, the applied torsion at each level shall
use either the forces calculated by the Seismic Coefficient Method or the
combined storey inertial forces found in a translational two-dimensional modal
response spectrum analysis, and a design eccentricity, ed calculated in
accordance with 7(2).
Three-Dimensional Analysis
For each direction of loading the position and distribution of the mass at each
level shall be adjusted to account for an eccentricity about the center of mass of
0.1 b. The sign of the eccentricity shall be that producing the largest design
actions in the element under consideration.
9) Strong column weak beam Concept:
Columns should be stronger than beams and foundations should be stronger
than columns.
Sum of moment capacities of the columns for the design axial load at a beam
column joints should be greater the sum of moment capacities of the beam
along each principal plane.
10)
Soft storey concept:
The code suggests that the forces in the columns, beams and shear wall under
the action of seismic load specified in the code, may be obtained by considering
the bare frame building(without ant infills). However, beams and columns in the
open ground storey are required to be designed for 2.5 times the forces
obtained for this bare frame analysis.
11)

Short column concept:

For reducing shot column effect we should provide special confined

reinforcement in the form of closely spaced ties throughout the height and into
the column above.

http://theconstructor.org/concrete/durability-of-reinforced-concrete-toenvironment/8894/
http://www.academia.edu/14932513/Ductility_Requirements_of_Earthquake_r
esistant_building_structure