CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION:
The history of communication dates back to prehistory, with significant changes in
communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem
with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power.
Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and
masscommunication. Human communication was revolutionized with speech approximately
200,000 years age. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago, and writing in the past
few centuries.
Speech
Symbols
The imperfection of speech, which nonetheless allowed easier dissemination of ideas and
stimulated inventions, eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of communications,
improving both the range at which people could communicate and the longevity of the
information. All of those inventions were based on the key concept of the symbol: a
conventional representation of a concept.
Cave paintings
The oldest known symbols created with the purpose of communication through time are the
cave paintings, a form of rock art, dating to the Upper Paleolithic. Just as the small child first
learns to draw before it masters more complex forms of communication, so homo sapiens'
first attempts at passing information through time took the form of paintings. The oldest
known cave painting is that of the Chauvet Cave, dating to around 30,000 BC.[3] Though not
well standardized, those paintings contained increasing amounts of information: Cro-Magnon
people may have created the first calendar as far back as 15,000 years ago.
The connection between drawing and writing is further shown by linguistics: in the Ancient
Egypt and Ancient Greece the concepts and words of drawing and writing were one and the
same (Egyptian: 's-sh', Greek: 'graphein').

Petro glyphs
The next step in the history of communications is petroglyphs, carvings into a rock surface. It
took about 20,000 years for homo sapiens to move from the first cave paintings to the first
petroglyphs, which are dated to around 10,000BC.
It is possible that the humans of that time used some other forms of communication, often for
mnemonic purposes - specially arranged stones, symbols carved in wood or earth, quipu-like
ropes, tattoos, but little other than the most durable carved stones has survived to modern
times and we can only speculate about their existence based on our observation of still
existing 'hunter-gatherer' cultures such as those of Africa or Oceania.
Pictograms
A pictogram (pictograph) is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event
by illustration. Pictography is a form of proto-writing whereby ideas are transmitted through
drawing. Pictographs were the next step in the evolution of communication: the most
important difference between petroglyphs and pictograms is that petroglyphs are simply
showing an event, but pictograms are telling a story about the event, thus they can for
example be ordered in chronological order.
Pictograms were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BC,
when tokens marked with simple pictures began to be used to label basic farm produce, and
become increasingly popular around 6000-5000 BC.
They were the basis of cuneiform[6] and hieroglyphs, and began to develop into logographic
writing systems around 5000 BC.

Ideograms
The beginning of the Lord's Prayer in Mkmaq hieroglyphic writing. The text reads Nujjinen
wsq "Our father / in heaven"
Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that represent an idea. Their
ancestors, the pictograms, could represent only something resembling their form: therefore a
pictogram of a circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like 'heat', 'light', 'day' or 'Great
3

God of the Sun'. Ideograms, on the other hand, could convey more abstract concepts, so that
for example an ideogram of two sticks can mean not only 'legs' but also a verb 'to walk'.
Because some ideas are universal, many different cultures developed similar ideograms. For
example an eye with a tear means 'sadness' in NativeAmerican ideograms in California, as it
does for the Aztecs, the early Chinese and the Egyptians
Ideograms were precursors of logographic writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and
Chinese characters.
Examples of ideographical proto-writing systems, thought not to contain language-specific
information, include the Vinca script (see also Trtria tablets) and the early Indus script.In
both cases there are claims of decipherment of linguistic content, without wide acceptance.
Writing
26th century BC Sumerian cuneiform script in Sumerian language, listing gifts to the high
priestess of Adab on the occasion of her election. One of the earliest examples of human
writing.
The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily logographic in nature, based on
pictographic and ideographic elements. Most writing systems can be broadly divided into
three categories: logographic, syllabic and alphabetic (or segmental); however, all three may
be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to
categorise a system uniquely.
The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary in with the beginning of
the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic of the late 4th millennium BC. The first writing system is
generally believed to have been invented in pre-historic Sumer and developed by the late 3rd
millennium into cuneiform. Egyptian hieroglyphs, and the undeciphered Proto-Elamite
writing system and Indus Valley script also date to this era, though a few scholars have
questioned the Indus Valley script's status as a writing system.
The original Sumerian writing system was derived from a system of claytokens used to
represent commodities. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolved into a method
of keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles
4

