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Chapter 5 Chemical Bonding

Formation of compounds
Ionic bonds
Formation of positive ions
Formation of negative ions
Formation of ionic compounds

Covalent bonds
Single covalent bonds
Double covalent bonds
Triple covalent bonds

Properties of ionic and covalent bonds

Stability of inert gases

Noble gas

Formula

Electron
arrangement

Helium
Neon

Argon
Krypton

Xenon
Radon

Formation of chemical bonds

Besides noble gases, atoms of other elements
are not stable as they do not have the duplet
or octet arrangements in their valence shells.
Hence, atoms of other elements will form
chemical bonds among themselves or with
other atoms to achieve a more stable electron
arrangement a duplet or octet arrangement.
This is called the octet rule.
The octet rule says that an atom becomes
stable if its outermost shell is filled with eight
electrons (or two electrons).

Formation of compounds
Most elements are found combined with other
elements to form compounds.
Common compounds are usually oxides,
sulphates, carbonates etc.
A compound is a chemical substance which
consists of two or more elements chemically
bonded together.
Elements prefer to form compounds because a
compound is in a more stable state than the free
elements.
This is because the elements dont have a full
outermost shell filled with electrons.

Stability of inert gases

Inert gases (noble gases) which are elements
in Group 18, are generally stable and
unreactive.
This is due to their outermost electron shells
being filled with 8 electrons or 2 electrons.
This is called octet electron arrangement and
duplet electron arrangement.
It can be seen that all the noble gas atoms that
have eight electrons in their outermost
(valence) shells except helium atoms.

Formation of chemical bonds

The f ormation of chemical bonds include:
1. Only valence electrons are involved in bonding.
2. Electrons in filled shells do not take part in
bonding.
3. An atom aims to achieve the same electron
arrangement as noble gases in order to be
stable either octet or duplet.
4. An atom in the first shell as the outermost shell
shall obey the duplet rule maximum two
electrons.
5. An atom with the second shell (or third shell and
so on) shall obey the octet rule maximum eight
electrons.

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Formation of chemical bonds

Formation of chemical bonds

An ionic bond is a bond formed f rom the

transfer of electrons f rom a metal atom to a
non-metal atom. It is also called an
electrovalent bond.
For example, sodium metal combines with the
non-metal chlorine by forming the ionic
compound sodium chloride.

An atom can achieve an octet or duplet

arrangement in two ways:

Metal atom + Non-metal atom Ionic compound

Formation of chemical bonds

A covalent bond is a bond formed f rom the
sharing of electrons f rom a non-metal atom
to a non-metal atom.
For example, non-metal oxygen combines
with the non-metal hydrogen by forming the
covalent compound water.
Non-metal atom + Non-metal atom Ionic compound

Ionic Bonds Formation of positive

ions
Example 1 Sodium
Sodium atom has an electron arrangement of 2.8.1.
It has one valence electron.
Hence it will lose one valence electron and become
sodium ion, Na+ .
The electron arrangement of sodium ion is 2.8.
The equation is:

Transferring electrons
Sharing electrons

Two types of chemical bonds are commonly

f ormed between atoms:
Ionic bond
Covalent bond

Ionic Bonds Formation of positive

ions
Metals are electropositive.
They have a tendency to lose their valence
electrons to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangements.
A positive ion is formed because it has more
protons than electrons.
Hence all metal elements will form positive
ions.
The elements in Groups 1, 2, and 13 of the
Periodic Table will form metal ions.

Ionic Bonds Formation of positive

ions
Example 2 Magnesium
Magnesium atom has an electron arrangement of
2.8.2.
The atom has two valence electrons.
Hence the magnesium atom will lose two valence
electrons and become magnesium ion, Mg 2+ .
The electron arrangement of magnesium ion is 2.8.
The equation is:

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Ionic Bonds Formation of positive

ions
Example 3 Aluminium
An aluminium atom has electron arrangement of
2.8.3.
It has three valence electrons.
Hence it will lose three electrons to form aluminium
ion, Al 3+ .
The electron arrangement of aluminium ion is 2.8.
The equation is:

Ionic Bonds Formation of negative

ions
Non-metals are electronegative.
They have the tendency to attract electrons into
their valence shells to achieve the stable octet
electron arrangement.
A negative ion is formed because the number of
electrons is more than the number of protons.
Non-metal elements can be found in Groups
15, 16, and 17 of the Periodic Table.

Ionic Bonds Formation of negative

ions

Ionic Bonds Formation of negative

ions

Example 1 Nitrogen

Example 2 Oxygen

The electron arrangement of nitrogen atom is 2.5.

It has five valence electrons.
It needs three more electrons to become stable.
Each nitrogen atom accepts three electrons to
enable it to form nitrogen ion, N3- .
The electron arrangement is 2.8.
The equation is:

Ionic Bonds Formation of negative

ions
Example 3 Flourine
Flourine atom has electron arrangement 2.7.
It has seven electrons in its outermost shell.
It needs to gain one electron to form flourine ion, F-.
The electron arrangement of flourine ion is 2.8.
The equation is:

The oxygen atom has electron arrangement 2.6.

It has only six valence electrons.
It needs to gain two electrons to form oxygen ion,
O 2- .
The electron arrangement of oxygen is 2.8.
The equation is:

Questions
Example 5.1
An ion of vanadium has the following subatomic particles:
23 protons
20 electrons
Write the formula for this ion.
Example 5.2
Atom M has a proton number of 20. Two electrons are
removed from the atom.
(a) Will atom M form a positive ion or negative ion?
(b) What is the charge of the ion formed?

(c) Write out the electron arrangement for the ion.

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Questions

Questions

Example 5.3
Ion X+ has an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.
Determine the numbers of protons and electrons in
the ion.

