3-Power Flow Solution

Tab 3 Exploring Power Flow Solution
2013 Siemens Industry, Inc. All rights reserved
Power Flow Solution Methods

Newton-Raphson
Gauss-Seidel
Normal Gauss-Seidel (SOLV)
Modified Gauss-Seidel (MSLV)
Siemens Power Academy TD NA - PSSC 525 PSSE Fast Track for Power Flow and Dynamics
2013 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)
Fixed Slope Decoupled Newton-Raphson (FDNS)

Full Newton-Raphson (FNSL)
Decoupled Newton-Raphson (NSOL)
3-2
Power Flow Solution

Power Flow>Solution>Solve
or Toolbar
Convergence Monitor
3-3
Comparison of Solution Methods

Advantages
Rapid convergence on well
conditioned cases.
Disadvantages
Intolerant of data errors
and voltages. No indication for
cause of convergence failure.
Difficulty converging when
reactive limits are restrictive.
Fixed Slope Newton (FDNS) is faster than Full Newton (FNSL).

Possible to reach a tighter tolerance with Full Newton.
Solution Methods
Gauss-Seidel
(SOLV,MSLV)
Advantages
Tolerant of data errors and
poor starting voltages. Fails
gently, indicates area of network with problems.
Disadvantages
Slow to converge, number of
iterations increases as system
size increases. Sensitive to
acceleration factors. SOLV
cannot handle negative
reactances.
Solution Methods
Newton-Raphson
(FNSL,FDNS)
3-4
Solution Options
Transformer Tap
Switched Shunts
Area Interchange
Control
Phase Shifter
DC Taps
Other Options
Generator Var Limits
Flat Start
Non-divergent Solution
Automatic Adjustments:
3-5
Solution Parameters - 1
Eliminating small, non-zero

impedance lines
(particularly if represented
with only an inductive
component) by raising
THRSHZ may allow
solution to reach a lower
tolerance.
For cases with tight
reactive limits, the user
may find it helpful to
reduce acceleration factor,
ACCN (i.e. slow down
voltage change in each
iteration).
Power Flow > Solution >

Parameters
3-6
Solution Parameters - 2
Solution parameters for

Gauss and TYSL solution
methods
3-7
Reviewing Power Flow Results

Graphics
Report
List
3-8
Subsystem Selector
Access from pull-down

menu:
Subsystem > Bus / Simple
Bus / Area / Owner / Zone
Memorize and Recall

previous subsystem
selections
Access from toolbar:
3-9
Filter: To create filtered spreadsheet by the Filter Grid Dialog.

First, select a column (left click on heading).
Right click at the heading.
Select Filter Grid (Boolean operation of AND / OR).
Any number of columns may be filtered. But, only one at a time.
A new filtered spreadsheet
will be created.
Cells in filtered spreadsheet
are linked directly to cells in
original spreadsheet.
Cell values displayed may be
rounded-off.
Can change precision, font,
style, color for any column.
Filtering in Spreadsheet View
3-10
Display Power Flow Solution Results at a Bus or Branch

(GOUT)
From POUT to GOUT
Display / Change Data at a Bus or Branch (GEXM)
Display Power Flow Solution Results in Slider Diagram
User Graphical Report (GRPG)
Power Flow Graphics Overview
3-11
Double-click to
go to next bus
Graphically Display Power Flow Solution

Results (GOUT)
3-12
From POUT to GOUT
Double
click on
bus
number
Siemens Power Academy TD NA - PSSC 525 PSS E Fast Track for Power Flow and Dynamics
Siemens
Power Academy TD-NA PSSC 550
Dynamic Simulation
Page 1-13
Toggle between GOUT &

GEXM
Graphically Display/Change Data (GEXM)
3-14
Generate Graphical Report (GRPG)
Select GRPG
File
Select
Plotting
Device
3-15
Data Listing Activities

Power Flow > List data
Bus names (ALPH)
Examine (EXAM)
Sequence data (SQLI)
OPF
Outaged equipment (OUTS)
Bus shunts (SHNT)
Powerflow (LIST)
3-16
Reporting Power Flow Results