for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic writing using a
sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing was
gradually replaced about 2700-2000 BC by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the
term cuneiform), at first only for logograms, but developed to include phonetic elements by
the 2800 BC. About 2600 BC cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian
language. Finally, cuneiform writing became a general purpose writing system for logograms,
syllables, and numbers. By the 26th century BC, this script had been adapted to another
Mesopotamian language, Akkadian, and from there to others such as Hurrian, and Hittite.
Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for Ugaritic and Old
Persian.
The Chinese script may have originated independently of the Middle Eastern scripts, around
the 16th century BC (early Shang Dynasty), out of a late neolithic Chinese system of protowriting dating back to c. 6000 BC. The pre-Columbian writing systems of the Americas
(including among others Olmec and Mayan) are also generally believed to have had
independent origins.
Alphab
The first pure alphabets (properly, "abjads", mapping single symbols to single phonemes, but
not necessarily each phoneme to a symbol) emerged around 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt, but
by then alphabetic principles had already been incorporated into Egyptian hieroglyphs for a
millennium (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets).
By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables that
begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) to be supplied by
the native speaker. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write
grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names.
However, although seemingly alphabetic in nature, the original Egyptian uniliterals were not
a system and were never used by themselves to encode Egyptian speech. In the Middle
Bronze Age an apparently "alphabetic" system is thought by some to have been developed in
central Egypt around 1700 BC for or by Semitic workers, but we cannot read these early
writings and their exact nature remain open to interpretation.

Over the next five centuries this Semitic "alphabet" (really a syllabary like Phoenician
writing) seems to have spread north. All subsequent alphabets around the world [with the sole
exception of Korean Hangul have either descended from it, or been inspired by one of its
descendants.
History of Telecommunication
The history of telecommunication - the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose
of communication - began thousands of years ago with the use of smoke signals and drums in
Africa, America and parts of Asia. In the 1790s the first fixed semaphore systems emerged
inEurope however it was not until the 1830s that electricaltelecommunication systems started
Distance telecommunications
Visual, auditory and ancillary methods (non-electrical):

Prehistoric: Fires, Beacons, Smoke signals, Communication drums, Horns

6th century BCE: Mail

5th century BCE: Pigeon post

4th century BCE: Hydraulic semaphores

ca. 490 BCE: Heliographs (shield signals)

15th century CE: Maritime flag semaphores

1672: First experimental acoustic (mechanical) telephone

1790: Semaphore lines (optical telegraphs)

1867: Signal lamps

1877: Acoustic phonograph

Basic electrical signals:

1838: Electrical telegraph.

1858: First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable

1876: Telephone.

1880: Telephony via lightbeam photophones

Advanced electrical and electronic signals:

1893: Wireless telegraphy

1896: Radio..

1914: First North American transcontinental telephone calling

1927: Television.

1927: First commercial radio-telephone service, U.K.U.S.

1930: First experimental videophones

1934: First commercial radio-telephone service, U.S.Japan

1936: World's first public videophone network

1946: Limited capacity Mobile Telephone Service for automobiles

1956: Transatlantic telephone cable

1962: Commercial telecommunications satellite

1964: Fiber optical telecommunications

1965: First North American public videophone network

1969: Computer networking

1973: First modern-era mobile (cellular) phone

1979: INMARSAT ship-to-shore satellite communications

1981: First mobile (cellular) phone network

1982: SMTP email

1983: Internet.

1998: Mobile satellite hand-held phones

2003: Skype Internet telephony

Telecommunicationin the modern era is the science and practice of transmitting

information by electromagnetic means.

In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as

beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or
audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. In
modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the
telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio, microwave
transmission towers, fiber optics, orbiting satellites and the Internet, which is a vast
world-wide computer network.

A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade of the 1900s

with pioneering developments in radio communications by Nikola Tesla and
Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts.
Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and
electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse
(telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest
(radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television).

The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way

telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed)
information in 1986, to 471 petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes
in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007.[1] This is the
informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six
9

entire

newspapers

per

person

per

day by 2007. [2]

Given

this

growth,

telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the
global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The
service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5
trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the worlds gross domestic product (GDP).
CELL PHONE
Definition:
A subscription to a service provider and requires either a prepaid or monthlybillingsetup.
Generally, they have more functions than traditional land lines and need to be charged after a
period of time. Also called mobile phone or mobile device.

History of mobile phone

The history of mobile phones charts the development of devices which connect wirelessly to
the public switched telephone network. The transmission of speech by radio has a long and
varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration
of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links.
Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for
automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices
were bulky and consumed high power and the network supported only a few simultaneous
conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones
for voice and data communications.
In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users
to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile
service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile
Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered
limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of
cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas
covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile
telephones economically feasible.