Example 5.5
An ion of silicon has a proton number of 14. the number of
electrons in the ion exceeds the number of protons by
four.
(a) Is this ion positively or negatively charged?

Example 5.4
An ion of element Y has the following particle:
35 protons
44 neutrons
36 electrons
What is the formula for the ion?

(b) What is the charge of the ion?

(c) Write out the electron arrangement for the ion.
Example 5.6
Ion X2- has an electron arrangement of 2.8.8.
Determine the number of protons and electrons in ion X2-.

Questions
Example 5.7
Atom X has a proton number of 19 and nucleon number of 39. It
forms an ion with a formula of X+ .
Determine:

(a) The number of protons

(b) The number of electrons
(c) The number of neutrons
(d) The electron arrangement
for ion X+

Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond is normally formed between a
metal atom and a non-metal atom.
The bond is formed through the transfer of
electrons.
This transfer involves the gain and loss of
electrons.
The metal atoms loses its valence electrons
to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
Since it loses electrons, it has more protons
than electrons. Hence, it becomes a positively
charged ion.

Ionic Bonds
A non-metal atom gains electrons to achieve a
stable octet electron arrangement.
Since it gains electrons, it has more electrons
than protons.
Hence a negatively charged ion is formed.
The oppositely charged ions are attracted to
each other. A compound is formed.
They are held together by strong electrostatic
forces. This bond is called an ionic bond.

Formation of ionic bonds

Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl
1. Sodium atom has

A proton number of 11
An electron arrangement of 2.8.1
One valence electron

2. Each sodium atom, Na loses one electron to form

sodium ion, Na+:
3. The electron is transferred to chlorine atom.
4. Chlorine atom has

A proton number of 17
An electron arrangement of 2.8.7
Seven valence electrons

5. Hence each chlorine atom, Cl gains one electron from

sodium to form chloride ion, Cl - :

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Formation of ionic bonds

Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl
The transfer of an electron from a sodium atom to a
chlorine atom enables both atoms to achieve stable
octet structures.
The following shows the formation of sodium chloride.

Formation of ionic bonds

Formation of magnesium oxide, MgO
1. Magnesium atom has:

A proton number of 12
An electron arrangement of 2.8.2
Two valence electrons

2. Each magnesium atom, Mg loses two electrons to form

magnesium ion, Mg 2+ :
3. The electrons lost by magnesium atom are transferred
to an oxygen atom.
4. An oxygen atom has

A proton number of 8
An electron arrangement of 2.6
Six valence electrons

The oppositely charged ions, Na+ and Cl - are strongly held

together by strong electrostatic forces. Hence, sodium
chloride, NaCl is produced.

5. Each oxygen atom gains two electrons from the

magnesium atom to form oxide ion, O 2-:

Formation of ionic bonds

Formation of ionic bonds

Formation of magnesium oxide, MgO

The transfer of two electrons from a magnesium atom to
an oxygen atom enables both atoms to achieve stable
octet structures.
The following shows the formation of magnesium oxide:

Formation of calcium flouride, CaF2

1. A calcium atom has:

A proton number of 20
An electron arrangement of 2.8.8.2
Two valence electrons

2. Each calcium atom loses two electrons to form calcium

ion, Ca2+:
3. The electrons lost by a calcium atom are transferred to
flourine atom.
4. Flourine atoms have:
The oppositely charged ions, Mg 2+ and O2- are strongly
attracted to each other and held together by strong
electrostatic forces. Hence magnesium oxide is
produced.

Formation of ionic bonds

Formation of calcium flouride, CaF2
The transfer of two electron from a calcium atom to two
flourine atoms enable all three atoms to achieve stable
octet structures.
The following shows how this transfer of electrons takes
place:

A proton number of 9
An electron arrangement of 2.7
Seven valence electrons

5. Each flourine atoms gains one electron from calcium

atom to form a flouride ion, F-:

Questions
Example 5.8
What is the charge of a lithium ion and an iodide ion?
Example 5.9
What is the charge of a barium ion and a phosphide ion?
Example 5.10
Element X has a proton number of 19. element Y has 6 valence
electrons. Deduce the formula for the compound formed
between elements X and Y.

The oppositely charged ions, Ca2+ and F- are strongly

attracted to each other and held together by a strong
electrostatic forces. Hence, calcium flouride, CaF2 is
produced.

Example 5.11
An ion of element R has 13 protons and 10 electrons. An atom
of element T has 17 electrons. Give the formula of the ionic
compound formed between R and T.

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Deducing the formula for ionic

compounds

Deducing the formula for ionic

compounds

All metals form positive ions.

Hence, all elements in Group 1, 2 and 13 form
positive ions.
The charges of the ions are +1, +2 and +3
respectively.

All non-metals form negative ions.

Hence, all elements in Group 15, 16 and 17 form
negative ions.
The charges of the ions are -3, -2 and -1
respectively.

Group

Number of Number of
valence
electrons
electrons
removed

Charge of
positive
ions

Example
of element

Example
of ion

Group

Number of Number of
valence
electrons
electrons
removed

Charge of
positive
ions

Example
of element

Li, Na, K

15

N, P

Ba, Mg, Ca

16

O, S

Al

17

F, Cl, Br, I

Example
of ion

Deducing the formula for ionic

compounds

Quick Review 5.2

Example 5.12
What is a charge of a lithium ion and an iodide ion?

1. Element M forms an ion M3+ which has 13

protons and 14 neutrons.

Example 5.14
What is the charge of a barium ion and a phosphide
ion?
Example 5.13
Element X has a proton number of 19. Element Y
has 6 valence electrons. Deduce the formula for
the compound formed between element X and Y.

a) What is the proton number and nucleon number of

element M?

2. What is the charge of a barium ion and a

phosphide ion?