Power Flow > Reports
Bus based reports
Limit checking reports

Area / owner / zone totals reports
Area / zone based reports
3-17
Tie Line and Inter-Area Flows
Inter-area/zone reports: Reports power

flow on inter-area or zone
Tie lines: Reports power flow on ties
between areas or zones
Power Flow > Reports > Area / zone

based reports
3-18
Area / Owner / Zone Reporting
Power Flow > Reports > Area / owner / zone totals

AREA
- Control Area Totals including desired versus
scheduled interchange.
OWNER - Owner Totals
ZONE
- Zone Totals
3-19
Bus Based Power Flow Output
Displays solved case information for a

bus, such as voltage and power flow.
Regular format: Displays branch flows
Wide format output: Displays actual
bus voltage, generator / load / shunt
attached to the bus, and branch flows
Output with amps: Only available when
wide format output is in effect.
Displays flows and ratings in amperes
(if bus base kV > 0)
Power Flow > Reports > Bus

based reports > Powerflow
output
3-20
Examining Power Flow Output

Example: Bus based report for bus 205:
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
LOAD-PQ
SHUNT
154 DOWNTN
201 HYDRO
203 EAST230
203 EAST230
206 URBGEN
230.00 CKT
230.00
500.00
230.00
230.00
18.000
1
&1
1
2
1
MW
MVAR
MVA
% 0.9490PU -9.18 X-- LOSSES --X X--- AREA --X X-- ZONE 218.27KV
MW
MVAR
2 LIGHTCO
2 SECOND
1200.0 700.0 1389.2

0.0 -270.2 270.2
354.9 250.5 434.4 76
-590.7 -148.2 609.0 76 1.0000UN
-83.3 -29.7
88.5 47
-83.3 -29.7
88.5 47
-797.5 -472.8 927.1 103 1.0000LK
0.70
12.46
0.42
0.42
2.48
7.05
174.07
3.81
3.81
127.22
1
2
2
2
2
FLAPCO
LIGHTCO
LIGHTCO
LIGHTCO
LIGHTCO
1
2
2
2
2
FIRST
SECOND
SECOND
SECOND
SECOND
BUS 205 SUB230
3-21
Subsystem Totals
Power Flow > Reports > Bus based reports > Subsystem summary / totals
6 BUSES
3 LOADS
2 PLANTS
8 BRANCHES
2 MACHINES
3 TRANSFORMERS
2 FIXED SHUNTS
0 DC LINES
X------ ACTUAL ------X X----- NOMINAL ------X

MW
MVAR
MW
MVAR
FROM GENERATION
1500.0
162.4
1500.0
162.4
TO CONSTANT POWER LOAD
1200.0
900.0
1200.0
900.0
TO CONSTANT CURRENT
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TO CONSTANT ADMITTANCE
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TO BUS SHUNT
0.0
349.9
0.0
300.0
TO FACTS DEVICE SHUNT
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TO GNE BUS DEVICES
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TO LINE SHUNT
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FROM LINE CHARGING
0.0
841.2
0.0
820.0
VOLTAGE
X----- LOSSES -----X
LEVEL BRANCHES
MW
MVAR
500.0
3
11.10
195.99
230.0
3
6.92
93.57
21.6
2
3.28
148.78
X-- LINE SHUNTS --X

MW
MVAR
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
CHARGING
MVAR
817.9
23.3
0.0
MVABASE
900.0
0 SWITCHED SHUNTS
0 FACTS DEVICES
0 GNE DEVICES
****************** SUMMARY FOR THE SUBSYSTEM SPECIFIED BY ******************

BUSES:
101 [NUC-A
21.600]
TO
154 [DOWNTN
230.00]
******************************************************************************
AREA SWING BUS SUMMARY
X---- AREA -----X X------ SWING BUS ------X X---- ZONE -----X
# X-- NAME --X
BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV
# X-- NAME --X
MW
MVAR
1 FLAPCO
101 NUC-A
21.600
77 PLANT
750.0
81.2
3-22
Problem 3-1: Check power flow cases

Pick up EXER2-2.SAV
What is the size of the case? (File > File Information > List the number of system components)
Get a power flow solution report at all buses in the case. (Power Flow > Reports > Bus based reports)
Find out the generation, load, and loss in each area (Power Flow > Reports > Area/Owner/Zone Total)
3-23
Power Flow>Reports>Limit Checking