10

The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early
"0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first
generation (1G) analog cellular network, second generation (2G) digital cellular networks,
third generation (3G) broadband data services to the current state of the art, fourth generation
(4G) native-IP networks.
Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race
ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the
first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S.
Engel of Bell Labs.[1][2] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Martin Cooper weighed
2.5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1.75 inches wide. The prototype
offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.
John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Martin Cooper's
boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone
equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication
products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the
cellular phone.

11

Early services 0G
In 1947 AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis in 1946,
AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway
corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing
about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to
depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber
equipment weighed about 80 pounds.
Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the
technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any
given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.]Mobile Telephone Service was
expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $.30 to $.40 per local call, equivalent to about
$176 per month and $3.50 to $4.75 per call in 2012 dollars.
AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the
improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used
additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area,
introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call set by an operator, and reduced the size
and weight of the subscriber equipment.
Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In
agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers
system wide. In New York, NY, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels
and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.
Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent
telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF
454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based
services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment
obsolete.
Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their
facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming"
because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha,
Nebraskabased RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was
12

not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs.
Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone
sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used DTMF. Some
used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS
signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems
was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets,
rotary or pushbutton dials, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A
few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day).
At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard
that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable
operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach).
Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 225-mile New YorkWashington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls
while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHZ band in nine
sites.
In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed. West
Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public
commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected
calls automatically. In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually
controlled.
Cellular concepts
In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed
hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles. Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed
that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have
directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into
three adjacent hexagon cells on three different frequencies. [12] At this stage, the technology to
implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Several years
would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the
electronics to achieve this in the 1960s.
13

In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by
one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the
phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as
well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology,
were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer, invented an
automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas
during a single conversation without interruption.
A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973, [14] and a
cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.
Emergence of automated services
The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956.
Named MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the
car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial,
whereas incoming calls required an operator to determine which base station the phone was
currently at. It was developed by Sture Laurn and other engineers at Televerket network
operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and
Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of
vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile
System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and
DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was
launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.
The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR The "Altay"
national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main
developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of
Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the
service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions
of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.
In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone
Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and
14

a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of
NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and
was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For
some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very
brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately
changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in
early 1960, not to be seen again.
In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a
base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base
station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network
in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation
(0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage
networks.
Handheld mobile phone
Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.
Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race
ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the
first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S.
Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2.5 pounds
and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1.75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk
time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.
John F. Mitchell Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in
1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone
equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication
products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the
cellular phone
Analog cellular networks 1G

15

The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in
1986, and Australia in 1987.
AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular
technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and
easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning;"
and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant
amounts of wireless spectrum to support. Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones
such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS
(D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by
2008.
Digital cellular networks 2G
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed
for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S.
developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital
instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The
rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of
prepaid mobile phones.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies
used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap.
For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe,
so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America
the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the
existing analog channels.
In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a
mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar,
address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY
keyboard.[20] The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured
predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a
way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[21]
16

Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick"
phones toward tiny 100200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through
technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient
electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing
usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station
shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move.
Personal Handy-phone Systemmobiles and modems used in Japan around 19972003
The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text
messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all
digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3
December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The
advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of
choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first
downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's
Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a
free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was
used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches
followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit
cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and
Smart.
The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in
1999.

17

Mobile broadband data 3G

As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones
in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the
internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there
would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was
nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of
technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology
from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data
transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than
technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own
technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality.
The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to
EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards
compatibility:

the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst
rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s.

protocols that would decrease connection establishment time.

the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot.

the introduction of QoS flags.

All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as
VoIP.
The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in
the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on
1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea,
and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second
WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European
18

launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003
saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EVDO standard.
During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS
were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of
3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services.
CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond
these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so
narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for
the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became
possiblewith companies such as RealNetworks and Disneyamong the early pioneers in this
type of offering.
In the mid 2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation)
mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family,
also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.
Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.
Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s
downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.
By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which
reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the
WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated
over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new
phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies
phones of the second generation.
Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet,
it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s
(decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such
19

devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port.
Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router"
such as the NovatelMiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple
computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plugin.
Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added
portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the
mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the
SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services.
Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware
devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the
AmazonKindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with
embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded
wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall.
Native IP networks 4G
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the
growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. [27] Consequently, the
industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of
speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially
available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint)
and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of
circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of
voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over
internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.

