EXPERIMENT NO.

3
AIM
To perform load test on a single phase capacitor start induction motor.
Introduction
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
A single phase induction motor has two parts-a stator and rotor (rotor
generally of squirrel cage type).The supply is fed to the stator windings. As
a result of that, a magnetic field is developed on the stator windings. In a
single phase induction motor, there is only single field winding exited with
alternating current and hence a single phase induction motor is not
inherently self-starting since it does not have a true revolving field. Various
methods have been devised to initiate rotation of the squirrel cage rotor
and the particular method employed to start the rotor of single phase
motor will designate the specific type of motor.
Load Eddy-current brake
An eddy current brake, like a conventional friction brake and is responsible
for slowing an object by creating eddy currents through electromagnetic
induction which create heat due to resistance of the conductive material,
and in turn the force dies out.
Construction
The eddy current brake comprises of components as follows-1. Electromagnets
2. Cast Iron Core
3. Conducting (Copper) Wire
4. Mounting bolts
5. Disc
6. Machined from plates
It consists of two members, a stationary magnetic field system and a solid
rotary member, generally of mild steel, which is sometimes referred to as
the secondary because the eddy currents are induced in it .Two members
are separated by a short air gap, there being no contact between the two
for the purpose of torque transmission. Consequently there is no wear as in

friction brake. Stator consists of pole core, pole shoe, and field winding. The
field winding is wounded on the pole core. Pole core and pole shoes are
made of mild steel laminations and fixed to the state of frames by means of
screw or bolts. Copper and aluminium is used as winding materials. Fig:
2(a) represents the diagram of an EDDY-CURRENT BRAKE.

Fig:2(a) representation of eddy-current brake

Working principle of Circular eddy current brakes
Eddy current brake works according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. According to this law, whenever a conductor cuts magnetic lines
of forces, an emf is induced in the
conductor, the magnitude of which is proportional to e strength of
magnetic field and the speed of the conductor. If the conductor is a disc,
there will be circulatory currents i.e. eddy currents in the disc. According to
Lenz's law, the direction of the current is in such a way as to oppose the
cause.Essentially the eddy current brake consists of two parts, a stationary
magnetic field system and a solid rotating part, which include a metal disc.
During braking, the metal disc is exposed to a magnetic field from an
electromagnet, generating eddy currents in the disc. These eddy currents
generate an opposing magnetic field which interacts with the applied field
and slows down the rotating disc by providing braking force. . The net
result is to convert the motion of the rotors into heat in the rotors.
Objectives
To perform load test with eddy-current brake.
To draw torque-slip characteristics of the loaded motor.

THEORY:
An electric motor converts electrical energy into a mechanical energy
which is then supplied to different types of loads. AC motors operate on an
AC supply, and they are classified into synchronous, single phase and 3
phase induction motor, and special purpose motors.
The load test of a 1-phase induction motor can be performed using
electromechanical brakes viz., eddy current brake and powder brake.
Circuit diagram

Fig: 2(b)- circuit connection

Procedure
Figure: 3(a) represents schematic diagram of Eddy-Current Brake

1=Graduated arm; 2=Measuring weight; 3= Water level; 4= Machine halfjoint; 5= Fan; 6= External frame; 7=Balancing weight
Fig: 3(a)
1. Before connecting the magnetic brake according to fig: 2(b) to an
exited dc supply, connect an induction motor to its Machine half-joint
and allow it to rotate it at full swing.
2. Notice the rotation of the coupling. If the rotation is towards the
balancing weight then proceed further otherwise change the
direction of rotation or interchange the position of the measuring and
balancing weight.
3. Then set the measuring weight at mark-0 of the graduated arm and
then balance the position of the air bubble in the water-level by
adjusting the balancing weight position so that the swinging stator
gets balanced. (*note- from now-on-wards, the position of the
balancing weight should not be changed till the end of the
experiment).
4. Then apply an arbitrary load to the motor by applying an arbitrary
exiting voltage to the magnetic brake keeping in mind about the
ratings of the machines.(*note- It is always advised to start the
experiment with maximum load to the induction motor when the
brake is certainly cool and then decrease the load in steps. This is just
because not to heat the motor windings).
5. Again adjust the position of the air bubble in the water level of the
arm by adjusting the position of the measuring weight as shown in
fig: 3(b).
6. Note down the distance b moved by the measuring weight as
shown in fig: 3(b).
7. Note down the rotating speed (n) in rpm of the magnetic brake.
8. Continue the experiment with some different exciting voltage to the
magnetic brake keeping in mind about the ratings of the machine.

Water level

Cp=Balancing weight
G= Measuring weight
Fig:3(b)- balance weight position
Calculations
The braking torque (M) in Nm = Measuring Weight (G) in N *
Distance moved (b) in m.
The braking power or the effective mechanical power that the
machine under test provides on the shaft (Pr) =

in W

Where,
M= Torque (Nm)
n = Rotation speed of the coupling(rpm)
Tabulation
Vac

Im

Vdc

Idc

Speed(N) Torque

Advantage of the experiment

Calculation in advance about the rated torque (Mn) of the motor, using the
rated values
Mn (in Nm) =
Where,
Pr= rated power of the induction motor
n = rated rotational speed of the induction motor at the rated power.
Pre-establishment of the braking torques (M) at various fourths of the
rated torque and also up to 25% over-load .i.e.
M (Nm) = 0 - 1/4 MN- 2/4 MN- 3/4 MN - 4/4 MN - 5/4 MN

Pre-experiment
1. Explain the constructional details and theory of eddy current brake .
2. Explain the behavior of a 1- phase induction motor under different
loads.
3. Draw the equivalent circuit of the experiment.
4. It is always necessary to have a centrifugal switch during plugging
operation to detect zero speed and switch off the supply. If this switch
malfunctions, what will happen?
5. Why is capacitor braking possible only until certain speed and below
that speed it becomes ineffective?

Post-Experiment Questions
1. Draw the torque speed characteristics for this brakes.
2. Find out the theoretical torque for each set of readings and compare
with the experimental torque.
3. What are ratings of the various measuring instruments and motor used?