Dynamic of Reciprocating

Engines

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Introduction
Reciprocating Engines are built from multiples of the slider-crank
mechanism:
Inline Engines (3, 4, 5, 6 cylinder versions)
Vee Engines (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 cylinder versions)

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Introduction
There are two common combustion cycles
used in internal combustion engines:
The Otto four-stroke cycle (efficient but
higher weight)
The Clerk two-stroke cycle (inefficient but
less weight)

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Slider-Crank Kinematics
Two tight triangles rqs and lqu are constructed. Then from geometry:
= sin = sin ,
= + = cos + cos ,

= then
cos =

sin =

1 sin2 =

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

sin

sin

Slider-Crank Kinematics
Then, = cos + 1

sin

Using the binomial theorem (with a very small error),

1

sin

2
2 2

Then, = cos + 1

sin2

2
2 2

sin2

and

sin2 =

= cos + 1

1cos 2
2

2 1cos 2
2 2
2

= + cos + cos 2
4
4

= (sin + sin 2)
2

2
= (cos + cos 2)

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Equivalent Dynamic Model

The Crank equivalent model:
2 = 2 + 22 ,
2 = 2 2
2
2 = 2

The Connecting Rod equivalent model:

3 = 3 + 3
3

= 3
,
+

= 3
+

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Equivalent Dynamic Model

This model has masses which are either in pure rotation ( ) or in pure
translation ( ), so it is very easy to dynamically analyze
= 2 + 3
= 3 + 4

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Inertia and Shaking Forces DAlembert inertia forces

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Inertia and Shaking Forces - DAlembert inertia forces

The acceleration of point B is:

2
= = cos + cos 2

The acceleration of point A is:

= 2 cos 2 sin
The total inertia force is the sum of the centrifugal (inertia) force at point A
and the inertia force at point B
=
Breaking it into x and y components
=

cos + cos 2

= 2 sin

2 cos

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

Inertia and Shaking Forces - DAlembert inertia forces

The inertia force is

=
=

2 cos

cos + cos 2

2 2

2
+ cos +
cos 2

+ 2 sin
+ 2 sin

The portion of the force occurring at the frequency rad/s is called the
primary inertia force and the portion occurring at 2 rad/s is called the
secondary inertia force.

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

10

Inertia and Shaking Forces

The Shaking force is defined as the sum of all forces acting on the ground plane

= +
=

2 2

2
+ cos +
cos 2

+ 2 sin

Cairo University - MDPN253: Dynamics of Machine Components - Spring 2016

11