20

Satellite mobile
Earth-orbiting satellites can cover remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where
construction of a cellular network is uneconomic. The Inmarsat satellite telephone system,
originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, is now also useful for areas out of reach
of landline, conventional cellular, or marine VHF radio stations. In 1998 the Iridium satellite
system was set up, and although the initial operating company went bankrupt due to high
initial Mobile Phone Brands are:
SAMSUNG;
KARBONN;

APPLE I-PHONE;
ZEN;

RELIANCE MOBILE;

SPICE;

L.G.;
BLACKBERRY;
VIDEOCON;
MAX;

HTC;
LAVA;

MICROMAX;

INTEX;

LEOMON;

Details of some of the brands are as follow:Samsung Mobile Phones

Samsung Mobile has been around since 1983. Samsung Mobile's parent company, Samsung
Electronics, was founded in 1969. Once known for its televisions and other home appliances,
Samsung recently eclipsed heavyweights Sony Ericsson and Motorola as one of the biggest
cell phone manufacturers in the world.

In 1993, Samsung Mobile released the SH-700 series, which boasted a smaller and
sleeker design and better sound quality. With a better product and a more aggressive
marketing campaign, Samsung would reclaim more than half the mobile phone
market share in Korea from Motorola.

The Global Market

Samsung cell phones found its way into American hands for the first time in 1996,
when they partnered with Sprint on a line of sleek and compact phones. A few short
years later, South America and Japan were enjoying the high-end design of Samsung
Mobile phones.

21

Samsung Mobile Today

In early 2009, Samsung Mobile's global market share stood at more than 17 percent,
second only to Nokia. In the 3rd quarter of 2008, for the first time in its history,
Samsung Mobile shipped more than 50 million handsets in a quarter--despite a global
recession.

Karbonn Mobiles

Type

Public

Industry

Telecommunications

Founded

Bangalore, India (2009)

Headquarters

Bangalore, Noida, India

Number of locations

South Asia, Middle East and South Africa

Products

Mobile phones, smartphones, Tablets

Parent

United Telecoms Limited

Website

www.karbonnmobiles.com

Karbonn Mobilesis a telecommunication firm in India which was founded in March 2009. It
is a joint venture mobile manufacturing company between the Bangalore based United
Telelinks Limited (a group of Telecom Major, United Telecoms Limited) and Noida based
Jaina Marketing & Associates.
The firm's total investment in Indian consumer market is over $5 million and expects to gain
1000 Crore revenue in the fiscal year 2011. The firm has contracted with leading
semiconductor companies worldwide for their handsets and targets mainly the Indian market.
The firm currently has around 500 Service centers all over India with around 150 dedicated
exclusively for Karbonn.
Product ranges
22

The Karbonn product ranges from Android powered Smart Phones(Dual SIM) and Tablets to
GSM-CDMA dual core processor feature phones and Dual GSM feature phones.
Official sponsorship
The company has enlarged its market presence by sponsoring and partnering with some of the
prestigious cricket game leagues such as Airtel Championship Leagues, Indian Premier
League matches. The company was associated with the Cape Cobras during the Champions
League Twenty20 matches held in 2010. Apart from cricket games, the company has also
recently associated with Indian Entertainment industry by being the lead sponsor and
associate of 17th annual Star Screen Awards and also Mirchi Music Awards ceremonies.
Apart from these, the company has struck a deal with Eros International Media Ltd., the
makers of Rajinikanth starrer film Kochadaiyaan (2012) that will involve five lakh
Kochadaiyaan merchandise with screen savers and images from the film along with the
trailer, behind the scenes shots, signature tune of the film and lead actor's signature on back
cover of phones. Products in-built with these additions will be available in the market around
September 2012 to October 2012.