Reactive capability
Generator bus
Machine terminal
Branches
Regulated buses
Controlling transformers
Out-of-limit bus voltage
Limit Checking Reports
3-24
Include transformer, non-transformer

branches and/or breakers & switches.
Choice of Rating Set A, B, C or All.
Percent loading computed either on MVA
basis or current basis, as defined in raw
data file or Program Settings.
SUBSYSTEM LOADING CHECK (INCLUDED: LINES; BREAKERS AND SWITCHES; TRANSFORMERS) (EXCLUDED: NONE)
LOADINGS ABOVE 90.0 % OF RATING SET A (MVA FOR TRANSFORMERS, CURRENT FOR NON-TRANSFORMER BRANCHES):
X--------- FROM BUS ----------X X---------- TO BUS -----------X
BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV AREA
BUS# X-- NAME --X BASKV AREA CKT LOADING
153 MID230
230.00
1
154 DOWNTN
230.00*
1 1
276.0
205 SUB230
230.00
2
206 URBGEN
18.000*
2 1
1000.0
RATING PERCENT
300.0
92.0
900.0
111.1
Branch Overload Checking
3-25
Branch Loading Calculation

Irating (amps) =
Branch Rating:
Iflow (amp) =
Branch Flow:
x 1000
3x kVbase
MVAflow
x 1000
3 x kVactual
% Line Loading =
Current Loading (in units of MVA):
Iflow
Irating
x 100 =
MVAflow
MVArating x Vpu
3 x I flow (amps) x kVbase

1000
Transformer MVA Loading based on:

% Transformer Loading =
x 100
MVAflow
MVAflow
MVArating
Vpu
x 100
Percent Loading:
MVArating
3-26
Power
Flow>Reports>Limit
Checking>Out-of-limit bus
voltage
Scans working case for bus
voltages outside of a userdefined range.
BUSES WITH VOLTAGE GREATER THAN 1.0300:
BUS# X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)
201 HYDRO
500.00
2 1.0400 520.00
3011 MINE_G
13.800
5 1.0400 14.352
BUS# X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)

211 HYDRO_G
20.000
2 1.0404 20.808
BUSES WITH VOLTAGE LESS THAN 0.9700:

BUS#
154
205
3008
X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)

DOWNTN
230.00
1 0.9389 215.95
SUB230
230.00
2 0.9490 218.27
CATDOG
230.00
5 0.9586 220.48
BUS#
203
3007
204
X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)

EAST230
230.00
2 0.9665 222.30
RURAL
230.00
5 0.9637 221.65
SUB500
500.00
2 0.9476 473.81
Bus Voltage Limit Checking
3-27
Generator Limit Checking
Machine terminal (GEOL) - Reports individual

generator terminal conditions. Multiple machines at a
bus are listed individually.
When implicit step-up transformer modeling is used, GEOL
works backwards through the transformer to obtain the
terminal conditions.
Checks loading against an assumed reactive capability curve.
Generator bus (GENS) - Summarizes generating plant

conditions. Shows total plant output at the bus if more
than one machine on a bus.
3-28
GENS VS GEOL
Implicit Generator Step-Up Transformer
XTRAN
GEOL Reports Here
GENS Reports Here
Explicit Generator Step-Up Transformer
GEOL Reports Here
XTRAN
GENS Reports Here
3-29
Generator Limit Checking Output

# MACH
BUS# X--NAME--X BASKV ON/OFF TYP
MW
MVAR
QMAX
QMIN
101 NUC-A
21.600 1 0
2 750.0 126.3 400.0 -100.0
102 NUC-B
21.600 1 0
2 650.0 113.1 410.0 -110.0
206 URBGEN
18.000 1 0
2 800.0 283.9 500.0 -400.0
211 HYDRO_G
20.000 1 0
2 600.0
88.1 510.0 -100.0
301 NORTH
765.00 3 0
3 2990.7 898.6 2130.0 -1850.0
401 COGEN-1
500.00 1 0
3 321.0 142.3 600.0 -100.0
402 COGEN-2
500.00 1 0
3 321.0 142.3 610.0 -110.0
3011 MINE_G
19.400 1 0
3 1322.7 155.2 620.0 -120.0
3018 CATDOG_G 13.800 2 0
2 500.0
-0.8 375.0 -225.0
SUBSYSTEM TOTALS
8255.3 1949.1 6155.0 -3115.0
X---- REMOTE BUS -----X

