C2L1

Vector Function
C2L1
2014 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
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Presentation Title (acronym) ;
Division Name/OPU/HCU/BU (acronym) ;
Name of Presenter
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner.
Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014
Learning Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
At the end of the lesson the student should be

able to:
Define vector function.
Find the limit of a vector function.
Perform the calculus of vector function.
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Name of Presenter
The Vector Function
Vector function is a function whose domain is a set

of real numbers (scalar) and whose range is a set of
vectors.
r (t ) f (t ) i g (t ) j h(t ) k
f (t ), g (t ), h(t ) ,
where t is a parameter.

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Example 1
Let r (t ) t 2 i t 1 j 5 t k , find the value of t

(domain) for the function to be defined. Evaluate the
vector function for t=2.
1 t 5
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Limit of a Vector Function
The limit of a vector function can be determined

by getting the limit of each of its components.
Definition:
r (t ) f (t ), g (t ), h(t )
lim r (t ) lim f (t ) , lim g (t ), lim h(t )

t a
t a
t a
t a
provided the limit for each component exists.

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L Hospitals Rule
Use L Hospitals Rule when the function resulted to
the following indeterminate form:
0
, , 0
0
The L Hospitals Rule
f (t )
f ' (t )
lim
lim '
t a g (t )
t a g (t )
Note: The L Hospitals Rule can be use repeatedly if

the result is an indeterminate form!
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Example 2
Evaluate lim cos t , sin t , t ln t
t 0
Ans :
1,0,0
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Space Curve
A parametric equation with
x = f (t) and y = g (t)
generates a curve in 2-space.
A parametric equation with

x = f (t), y = g (t) and z = h (t)
generates a curve in 3-space.
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Space Curve
In particular, if x = f (t), y = g (t) and z = h (t) are all linear function, the parametric
equation represents a straight line in space,
If any one of x = f (t), y = g (t) or z = h (t) is a non-linear function, the parametric

equation represents a curve line in space,

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DERIVATIVES
Definition:
If r (t ) is a vector-valued function, the derivative of r

with respect to t is a vector valued function defined
by
r (t h) r (t )
r ' (t ) lim
h 0
h
Other notations for derivative such as
d
dr
[r (t )] ,
, r'
dt
dt

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Derivative Rules
It follows the Rules of Differentiation in Differential
Calculus, however, you are dealing with vector function
where all its components must be differentiated
accordingly.
Example 4
Differentiate r (t ) ( tan 1 t ) i t cos t j t k

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Name of Presenter
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Derivative of a Dot product and Cross product

obey the product rule
Derivative of a Dot Product
dr1
dr2
d
r1 (t ) r2 (t ) r2 (t ) r1 (t )
dt
dt
dt
Derivative of a Cross Product
dr1
dr2
d
[r1 (t ) r2 (t )]
r2 (t ) r1 (t )
dt
dt
dt
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Name of Presenter
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Example 5
Given: 1. r1 (t ) 2t i 3t 2 j t 3 k ; r2 (t ) t 4 k
2. r1 (t ) cos t i sin t j t k ; r2 (t ) i t k
Determine
d
d
[r1 (t ) r2 (t )] and [r1 (t ) r2 (t )]
dt
dt
Answer:
1)
7t ; 18t , 10t , 0
6

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Second Derivative
The rules are the same as in the second derivative of

real-valued function.
Notation for the second order derivative:
2
d r
r ' ' (t ) 2
dt

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Example 6
Find the second derivative of
r (t ) cos 3t , t , sin 3t
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Parametric Equation of the Tangent Line
r
Given a curve (t ) in 3-space, how to find the vector
equation of the tangent line at the point t=t0 on the
curve?
z
r (t )
r (t 0 )
Tangent line
y
x
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Parametric Equation of the Tangent Line

To write down the equation for a straight line, we
need a point that the line passes through and the
line direction.
The directional vector can be found by
differentiating the curve equation with respect to
the parameter:
z
v (t ) r ' (t )
r (t0 )
r (t )
Tangent line
y
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After locating the tangent point of the curve, r (t0 ) , the

parametric equation of the tangent line is given by
r (t ) r (t0 ) t v (t0 )
r ' (t 0 ) v (t 0 )
r (t )
r (t 0 )
Tangent line
y
x
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Example 9
Find the
equation of the tangent line of the
parametric
curve R(t ) e2t i 2 cos 3tj 4k at the point t0 1
Answers:
v (t ) 2e 2t i 6 sin 3tj
r (t ) R (t0 ) tv (t0 ) (e 2 2te 2 )i (2 cos 3 6t sin 3) j 4k

x e 2 2te 2 ; y 2 cos 3 6t sin 3 ; z 4
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Integrals
The integral of the vector function is just the same as
the integral for real valued functions except that the
integrand is a vector.
The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus is also in use
i. e., if dR(t ) r(t ) then

dt
r (t )dt R(t )
b
a
R (b) R (a)

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Integrals
Given r(t ) f (t )i g (t ) j h(t )k then
r (t )dt f (t )dt i g (t )dt j h(t )dt k

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Example 7
Evaluate
1
(t i t 2 j t 3 k) dt

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Example 8
Evaluate
/4
( cos 2t i sin 2t j t sin t k) dt

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Vector Function

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be

At the end of the lesson the student should be

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014

The Vector Function

Vector function is a function whose domain is a set

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Let r (t ) t 2 i t 1 j 5 t k , find the value of t

Limit of a Vector Function

The limit of a vector function can be determined

lim r (t ) lim f (t ) , lim g (t ), lim h(t )

provided the limit for each component exists.

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Note: The L Hospitals Rule can be use repeatedly if

A parametric equation with

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014

If any one of x = f (t), y = g (t) or z = h (t) is a non-linear function, the parametric

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014

If r (t ) is a vector-valued function, the derivative of r

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Differentiate r (t ) ( tan 1 t ) i t cos t j t k

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014

Derivative of a Dot product and Cross product

Derivative of a Dot Product

Derivative of a Cross Product

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

The rules are the same as in the second derivative of

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014

Parametric Equation of the Tangent Line

Parametric Equation of the Tangent Line

After locating the tangent point of the curve, r (t0 ) , the

r (t ) R (t0 ) tv (t0 ) (e 2 2te 2 )i (2 cos 3 6t sin 3) j 4k

i. e., if dR(t ) r(t ) then

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Given r(t ) f (t )i g (t ) j h(t )k then

r (t )dt f (t )dt i g (t )dt j h(t )dt k

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

( cos 2t i sin 2t j t sin t k) dt

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

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