23

BlackBerry
The BlackBerry is a line of wireless handheld devices and services designed and marketed by
BlackBerry Limited, formerly Research In Motion Limited (RIM), since January 30, 2013.
The first BlackBerry device, an email pager, was released in 1999; the most recent
BlackBerry devices, the Z10 and Q10, were announced on January 30, 2013. The user
interface varies by model; most feature a physical QWERTY keyboard, while newer
generations have relied on a multi-touch screen and virtual keyboard.
A BlackBerry can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform online functions such as
web-browsing and emailing. They can also send and receive push email and instant messages
while maintaining a high level of security through on-device message encryption, and are
designed to function as personal digital assistants. BlackBerry devices support a large variety
of instant messaging features, with the most popular being the proprietary BlackBerry
Messenger service.
The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer offered by the company. The 100 millionth
BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in June quarter of 2010 [3] and the 200 millionth
smartphone was shipped in September quarter of 2012.
BlackBerry accounts for 3% of mobile device sales worldwide in 2011, making its
manufacturer the sixth most popular device maker (25% of mobile device sales are
smartphones).The consumer BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries
worldwide on over 500 mobile service operators using various mobile technologies.As of
September 2012, there were eighty million subscribers worldwide to BlackBerry. In 2011 the
Caribbean and Latin America had the highest penetrations of BlackBerry smartphones
worldwide, with up to about 45 per cent in the region having a RIM device.
BlackBerry, iPhone, Android, and Windows Phone are considered the four major smartphone
brands. BlackBerry is widely referred to as "CrackBerry" in the United States, which alludes
to its excessive use by its owners and is a reference to the addictiveness of crack cocaine. Use
of the term CrackBerry became so widespread that in November 2006 Webster's New World
College Dictionary named "crackberry" the "New Word of the Year."

24

Apple iPhone
The Newton Message Pad was an early handheld device manufactured by Apple in the mid1990s. Some of its concepts and functions have been incorporated into the iPhone.The history
of the iPhone line of phones begins long before the original iPhone's release on June 29,
2007; it began with Steve Jobs' direction that Apple Inc. engineers investigate touchscreens
and a tablet computer, which later came to fruition with the iPad. Also, many have noted the
device's similarities to Apple's previous touch-screen portable device, the Newton
MessagePad. Like the Newton, the iPhone is nearly all screen. Its form factor is credited to
Apple's head of design, Jonathan Ive.
Domain name
On July 1, 2007, it was reported that Apple paid at least US$1 million to Michael Kovatch for
the transfer of the iPhone.com domain name. Kovatch registered the domain in 1995.[25] That
URL now redirects to Apple's iPhone page
I Phone 3G pricing model changes
With the July 11, 2008 release of the iPhone 3G, Apple and AT&T changed the U.S. pricing
model from the previous generation. Following the de facto model for mobile phone service
in the United States, AT&T would subsidize a sizable portion of the upfront cost for the
iPhone 3G followed by charging moderately higher monthly fees over a minimum two-year
contract.
I phone 6 and 6 Plus are the most recent launches from Apple. They are the most successful
models as compare to all the previous apple models. it has sold over 10 million new iPhone 6
and iPhone 6 Plus models, a new record, just three days after the launch on
September 19. iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are the biggest advancements in iPhone history,
featuring two new models with stunning 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch Retina HD displays, and
packed with innovative technologies in an all-new dramatically thin and seamless design that
is still comfortable to hold and easy to use. Both models are better in every way and include:
the Apple-designed A8 chip with second generation 64-bit desktop-class architecture for
blazing fast performance and power efficiency; advanced iSight and FaceTime HD cameras;
ultrafast wireless technologies; and Apple Pay, an easier way to simply and securely make
payments with just the touch of a finger.*
25

The new iPhones include iOS 8, the biggest release since the App Store, featuring a simpler,
faster and more intuitive user experience with new Messages and Photos features, predictive
typing for Apples QuickType keyboard and Family Sharing. iOS 8 also includes the new
Health app, giving you a clear overview of your health and fitness data and iCloud Drive, so
you can store files and access them from anywhere.
Customers are encouraged to check the Apple Store app or online to receive updates on
availability and estimated delivery dates. Every customer who buys an iPhone 6 or iPhone 6
Plus at an Apple retail store will be offered free Personal Setup service, helping them
customise their iPhone by setting up email, showing them new apps from the App Store and
more, so theyll be up and running with their new iPhone before they leave the store.
Customers can also learn more about iOS 8 and their new device through free workshops at
all Apple retail stores worldwide.