VSCHED VACTUAL BUS# X--NAME--X BASKV MVABAS
1.0100 1.0100
900.0
1.0100 1.0100
950.0
1.0000 1.0000
1000.0
1.0000 1.0000
725.0
1.0000 1.0000
3212.0
1.0000 1.0000
600.0
1.0000 1.0000
610.0
1.0000 1.0000
1050.0
0.9900 0.9900
650.0
9697.0
MACHINE SUMMARY (GEOL):

BUS# X--NAME--X BASKV
101 NUC-A
21.600
102 NUC-B
21.600
206 URBGEN
18.000
211 HYDRO_G
20.000
301 NORTH
765.00
301 NORTH
765.00
301 NORTH
765.00
401 COGEN-1
500.00
402 COGEN-2
500.00
3011 MINE_G
19.400
3018 CATDOG_G 13.800
3018 CATDOG_G 13.800
SUBSYSTEM TOTALS
ID
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
MW
MVAR
QMAX
QMIN
750.0 126.3 400.0 -100.0
650.0 113.1 410.0 -110.0
800.0 283.9 500.0 -400.0
600.0
88.1 510.0 -100.0
1011.8 434.0 760.8 -597.6
1008.6 434.9 773.0 -555.0
1009.6 435.6 785.1 -554.8
321.0 142.3 600.0 -100.0
321.0 142.3 610.0 -110.0
1322.7 155.2 620.0 -120.0
400.0
-0.6 300.0 -150.0
100.0
-0.2
75.0
-75.0
8294.8 2354.9 6343.9 -2972.4
ETERM CURRENT
1.0100
753.0
1.0100
653.2
1.0000
848.9
1.0000
606.4
1.0319 1066.9
1.0285 1068.0
1.0286 1069.0
1.0000
351.1
1.0000
351.1
1.0000 1331.8*
0.9900
404.0
0.9900
101.0
PF
MVABASE
X T R A N
GENTAP
0.9861
900.0
0.9852
950.0
0.9424 1000.0
0.9894
725.0
0.9190 1067.0 0.0140 0.1260 1.0250
0.9183 1070.0 0.0110 0.1270 1.0260
0.9182 1075.0 0.0120 0.1280 1.0270
0.9142
600.0
0.9142
610.0
0.9932 1050.0
1.0000
530.0
1.0000
120.0
9697.0
GENERATOR SUMMARY(GENS):
3-30
Power Flow > Reports > Limit Checking >

Reactive capability (GCAP)
Check machine loading against userdefined capability curve.
Q limits from capability curve for actual P
loading in in working case.
Option to update VAR limits in working
case. File extension name: gcp.
Note: Check update VAR limits in working
case for new power flow solutions!
CAPABILITY CURVE CHECK:
BUS#
101
102
206
211
3011
3018
X- NAME -X BASKV
NUC-A
21.600
NUC-B
21.600
URBGEN
18.000
HYDRO_G
20.000
MINE_G
13.800
CATDOG_G 13.800
ID
1
1
1
1
1
1
PGEN
750.0
750.0
800.0
600.0
258.7
100.0
QGEN
81.2
81.2
600.0*
17.7
104.0
80.0
X-- CAPABILITY
QMAX
QMIN
243.8
-37.5
243.8
-37.5
160.0
0.0
583.3
-77.8
270.5 -100.0
80.0
0.0
CURVE --X X------- WORKING CASE -------X

PLIMIT
QMAX
QMIN
PMAX
PMIN
900.0
600.0 -100.0
810.0
0.0
900.0
600.0 -100.0
810.0
0.0
1000.0
600.0
0.0
900.0
0.0
950.0
400.0 -100.0
616.2
0.0
1000.0
600.0 -100.0
900.0
0.0
130.0
80.0
0.0
117.0
0.0
Reactive Capability
3-31
Checking Equipment Controls
Controlling transformers (TLST)

Provides a summary
of controlling transformers.
Regulated buses (REGB) - Lists regulated buses in the Working

Case, including voltage controlling equipment (generators,
switched shunts, transformer taps)and violations of scheduled
voltage setpoints.
3-32
Direct Report Output (OPEN)

