Cordero, Jared Alphonse S.

2C-MT
Endocrine
Organ
Pituitary
gland
(anterior)

Location

Hormones released

Produced by

Target cell

below the brain

witin the sella
turcica
Human growth hormone
(hGH)
or somatotropin

Somatotrophs.

liver

Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
or thyrotropin

Thyrotrophs.

Thyroid
Gland

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)

Gonadotrophs.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotrophs.

Prolactin (PRL)

Lactotrophs

Ovaries and
Testes

Ovaries and
Testes

mammary
glands

Function of hormone
Stimulates liver, muscle,
cartilage, bone, and other
tissues to synthesize and
secrete insulinlike growth
factors (IGFs); IGFs
promote growth of body
cells, protein synthesis,
tissue repair, lipolysis, and
elevation of
blood glucose
concentration.
Stimulates the synthesis
and secretion of thyroid
hormones by the thyroid
gland.

In females, initiates
development of oocytes
and induces ovarian
secretion of estrogens. In
males, stimulates
testes to produce sperm.

In females, stimulates
secretion of estrogens and
progesterone, ovulation,
and formation of corpus
luteum.
In males, stimulates testes
to produce testosterone.
Together with other
hormones, promotes milk
secretion by the mammary
glands.

clinical condition of hyper

secretion or hypo secretion

Gigantism (hyper.) resulting in

excessive growth; acromegaly
(hyper) resulting in growth of soft
tissues; pituitary dwarfism (hypo)
resulting in small stature

Secondary hyperthyroidism;
secondary hypothyroidism
. Hypo and hyper secretion of this
hormone causes several ailments
to human body. Due to hyper
secretion troubles like Premature
Ovarian Failure or Premature
menopause, Swyer syndrome,
Testicular failure, Gonadal
dysgenesis and various other
diseases can happen. And hypo
secretion of FSH causes disease
like Hypothalamic suppression,
Gonadotropin deficiency,
Hyperprolactinemia, Kallmann
syndrome and Gonadotropin
deficiency.
Hypersecretion of luteinizing
hormone (LH) is a significant cause
of infertility and miscarriage in
women with the polycystic ovary
syndrome
Hyperprolactinemia (hyper.)
resulting in galactorrhea (milk
production in non-lactating
female), lack of menses, infertility

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
or corticotropin

Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone

Parathyroid
Gland

Pituitary
Gland
(posterior)

embedded in the
posterior part of
the thyroid gland

lies below the

brain protected
within the sella
turcica

Parathyroid hormone

Oxytocin

Corticotrophs

Corticotrophs.

Parathyroid

Neurosecretory cells
of hypothalamus

adrenal
cortex

Stimulates secretion of
glucocorticoids (mainly
cortisol) by the adrenal
cortex.

in women; impotence in men

Addisons disease (hyposecretion)
resulting in hypoglycemia (low
blood sugar); Cushings disease
(hypersecretion, mainly of cortisol)
resulting in hyperglycemia (high
blood sugar; steroid diabetes),
redistribution of fat (moon face
and buffalo neck), masking of
infections; weight loss, loss of
muscle and bone mass; edema
(effect of excess Aldosterone)

It stimulates melanocytes
to produce melanin
pigments in humans but
does not influence skin
colour changes.

brain

bone

Uterus and
mammary
glands

Increases blood Ca2_ and

Mg2_ levels and decreases
blood HPO42_ level;
increases bone resorption
by
osteoclasts; increases Ca2_
reabsorption and HPO42_
excretion by kidneys; and
promotes formation of
calcitriol (active form of
vitamin D), which increases
rate of dietary Ca2_ and
Mg2_ absorption.

Stimulates contraction of
smooth muscle cells of the
uterus during childbirth;
stimulates contraction of
myoepithelial cells in the
mammary glands
to cause milk ejection.

