0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-1

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS

OF THE BOOK

An Introduction
to Atmospheric
Thermodynamics
by

Anastasios A. Tsonis

c 2002 Anastasios Tsonis



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CHAPTER 3
(3.1)
m=

1013 102 60
pV
=
= 72.3 kg
RT
287 293

(3.2)
V0 =

mRT0
= V0 = AT0 = A = 3.663 cm3 K1
p
A = 7.326 cm3 K1

(rst sample)
(second sample)

Curves are:
rst sample V = 3.663 T
second sample V = 7.326 T
(3.3)
(a) V =

nR T
= 0.0000821 T (m3 K1 )
p

= 82.1 T (cm3 K1 )
so V = 82.1 T (V in cm3 )
(b) V = 41.05 T
(3.4)

0.95 MCO2 = 41.8

per unit V: 0.05 MN2 = 1.4

43.2
So by mass:
41.8
= 96.76%
43.2
1.4
N2 :
= 3.24%
43.2

CO2 :

Then it follows


mi
M =  mi = 43.2 g mol1
Mi

R =

R
= 192.5 J kg1 K1
M
3

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 3

(3.5)
x=

6.022 1023
= 2.6884 1019
22 400

(3.6)
(1) p, V, T p1 , V, T  (T  > T = p1 > p)

[isochoric]

(2) p1 , V, T p , V , T (V > V = p < p) [isothermal]



(pV = constant is a hyperbola)

p

p1, V, T

p , V , T
p, V, T

(3.7)
(1) p, V, T
(2) p, 2V, 2T
(3) 2p, 2V, 4T
(4) p, 4V, 4T
pV = constant is a hyperbola

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 3

2p

2V

4V

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CHAPTER 4

(4.1)

(a)

=T

1000
p

 cR

= 213(5)0.286 = 337.5 K
(b) q = cp dT = 1005(298 337.5) = 39 697.5 J kg1 = 9.5 cal g1
Remove 9.5 cal g1
(4.2)
Vf = 1.2Vi = 1.2

mRTi
= 0.10332 m3
p

pVf
= 324 K
mR
Q = Cp T = 5427 J

Tf =

W = pV = 1550 J
(4.3)
(a)

T i pi

= T f pf


= Tf = Ti

pi
pf

 1

w = du = cV dT = w = cV Ti
(b) w = pda = w = RTi ln
(c)



pi
pf

 1

af
pi
= RTi ln
ai
pf

in (a)

d = 0 = 1 = 2


0.286

 0.286
  1
1000

1
pf
pf
1 = Ti
=
=
=1
pi

p
pi
2
i

0.286

1000

2 = Tf
pf

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 4

in (b)


2 1 = Ti 10000.286 pf0.286 pi0.286
(4.4)
(a)

p1 V1 = p2 V2 = =

ln pp12
ln

(b) pf Vf = mRTf = Tf =

V2
V1

= 0.67

0.929207
1.38029

pf V f
400 102 4 0.0224
=
mR
0.02897 287
= 431 K

(c)
(1)

U = CV T = 0.02897 718 158 = 3286 J

(2) pV 0.67 = constant = constant = 7948



Vf

W =
Vi

7948
7948 0.33 Vf
[V
dV =
]Vi
V 0.67
0.33

= 24 085 [0.08960.33 0.02240.33 ]

= 24 085[0.45109 0.28548] = 3989 J
(3) Q = 3989 + 3286 = 7275 J
(4.5)
1 ft = 0.305 m

15000 ft = 4575 m
3507.5 m = 3.5075 km
3500 ft = 1067.5 m
3.5075 9.8 = 34.3735 34.4
= T3500 = 34.4 12 = 22.4 C
(4.6)
p1 = 1 atm, V1 = 10 l,

T1 = 27 C

p2 = 5 atm, V2 = 2 l,
T2 = 27 C
 
V2
p2 V2 = p3 V3 = p3 = p2
= 5(5) = 51 = 0.525 atm
V3
 0.4
V2
1
1
= T2 V2
= T3 = T2
= 300(0.2)0.4 = 158 K.
T3 V 3
V3
Thus
p3 = 0.525, V1 = V3 = 10 l, T3 = 115 C