Direct Progress Output (PDEV)
Direct Alert Output (errors and warning messages)
Direct Prompt Output (ODEV)
Set path for use with & filenames (PATH),
e.g. CASE > &filename.sav
PRINTER1
Input/Output Control
3-33
A.
Pick up case EXER2-2.SAV and find all branches which are loaded above their normal rating (RATEA).
B.
Identify only transformers which are loaded above their normal current rating. (Misc > Change program settings > Transformer
percent units > Current expressed as MVA)
C.
Is there any machine loaded beyond its capability (based on the PSSE-assumed reactive capability curve)? What is the reactive
loss through the step-up transformers for the machines at Bus 100?
Problem 3-2 Examining & Checking Power Flow

Results
3-34

Results (continued)
MW
0
2
5
8
10
Max. MVAR Min. MVAR

4
3
2
1
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Solve the case with the new reactive limits using Full Newton-Raphson Solution, using the same solution options as in Problem 22. How does the voltage at bus 201 change? Do not save the case.
D. Apply a capability curve to the machine at bus 201 using the following data. You must build a file containing this data with the
text editor then apply this data to case EXER2-2.SAV with Reactive Capability function in Limit Checking Reports. Refer to
Program Operation Manual for the data format. Name this file EXER3-2.GCP
3-35

Results (continued)
Hint:
The format of the reactive capability curve data file is as following:
where:
I:
Bus number. Bus I must has a generator.
ID:
Two character machine identifier
Pi:
Generator active power output along the "MW" axis of the machines capability
curve, entered in MW
QTi: Maximum (i.e., overexcited) reactive power limit at Pi MW, entered in Mvar
QBi: Minimum (i.e., underexcited) reactive power limit at Pi MW, entered in Mvar
* File must end with a 0 bus number
I, ID, P1, QT1, QB1, P2, QT2, QB2, ... P10, QT10, QB10/
3-36

3-Power Flow Solution

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Tab 3 Exploring Power Flow Solution

2013 Siemens Industry, Inc. All rights reserved

Power Flow Solution Methods

Fixed Slope Decoupled Newton-Raphson (FDNS)

Power Flow Solution

Comparison of Solution Methods

Fixed Slope Newton (FDNS) is faster than Full Newton (FNSL).

Eliminating small, non-zero

Power Flow > Solution >

Solution parameters for

Reviewing Power Flow Results

Access from pull-down

Memorize and Recall

Access from toolbar:

Filter: To create filtered spreadsheet by the Filter Grid Dialog.

Filtering in Spreadsheet View

Display Power Flow Solution Results at a Bus or Branch

Power Flow Graphics Overview

Graphically Display Power Flow Solution

From POUT to GOUT

Toggle between GOUT &

Graphically Display/Change Data (GEXM)

Generate Graphical Report (GRPG)

Data Listing Activities

Reporting Power Flow Results

Limit checking reports

Area / zone based reports

Tie Line and Inter-Area Flows

Inter-area/zone reports: Reports power

Power Flow > Reports > Area / zone

Area / Owner / Zone Reporting

Power Flow > Reports > Area / owner / zone totals

Bus Based Power Flow Output

Displays solved case information for a

Power Flow > Reports > Bus

Examining Power Flow Output

1200.0 700.0 1389.2

BUS 205 SUB230

X------ ACTUAL ------X X----- NOMINAL ------X

X-- LINE SHUNTS --X

****************** SUMMARY FOR THE SUBSYSTEM SPECIFIED BY ******************

Problem 3-1: Check power flow cases

Power Flow>Reports>Limit Checking

Limit Checking Reports

Include transformer, non-transformer

Branch Overload Checking

Branch Loading Calculation

Current Loading (in units of MVA):

3 x I flow (amps) x kVbase

Transformer MVA Loading based on:

BUS# X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)

BUSES WITH VOLTAGE LESS THAN 0.9700:

X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)

X- NAME -X BASKV AREA V(PU) V(KV)

Bus Voltage Limit Checking

Generator Limit Checking

Machine terminal (GEOL) - Reports individual

Generator bus (GENS) - Summarizes generating plant

GEOL Reports Here

GENS Reports Here

Explicit Generator Step-Up Transformer

GEOL Reports Here

GENS Reports Here

Generator Limit Checking Output

SUMMARY FOR THE SUBSYSTEM SPECIFIED BY