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This scenario is accurate in that it correctly shows that under these conditions, ice forms
first outside of cells, and the ice crystals consist of pure water.[30] Ice begins forming outside of cells rather than inside of them for at least two reasons. First, the concentration of dissolved materials in
the water inside cells is much higher than that present in the water outside of the cells (in the extracellular space). These concentrated materials, primarily salts, such as phosphates and potassium
chloride, exert a small amount of antifreeze activity, depressing the freezing point of the intracellular milieu about a degree Celsius (C) below that of the extracellular fluid.[31, 32]
Revisado: 14/02/2002 .
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