Hyperparathyroidism
(hyper) bone loss,
elevated plasma Ca2+

Hashimotos thyroid (hypo)

autoimmune destruction of
thyroid resulting in myxedema;
myxedema (hypo) low BMR,
bradycardia, low body temp.
mental sluggishness;
cretinism (hypo) mental and

Antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH) or
vasopressin

Neurosecretory cells
of hypothalamus

kidneys,
Sudoriferous
(sweat)glands &
arterioles

Conserves body water by

decreasing urine volume;
decreases water loss
through perspiration; raises
blood pressure by
constricting arterioles.

physical retardation due to

hyposecretion during
development; Graves disease
(hyper) autoimmune disease in
which antibodies resemble TSH
and over stimulate thyroid
resulting in tachycardia, high
blood pressure, high BMR,
weight loss, nervousness,
limited energy, exophthalmus
(protrusion of eyeballs), toxic
goiter
Diabetes insipidus(hypo) defects in antidiuretic receptors
or its inability to secrete ADH.
Excretion of large volumes of
urine which results to
dehydration and thirst;
syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone
hypersecretion (SIADH) is a
condition mostly found in
patients diagnosed with smallcell carcinoma of the lung,
pneumonia, brain tumors, head
trauma, strokes, meningitis, and
encephalitis. This is a syndrome
characterized by excessive
release of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH or vasopressin) from the
posterior pituitary gland or
another source. The result is
hyponatremia, and sometimes
fluid overload.

Thyroid Gland

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4
(thyroxine) or thyroid
hormones from follicular cells

Thyroid

all except
brain

Calcitonin (CT) from

parafollicular cells

Thyroid

bone

front of the neck

below the larynx

Increase basal
metabolic rate,
stimulate
synthesisof
proteins,
increase use of
glucose and
fatty acidsfor
ATP
production,
increase
lipolysis,
enhanceexcreti
on, accelerate
body growth,
andcontribute
to
development
of the nervous
system.
Lowers blood
levels of Ca2_
and HPO42_ by
inhibiting
bone
resorption by
osteoclasts
and by
accelerating
uptake of
calcium and
phosphates
into bone
extracellular
matrix.

Congenital hypothyroidism - hyposecretion of thyroid

hormone. Present at birth; Graves disease hypersecretion of thyroid hormones is an autoimmune
disorder in w/c the person produces antibodies that
mimic the action of TSH

Mineralocorticoids (mainly
aldosterone)
from zona glomerulosa
cells

Zona
glomerulosa of
adrenal cortex

Kidneys (main),
pancreas,
salivary glands,
sweat glands

Increase blood levels of Na

_ and water and
decrease blood level of K
_.

Liver, skeletal
muscle

Increase protein
breakdown (except in
liver),
stimulate gluconeogenesis
and lipolysis, provide
resistance to stress,
dampen inflammation, and
depress immune
responses.

Adrenal
Gland
(adrenal
cortex)

top of the
kidneys
Glucocorticoids (mainly
cortisol)
from zona fasciculata cells

Adrenal
Gland
(Adrenal
medulla)

Zona fasciculata
of adrenal
cortex

Androgens (mainly
dehydroepiandrosterone or
DHEA)
from zona reticularis cells

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
from chromaffin cells

adrenal medulla

smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle,
skeletal muscle;
liver

smooth muscle
of blood vessels

Assist in early growth of

axillary and pubic hair in
both sexes; in females,
contribute to libido and are
source of estrogens after
menopause.
Produce effects that
enhance those of the
sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous
system (ANS) during
stress.

Aldosteronism (hyper)
increased Na+ retention
leading to hypertension;
loss of K+ leading to
neural and muscular
dysfunction; Addisons
disease (hypo) resulting
in decreased Na+
reabsorption leading to
hypotension, increased
K+ leading to neural and
muscular dysfuncton;
Cushings disease (hyper;
mainly of cortisol) leading
to excess Na+ water
retention, and
hypertension, low K+
leading to neural and
muscular dysfunction
Addisons disease
(hyposecretion) resulting
in hypoglycemia (low
blood sugar); Cushings
disease (hypersecretion,
mainly of cortisol)
resulting in hyperglycemia
(high blood sugar; steroid
diabetes), redistribution
of fat (moon face and
buffalo neck), masking of
infections; weight loss,
loss of muscle and bone
mass; edema (effect of
excess Aldosterone)

attach
ed to
the
roof of
the
third
ventri
cle of
the
brain
at the
midlin
e

Pineal Gland

thymus

Pancreatic
Islet or islets
of langerhans

behind the
sternum
between the
lungs.

