chemistry

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

Chapter 1: Rate of Reaction

1. A chemical reaction takes place when reactants are mixed together under suitable
conditions.

Reactants

Products

2. Rate of reaction is the change in the quantity of product per unit time.
3. The rate of reaction can be expressed in two ways:

a) the average rate of reaction over a period of time

b) the rate of reaction at any given time

Example
Magnesium reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphate and hydrogen. The
total volume of hydrogen obtained from an experiment is tabulated below.
Time(s)

10

30

40

50

60

70

Volume

12

23

27

of
H2(cm3)

a) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the 10th second and 30th second.
b) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen produced at 40 seconds, given that the rate of
reaction for the first 40 seconds is 0.45 cm3s-1.
c) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen collected in 70 seconds, given that the average
rate of reaction between the 60th second and 70th second is 0.50 cm3s-1.

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

4. Shapes of curves depend on the volume and concentration of a reactant. Try to sketch
the following graphs.

Experiment

Initial rate of reaction

Set I
I g of excess Zn
powder + 50 cm3 of
0.10 mol dm-3 HCl

Set II
I g of excess Zn
powder + 30 cm3 of
0.20 mol dm-3 HCl

The initial rate of set I

is lower than that of
set II

This is because the
concentration of HCl
in set I is lower than
that in set II

Set I
I g of excess Zn
powder + 50 cm3 of
0.10 mol dm-3 HCl

Set III
I g of excess Zn
powder + 150 cm3 of
0.05 mol dm-3 HCl

The initial rate of set I

is_____________than that
of set III.

This is because the
concentration of HCl
in set I is _________than
that in set III

Maximum volume of
hydrogen gas
Zn is in excess.

Number of moles of
HCl in set I
= MV
1000
= 0.10 x 50
1000
= 0.005 mol

Number of moles of
HCl in set II
= MV
1000
= 0.20 x 30
1000
= 0.006 mol

The number of moles
of HCl in set I is lower
than that in set II.

Hence, maximum
volume of H2 released
in set I is lower than
that in set II.


Zn is in excess.

Number of moles of
HCl in set I = 0.005
mol

Number of moles of
HCl in set III
= MV
1000
=

=

The number of moles
of HCl in set I is
_________than that in
set III.

Hence, maximum
volume of H2 released
in set I is_________than
that in set III.

Graph

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

Set I
I g of excess Zn
powder + 50 cm3 of
0.10 mol dm-3 HCl

Set IV
I g of excess Zn
powder + 25 cm3 of
0.15 mol dm-3 HCl

The initial rate of set I

is_____________than that
of set IV.

This is because the
concentration of HCl
in set I is _________than
that in set IV.

Set I
I g of excess Zn
powder + 50 cm3 of
0.10 mol dm-3 HCl

Set V
I g of excess Zn
powder + 100 cm3 of
0.05 mol dm-3 HCl

The initial rate of set I

is_____________than that
of set V.

This is because the
concentration of HCl
in set I is _________than
that in set V.

Zn is in excess.

Number of moles of
HCl in set I = 0.005
mol

Number of moles of
HCl in set IV
= MV
1000
=

=

The number of moles
of HCl in set I is
_________than that in
set IV.

Hence, maximum
volume of H2 released
in set I is_________than
that in set IV.

Zn is in excess.

Number of moles of
HCl in set I = 0.005
mol

Number of moles of
HCl in set V
= MV
1000
=

=

The number of moles
of HCl in set I is
_________than that in
set V.

Hence, maximum
volume of H2 released
in set I is_________than
that in set V.

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

5.
Collision theory

Effective collision

Activation energy

6. The collision theory is used to explain how surface area, concentration, temperature,
catalyst and pressure influence the rates of chemical reactions.
Factor
Surface area/particle size

Concentration

Temperature

Catalyst

Pressure

Explanation
When the particle size is decreased, the total
surface area exposed for reaction increases.


When the concentration is increased, the number of
particles per unit volume increases.


When the temperature is increased, the number of
particles with the activation energy required
increases.


When a positive catalyst is used, activation energy
required for the reaction is lowered. An alternative
route with lower activation energy is provided.
More reacting particles possess sufficient energy to
overcome the lower activation energy.