Spice Telecom
Fate

acquired by Idea Cellular

Successor(s)

Idea Cellular

Founded

1997

Defunct

2008

Headquarters

Mohali, India

Products

Mobile operator

Owner(s)

B.k Modi

Website

spiceglobal.com

Spice Telecom was the brand name of Spice Communications Limited, a mobile phone
service provider in India. Spice Telecom is currently operating in the states of Punjab (India)
and Karnataka i.e., in 2 circles of 23 Telecom Circles of India. Spice Communications
Limited is now a subsidiary of Mumbai based Idea Cellular Ltd. (an Aditya Birla group
company). Idea Cellular owns more than 80% equity in Spice Communications.
26

Idea Cellular acquired the company from Modi Wellvest and Telekom Malaysia (TMI, now
Axiata) in March 17, 2010
(TMI).
Launched over ten years ago, Spices cellular services have a customer base of over 4 million
as on December 2008 in Punjab and Karnataka.
Recently Aditya Birla Group owned Idea Cellular took over the ownership of Spice Telecom
for over Rs 2,700 crore. They plan to improve the coverage, customer friendliness and good
service
The market share of Spice had fallen down in Karnataka, after their competitors weaned
away many of its customers with good service. In spite of lower tariffs Spice could not regain
the market share. Another problem was that being restricted inonly two circles the prepaid
users(which form majority of mobile phone users in India) had problems getting their phones
recharged with prepaid balance when in roaming. The problem was significance in case of
states with small areas like Punjab. Now it is hoped that under Idea cellular things at least this
problem is sorted.
Spice Telecom now has a customer base of 4.46 Million subscribers in both circles.

27

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

28

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
Coming on to the main topic mobile brand preferences among college students in Dhaliara,
There are many private and government colleges who are performing good in academics as
well.
To know about the popularity of the different mobile brands in young generation of
Dhaliare. This will indicate the awareness among the students.
To find out various reasons for the popularity of a particular brand in this area.
The study can be helpful for the people who are planning to buy new cell phone and
wanted to be very choosy regarding the mobile brand to make their money worth.
This study also clarifies positive as well as negative points of a particular brand in
concern to their mobile phones being used by the students.
It also gives the idea of sale volume of the brands in Dhaliare.
Main objective behind choosing this topic is that mobiles are being preferred by
everyone and everybody is aware about its fact and causes. This topic gives a positive
response from people and seems to an interesting one as more and more information
could be collected from students easily.

TYPE OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research by Survey method and Personal Interview.

SOURCES OF DATA

Primary Data was collected from the rural consumers with the help of a Questionnaire
with the help of an unstructured interview.

Company websites, journals, magazines, and newspapers to find out the working
procedures collected secondary Data.

NEED OF THE STUDY:

Try of find out the popularity of different mobile phones in the market and to understand the
consumers changing buying behavior which may help the company to promoting its sales
through new and effective strategies.
SAMPLING PLAN
Type of sampling

29

Convenience Sampling

Size of Sample
Questionnaire-50
Sampling Unit
The research was conducted at Dharamshala situated in Kangra District.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Questionnaire it consists of both open ended and close-ended questions. The

jewellery shop owners in the area of research were consulted and the data, which is analyzed,
was obtained through filled questionnaires.

PLAN OF ANALYSIS
The information collected from the questionnaire schedule and questionnaire are analyzed in
the following way;

The data collected from the questionnaire schedule and questionnaire

are put together in the form of tables and analyzed.

Data are shown in the form of bar charts wherever required for better
understanding.

Inferences are drawn based on the objectives of the study.

The summaries of the findings are presented.

RESEARCH TOOLS

Pie chart

Percentage.

30

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Sometimes the respondents were uninterested in replying honestly

The information collected is not cent percent authentic it can be subject to bias.

Respondents for such a survey are not readily available lot of time and effort has to be put in.

The retail shop owners were not ready to share information.

31

CHAPTER-III
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

32

Table 1.

Gender Preference.
Gender
Male
Female
Total

No. of Respondents
20
30
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 1
Male

Female

40%
60%

Interpretation:
The questionnaire was distributed among 50 students of different stream of college, out of
which 40% were males and 60% were females, who had completely filled the questionnaires.
The ratio of females is 20% more than that of males because males were least interested in
filling any sort of questionnaires. So, I had concentrated more on girls while distributing the
questionnaire.

33

Table No.2 Age of Students.

AGE
17-20
20-23
23-26
Total

No. of Respondents
26
14
10
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 2
17-20

20-23

23-26

20%
52%
28%

Interpretation:
The respondents were of different age groups, the contribution of 17-20 age group students
is highest among rest of the groups i.e. 52%. Other age groups have 28%, 21% students of
20-23 age and 23-26 age respectively. Lowest percentage is of 23-26 age group people i.e.
20%.

34

Q3.

