L.

Modder
Biology 12

The Cell - 3

Name:___________________
Date:____________________

The Cell
The cell is the basic UNIT that can undergo the processes of life:
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1) To REPRODUCE
2) To GROW and develop
3) To obtain and use ENERGY
4) To RESPOND to the environment

The cell theory states that

1) All living things are composed of 1 or more CELLS
2) Cells come from other cells
3) Cells are the basic unit of STRUCTURE and FUNCTION in living things.

2 main types of cells:

What makes them unique:

NO NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES

What makes them unique:

HAVE MEMBRANE BOUND
NUCLEUS & ORGANELLES

What types of organisms:

BACTERIA

What types of organisms:

PROTIST, FUNGI, PLANT
ANIMALS

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Parts of Cells: ALL cells share certain common characteristics

1) Plasma/cell MEMBRANE:

SEPARATES cell from the surroundings

Cells GATEKEEPER - CONTROLS materials moving into/out of the cell

PROTECTS cells

Is like SKIN keeps organs (organelles) in and other things out.

2) Cytoplasm:

Clear, GELATINOUS substance between cell membrane and nuclear membrane.

Is like BLOOD how everything gets around

3) Ribosomes:

Produce PROTEINS

Made of RNA + PROTEINS(granular organelle)

Made in NUCLEOLUS

Found FREEFLOATING in cytoplasm or attached to ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Is like COOK reads recipes and puts things together

Eukaryotic cells also contain the following

4) Organelles: Specialized area that perform a particular FUNCTION and are usually bound by membrane.
o Nucleus:
o CONTROL centre.
o Possesses a nuclear MEMBRANE with PORES
o Contains DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID: DNA codes for PROTEINS which direct all cell
activities).
o Is like BRAIN controls EVERYTHING and how things function

o Nucleolus:
o Small, DENSE portion of nucleus.
o Made up of RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
o Site of RIBOSOME formation
o Mitochondria:
o Produce ENERGY from food in the form of ATP molecules (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE).
o Undergo CELLULAR RESPIRATION (cristae)
Carbohydrate + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

o Is like GENERATOR put in one type of energy & produces different energy
o Endoplasmic Reticulum:
o ROUGH ER (RER) has attached RIBOSOMES and is the site of PROTEIN synthesis.
-Is like KITCHEN where things are assembled.
o SMOOTH ER (SER) produces/transports LIPIDS and other substances.
-Is like CONVEYOR BELT transports things.

o Golgi Apparatus(Complex):
o Stacks of flattened DISCS - like sacs
o Processes, PACKAGES and stores proteins.
o

Is like SHIPPER/STORAGE directs packaging, movement or storage of product.

o Lysosome:
o Sac containing digestive ENZYMES
o Site of DIGESTIVE of molecules and unneeded cell parts.
o Is like TRASH COMPACTOR breaks down and disposes of garbage outside of bakery.

o Cell Skeleton:
o Microfilaments and MICROTUBULES
o Thread-like structures that give the cell TRANSPORT, aid in SHAPE of materials and make up CILIA
and FLAGELLA (for locomotion).

Plant cells also contain the following organelles

o Plastids:
o COLOURED organelles that contain pigments (CHLOROPHYL).
o Eg. CHLOROPLASTS (site of photosynthesis)
o Cell Wall:
o Rigid structure outside cell membrane.
o Composed of CELLULOSE.
o Prevents cells from RUPTURING.
o Vacuole:
o LARGE space used for storage.
o In plants it helps store water TURGOR PRESSURE.

STICK IN H2O