When the pressure is increased, the number of
gaseous molecules per unit volume is increased,
and the molecules are packed closer together.

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

7.

Experiment
Chemical
reaction

I
Reaction between
zinc and HCl

Ionic
equation

Observation

Observable
changes

Method of
measuring
observable
changes

II
Reaction between
sodium
thiosulphate with
sulphuric acid

III
Decomposition of
hydrogen
peroxide

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

Chapter 2: Carbon Compounds


ALKANE
Substitution











Starch, sugar




ALCOHOL

ALKENE

H2O








Addition

Combustion

ESTER

CARBOXYLIC ACID

Polymerisation

Reaction with:

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

2. Similarities in physical properties:
a) Melting point, boiling point and density __________________________________________
b) Physical state - ________________________________________________________________________
c) Solubility - _____________________________________________________________________________
d) Electrical conductivity - ______________________________________________________________

3. Differences in chemical properties:
Properties

Alkane

Alkene

a) Reactivity

b) Combustion

c) Liquid bromine

d) Acidified KMnO4

e) Type of reaction


4. Read up/Practice
v

Isomers

Coagulation of latex

Vulcanisation of rubber

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

Chapter 3: Oxidation and Reduction
1. Redox reaction if a reaction whereby oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

Oxidation

Reduction

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Electrons

Oxidation number

Agent

Terminal

2. Experiment of the conversion of iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions.
Materials

Iron(II) sulphate, dilute sulphuric acid, potassium

manganate(VII) solution, sodium hydroxide solution

Set-up of apparatus and

observations

Equations

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

3. Experiment of the conversion of iron(III) ions to iron(II) ions.
Materials

Iron(III) sulphate solution, zinc powder, sodium

hydroxide solution

Set-up of apparatus and

observations

Equations

4. Experiment of displacement of metal from its salt solution.
Materials

Zinc plate, copper(II) sulphate solution.

Set-up of apparatus and

observations

Equations

Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

5. Experiment of displacement of halogen from its halide solution.
Materials

Potassium bromide solution, chlorine, 1,1,1-

trichloroethane

Set-up of apparatus and

observations

Equations

6. Experiment of transfer of electrons at a distance.
Materials

Iron(II) sulphate, bromine water, dilute sulphuric

acid.

Set-up of apparatus and

observations

Equations

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Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

7. Rusting of iron.





a) What is meant by rusting? _________________________________________________________
b) State the function of test tube A in the experiment.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
c) State the function if the phenolphthalein indicator and potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
d) State the cation and explain what happened in test tube A.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
e) State the cation and explain what happened in test tube C.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
f)(i) In which test tube does rusting of iron not occur? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
ii) Name one suitable example of metal P. ___________________________________________
iii) Arrange the electropositivity of metal P, copper and iron in ascending order.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Read up on:
v

Experiment to compare the reactivity of metals with oxygen

Experiment to determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity

series of metal

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Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

Chapter 4: Thermochemistry
1. Thermochemistry is the study of heat changes in chemical reactions.
2. Based on the heat energy changes, chemical reactions are divided into exothermic
reactions and endothermic reactions.
3. Definition of heat of reaction.
Heat of precipitation

Heat of displacement

Heat of neutralisation

Heat of combustion

4. Clone SPM 2010
Table 1 shows the heat of neutralization of two different monoprotic acids, P and Q,
with sodium hydroxide solution.
Experiment

Reactants

Heat of neutralisation
(kJmol-1)

100cm3 1.0 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide

-55.0

solution + 100 cm3 1.0 moldm-3 of

monoprotic X
II

100cm3 1.0 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide

-57.0

solution + 100 cm3 1.0 moldm-3 of

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Chemistry Intensive Session (June 2016)

monoprotic Y

ai) Based on the information, state one example which could be acid X and one which
could be acid Y. ___________________________________________________________________
ii) Explain the difference in the heats of neutralisation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Calculate temperature change of the mixture in Experiment 1.



5. When 3.08 g of propane completely burns in air, the heat released increases
temperature of 200cm3 of water by 18.5 oC. Calculate the heat of combustion of
propane. Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

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