Qualification
Qualification
Perusing Graduation
Graduate
Perusing Masters
Total

No. of Respondents
28
12
10
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 3
Perusing Graduation

Graduate

Perusing Masters

20%

56%

24%

Interpretation:
56% students perusing their graduation have been included in this survey whereas 24%
among them were graduate. 20% students are perusing their masters.

35

Table No. 4 Income level

Income Level
Less than 15,000
15001-30000
30001- 50000
50001 and above
Total

No. of Respondents
12
20
10
8
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 4
Less than 15,000

15001-30000

30001- 50000

50001 and above

16%

24%

20%
40%

Interpretation:
Income level of respondents fall basically in the group 15001-30,000 which is 40% highest in
all other groups. Lowest percentage falls in the group of 50,001-above i.e. 16% and in less
than 15,000 there is 24% student.

36

Table no.5 Duration of Mobile phone use

Mobile ph using years

1 Year
2-3 Years
More than 3 years
Total

No. of Respondents
5
15
30
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 5
1 Year

2-3 Years

More than 3 years

10%
30%
60%

Interpretation:
There are about 60% students, who are using cell phones since more than 3 years. 30%
students are using cell phones from 2-3 years and 10% students using it from less than 1 year.

37

Table 6 Reason for using the cell phone (could be more than 1).

Reason for using Mobile

For Talking
Receiving / sending sms/ e-mail
Downloading files
Using net
Playing games
Listening songs
Total

No. of Respondents
10
05
02
15
08
10
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph 6
For Talking

Receiving / sending sms/ e-mail

Downloading files

Using net

Playing games

Listening songs

20%

20%
10%
4%

16%
30%

Interpretation:
Every cell phone holder use it primarily for using net on it so as the students i.e. 30%. There
are 10% whose use cell phones for receiving/sending sms/email. 20% students also prefer
mobiles for listening music, 4% for downloading files, 16% students uses cell phones for
playing games.

38

Table 7. How many cell brands are being used by you till now?

Cell Brands
Only 1
24
More than 4
Total

No. of Respondents
05
30
15
50

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 7
Only 1

24

More than 4

10%
30%

60%

Interpretation:Only 10% of the students are there who have used only 1 cell brand till yet. Highest in 60%
who have used 2-4 cell brands. There are 30% of students who have used more than 4 brands
of cell; out of which maximum were the male. More girls respondents where under the 2-4
groups.

39

Table 8.

Cell brand you prefer?

Brand

No. of respondents
Samsung
20
Sony Ericson
04
Karbonn
03
Apple I Phone
12
Micromax
09
Blackberry
02
Total
50
Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.
Graph No. 8
Samsung

Sony Ericson

Karbonn

Apple I Phone

Micromax

Blackberry

18%

4%
40%

24%
6%

8%

Interpretation:
Maximum concentration of college going students regarding the cell phones brand is on
Samsung mobiles i.e. 40%, least preferred brand is Blackberry mobiles only with 4%
students, Apple Iphone brand is liked by 24%, micromax is preferred by 18% where as Sony
Ericson and Karbonn is chosen by 8% and 6%.

40

Table 9. Why you prefer this brand?

Prefer Brand

No. of Respondents
8
7
15
10
2
8
50

Applications
Affordability
Appearance color
Battery Backup
Accessories
After Sale Service
Total

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 9
Applications

Affordability

Appearance color

Battery Backup

Accessories

After Sale Service

16%

16%

4%

14%

20%
30%

Interpretation:
30% students like the above brand due to its appearance, 20% like battery backup, followed
by after sale services and affordability.

41

Table 10. Where did you often see the Mobile advertisements?
Adv.

No. of Respondents
25
15
7
3
50

T.V
Online
Newspapers
Radio
Total

Source: - primary data collected through questionnaire.

Graph No. 10
T.V

Online

14%

Newspapers

Radio

6%
50%

30%

Interpretation:
Television is the best mode of communication for advertisements, 50% students get familiar
to the various mobile brands through it followed by online advertisement.