thymosin,
thymic
humoral
factor
(THF),
thymic
factor
(TF), and
thymopoie
tin

situated inferior
and posterior to
the stomach

pineal gland
from the amino
acid serotonin;
enteroendocrine
cells of the
gastrointestinal
tract;
pinealocytes

melatonin

Thymus

Glucagon
from
alpha cells
of
pancreatic
islets

lymphatic tissue

pancreatic
islets

gastrointest
inal tract,
pancreas &
liver
(Melatonin
receptors)

to
contribute
to the
setting
of the
bodys
biological
clock, which
is controlled
by the
suprachiasm
atic
nucleus of
the
hypothalam
us.

thymopoietinpromote
the maturation of T cells (a type of white
blood cell that destroys
microbes and foreign substances) and may
retard the aging
process.

Liver, skeletal
muscle; adipose

Raises blood glucose level

by accelerating breakdown
of glycogen into glucose in
liver (glycogenolysis),
converting other nutrients
into glucose in liver
(gluconeogenesis), and
releasing glucose into the
blood.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is

a type of depression that afflicts
some people during the winter
months, when day length is short.
It is
thought to be due, in part, to
overproduction of melatonin.
Fullspectrum
bright-light therapyrepeated
doses of several hours of exposure
to artificial light as bright as
sunlightprovides relief for some
people. Three to six hours of
exposure to bright light also
appears to
speed recovery from jet lag, the
fatigue suffered by travelers who
quickly cross several time zones.

Insulin
from beta
cells of
pancreatic
islets

Somatosta
tin from
delta cells
of
pancreatic
islets
Pancreatic
polypeptid
e from F
cells
of
pancreatic
islets

Ovary

located ju
st inside
the
hipbones

Estrogens and
Progesterone

pancreatic
islets

Liver, skeletal
muscle; adipose

Lowers blood glucose level

by accelerating transport
of glucose into cells,
converting glucose into
glycogen
(glycogenesis), and
decreasing glycogenolysis
and
gluconeogenesis; also
increases lipogenesis and
stimulates protein
synthesis.

pancreatic
islets

Pituitary glands,
pancreas,
Gastrointestinal
tract, nervous
system

Inhibits secretion of insulin

and glucagon and slows
absorption of nutrients from
the gastrointestinal tract.

pancreas

Inhibits somatostatin
secretion, gallbladder
contraction, and secretion
of pancreatic digestive
enzymes.

pancreatic
islets

Zona reticularis of
adrenal cortex

Breasts, adipose, bone, uterus

Diabetes mellitus Type I (IDDM) makes

no insulin resulting in hyperglycemia
(fight-or-flight response to
hyperglycemia creates a positive
feedback loop making things worse),
lipidemia, glucosuria, ketonuria (as
ketone bodies are made), polyuria,
polydypsia (extreme thirst); untreated
leads to ketoacidosis and diabetic
coma. Type II (NIDDM) cells have
decreased response to insulin;
hyperinsulinism excess of insulin
usually due to overdose leading to
insulin shock

Together with
gonadotropic
hormones of the
anterior
pituitary, regulate the
female reproductive
cycle,
regulate oogenesis,
maintain pregnancy,
prepare
the mammary glands
for lactation, and
promote
development and

Gynecomastia in males (due to excess

ACTH or adrenal tumor)

maintenance of
female secondary
sex characteristics.

Testes

located
outside
the body
in a pouch
of skin
called a
scrotum,
which
hangs
between
the legs
below the
penis.

Relaxin

corpus
luteum(female) &
prostate (male)

smooth muscles, striated

muscles, cardiac muscle,
connective tissue in the form
of skin, ligament, tendon and
cartilage

Inhibin

beta cells of the

islets of Lagerhans

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose

Testosterone

Inhibin

Zona reticularis of
adrenal cortex

Skeletal muscle, gonads, bone

Breasts, adipose, bone, uterus

Increases flexibility of
pubic symphysis
during
pregnancy and helps
dilate uterine cervix
during
labor and delivery.
Inhibits secretion of
FSH from anterior
pituitary.
Stimulates
descent of the
testes before
birth, regulates
spermatogenesi
s, and promotes
development
and
maintenance of
male secondary
sex
characteristics.
Inhibits
secretion of
FSH from the
anterior
pituitary.

Masculinization in females (due to excess

ACTH or adrenal tumor)

Gynecomastia in males (due to excess

ACTH or adrenal tumor)