Lecture 2: D.C.

Networks

Course textbook reference:

Electrical & Electronic Technology
by E. Hughes, 9th edition,
chapter 3, pages 30 60.
chapter 4, pages 61 70
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Kirchhoffs Current Law

The algebraic sum of currents entering a node equals
the sum of currents leaving that node.

Two currents flow

through the meter AM1.
There is a division of
current through AM2
and AM3 respectively.
Therefore;

source 2 3
R2 1
I2

source 1 4
R1 1

I1 + I2 = I3
I3 = I4 + I5
I1 + I2 - I3 = 0
I3 - I4 - I5 = 0
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I1

AM2 6A

I3

I4

R3 1

AM1 7A

AM3 1A
I5

R4 6

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of voltages and voltage drops
around any closed loop is zero.
15V

The voltage source

VS1 of 20V on the Left
Hand Side (LHS) of
the network equals
the sum of the voltage
drops around the loop
on the Right Hand
Side (RHS) of the
network.

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R1 10

R2 10

10V

VS1 20

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AM1 500mA

5V

R4 10

R3 10

Open Circuits 1

The diagram illustrates a TINA simulation of the voltage for

a network that is open circuited across nodes A to B.
4k

2k

Node A
20.0V

0.0A

20 V

0.0V

Node B
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Short Circuits 1

What happens if we apply a short between nodes A & B?

13.33V

4k

2k

Node A
0.0V

3.33mA

20 V

0.0V

Node B
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Open Circuits 2

Consider the voltages & currents in a more complicated network.

Note the magnitude and polarity of each predicted node voltage.

Node A
Node C

10.0V

10 R

-20.0V
0.0A

30 V

10 V

0.0V

50 R
0.0V

Node B
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Node D
6

Short Circuits 2

With a short circuit applied; calculate the illustrated results.

Can you guess the outcomes of each condition intuitively?

10 R

0.0V

1.8A

10 k
0.0A

18 V

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Voltage & Current Sources

An ideal voltage source may be converted into an equivalent current

source, and visa versa, using a simple Ohms Law relationship.
10.0V

10.0V

0.0A

0.0A

10 k

10 k
10 V

1 mA

0.0V

0.0V

Voltage Source, Vs
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Current Source, Is
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Voltage & Current Sources

An example circuit with a source driving a 10 k load is shown below.

500.0uA

500.0uA
5.0V

5.0V

10 k
10 k
10 V

10 k
1 mA

0.0V

Voltage Source, Vs

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10 k

0.0V

Current Source, Is

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Voltage & Current Sources

So a clearly defined source can be converted into its

alternative representation.
It is recommended that for all networks containing mixed
sources, these are converted to a single type, if
possible.
Note that a truly ideal source will not include any internal
resistance.
In practice all sources do contain some internal resistance
which means that the terminal voltage (the voltage
observed across the source terminals) is always less than
the internal (ideal) source voltage.
What are the respective source and terminal voltages for
the circuits shown on the previous slide?
(see slide 8)

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Tutorial Exercise 1
Two circuits are connected in parallel to a 25V
battery which has an internal resistance of 0.25 .

Circuit A consists of two resistors, 6 and 4 , connected

in series.
Circuit B consists of two resistors, 10 and 5 , also
joined in series.

Calculate;
1.
2.
3.

the total circuit current

the potential difference across each resistor
the total power expended in circuits A and B.

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Tutorial Exercise 2

Simplify the circuit illustrated to evaluate the total

equivalent resistance between terminals:(i) A to B

(ii) A to C

10

(iii) B to C.

10

20

B
6

30

5
12

4
C
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Further References:

Basic electronics information can be found at

http://www.elexp.com/t_resist.htm

TINA Pro Circuit Simulation software and on-line teaching

materials may be accessed from:

http://www.tina.com/

Try a selection of the exercises at the end of Hughes, Chapter 4.

and TUTORIAL SHEET 1 !!!!

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