42

CHAPTER-IV
CONCLUSION
FINDINGS
AND
SUGGESTIONS

43

CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded from this whole survey, the project file that the communication is heart
beat of any community, region, country or life, it keeps on passing from one generation to
another in different forms and method. It keeps on changing according to the requirement of
time. Now a days mobile phones are playing the best role of communicator among every age
group and in every region. This project is based on mobile brand preferences among college
students of Dhaliara, where I had come across the fact that here students prefer to use
Samsung mobile phones due to its affordability and constant performance in the market.
More over the students like Samsung phones as there are very rare cases of any type of
default in their hand sets and in case of the defaults the defective parts are replaced in cheaper
rates with good quality of spear parts.
But students mostly prefer the advertisements of Apple mobile phone, might because of
numbers of its ads on the television, which minutely describes its new handsets with new
features, in compare to other phones. Price ranges of Apple are quite high, which certainly
reduces its preferences among the college students of Dhaliara. As the students of Dhaliara
basically belong to middle-income families so, they cannot afford to buy expensive mobile
phones every time as per the changing trend of cell phones.
On the 2nd position application of phones is focused on by the students here, applications are
of various category like internet access, secondary camera, picture quality, memory, games
etc, now a days students are looking for new application phones at reasonable prices and
most importantly there availability in the area is also matters a lot in the nearest retail stores.
For increasing the production of the mobile phones in Dhaliara, the brands should keep their
price level quite reasonable and should regularly updates there handsets to make people
satisfy, as people over here are very trendy and very conscious about the latest fashion of
every sort.

44

FINDINGS:

60% of the respondents are female.

40% of the respondents earn 15001 to 30000 per month.
56% of the respondents perusing Graduation.
Most of the people use their mobile for more than 3 years.
Most of the people use their mobile for surfing internet and listen to music.
People switch between 3 4 mobile brands.
There is a cut throat competition between Samsung and Micromax.
Most of the people prefer their mobile brand due to appearance / color of the handsets.

45

SUGGESTIONS:

To the students of Dhaliara I personally recommend that they should carefully study the cell
phone features and should check out other brands as well. Now a days various mobile brands
are performing very well and establishing new ideas in the form of cell phones, which can
help you out to buy a best suited cell phone for yourself.

For the interested mobiles companies I recommend that they should work more on their
advertisements to attract more students of Dhaliara towards their brands. Side by side
concentration should be on introducing new applications like games, photo editors, picture
qualities etc.

46

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:1. Service Marketing by Valerie. Zeithamal, the Mc Graw-Hill Companies,
October 2002.
2. Service Marketing by Ronald Rust and Anthony, International student
edition, January 2002.
3. The essence of Service Marketing by Adrian Payne, Prentice Hall of India,
February 2001.

Websites:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

www.google.com
www.samsung.com
www.apple.com
www.micromax.com
www.karbon.com

Newspaper:1. The Tribune

2. Hindustan Times
3. Time of India
4. Punjab Kesri

47

ANNEXURE
QUESTIONAIRRE

1). NAME:
2). GENDER:
(a) Male

(b) Female

3). AGE:
(a) 17-20; (b) 20-23; (c) 23-26;

4). Educational qualification:

(a)

perusing graduation

(b)

graduate

(c)

perusing masters

(c)

more than 3 year

5). Income level of your family (monthly):

(a)

less than 15,000

(b)

15,001-30,000

(c)

30,001-50,000

(d)

50,001-above.

6). Since how many years you are using a mobile ph.?
(a)

1year

(b)

2-3 years

7).Tick the reasons for using the cell phone (could be more than 1) :
(a)

for talking

(b)

receiving/sending sms/ e-mails

(c)

downloading files

(d)

using net

(e)

playing games

(f)

listening songs

8). How many cell brands are being used by you till now?
(a)

only 1

(b)

2-4

(c)

48

more than 4.

9). Which cell brand do you prefer the most?

(a)

Micromax

(b)

Samsung

(c)

Sony Ericson

(d)

i-phone

(e)

Karbonn

(f)

Blackberry

10). Why you prefer this brand? Due to its

(a)

Applications

(b)

Affordability

(c)

Appearance-colors

(d)

Battery backup

(e)

Accessories

(f)

After sale services

11). How often do you change your mobile ph.?

(a)

in less than 1year

(b)

1-2 year

(c) 2-4 years (d) more than 4 years.

12).What would you be willing to pay for a mobile ph.?

(a)

less than 10,000

(b) 10,000-15,000

(d)

20,000-30,000

(e) any amount.

(c)

15,000-20,000

13). Where did you often see the mobile advertisements?

(a)

t.v.

(b)

news papers

(c)

online

(d)

radio

(e)

magazines

(f)

any other(specify)______

14). Do you think that mobile brand preferences among college students have any link with
its popularity, background or performance?
(a)

strongly agree

(d)

cant say anything.

(b)

strongly disagree

49

(c)

to some extent