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 4

p
p2, V2, T1
5 atm

Isotherm

Adiabat
1 atm

p1, V1, T1

0.525 atm

p3, V1, T3

(4.7)
p0 = 4 atm,

V0 = 3 l

T0 = 300 K

p1 = p0 = 4 atm,

V1 = 5 l

T1 = 500 K

p2 = 2 atm,

V2 = 5 l

T2 = 250 K

p3 = 2 atm,

V3 = 3 l

T3 = 150 K

p0 = 4 atm,

V0 = 3 l

T0 = 300 K

W = A = 2 1013 102 2 103 = 405.2 J

p

p0, V0, T0

A
p1, V1, T1

4 atm

2 atm

p3, V3, T3

3l

p2, V2, T2

5l

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 4

(4.8)
U CV T = constant =

pV cV
pV CV
=
=
mR
R

pV = R/cV

(4.9) The change in U is the same (dU = 0).

Since dT = 0, the heat absorbed is equal to work done.
Thus the heat absorbed is greater in the case of the steplike curve (which gives a greater area in the (p, V ) diagram).
(4.10)
Q = Cp T = 1005 50 = 50 250 J
U = CV T = 718 50 = 35 900 J
W = Q U = 14 350 J
(4.11)
p1 V1 = nR T1 = n = 0.208 moles
= mhydrogen = 0.208 0.002 = 0.416 103 kg
T2 =

p2 V 2
586 K
nR

T = 293
Cp =

7
nR = 6.0526 J K1
2

Q = Cp T = 1773.4 J
(4.12)
R
M
R
2CV
R
2U
R
2cV
=
=
=
=
=
R=
5
M
5m
M
5mT
M
5mT R
= M =
2U
 0.4
V
1
= 685.75 K
T1 V10.4 = T2 V20.4 = T2 = T1
V2
R=

= T = 412.75 K
5 0.088 412.75 8.314
= M =
= 0.044 kg mol1
2 17 158
(i.e. CO2 )

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 4

(4.13) Heat transfer due to conduction

T1 > T2

T2

in this case W = 0
Going the other way we must do work (which means that
the environment suers a change, which means irreversible
process).
(4.14) Initial volume:
V1 =

mRT1
= 0.0007835 m3
P1

Final temperature:
T2 =

V 1 P2
= 286.6 K
mR

Change in temperature:
13.6 C
Amount of heat absorbed:
Q = CV T = mcV T = 2.33 cal
(4.15)
Q = 0 =

u = w =



K
1
1
= Vf2 V12 = 262.5 J Kg1
m
2
2

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CHAPTER 5
(5.1)
Q = Cp dT V dp
Q
dT
dp
= Cp
nR
T
T
p



Q
= Cp d ln T nR d ln p
T

Q
=0
T
(5.2)
dz = M dx + N dy
for an exact dierential
M
N
=
y
x
for reversible processes
dU = T dS pdV

(1)

dH = T dS V dp

(2)

dF = SdT pdV

(3)

dG = SdT + V dp

(4)

U, H, F, G all are exact dierentials. Thus:



 
T
p
(1) :
=
V S
S V




T
V
(2) :
=
p S
S p




p
S
=
(3) :
V T
T V

 

S
V
(4) :
=
.
p T
T p
11

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 5

(5.3) From equation (5.8), we have

 1
af
(T = constant)
s cV ln
ai
s 718 ln (20.4 ) 200 J K1 kg1
(5.4) H = constant = (CV + nR )T = constant = T =
constant = pV = constant = hyperbolas.
(5.5)
dS = Cp

dT
V dp

T
T

Since
dS = 0
it follows that
Cp

dp
dT
= mR
T
p

cp

dp
dT
=R
T
p

or

or
R p2
T2
=
ln
= T2 = T1
ln
T1
cp p1

p2
p1

 cR

= 273(10)0.286

= 527.5 K
(5.6)
Q = W12 + W34 = 31 165 24 282 = 6883 J
=1+

24 282
Q2
= 0.22
=1
Q1
31 165

(5.7)
S

nR T ln VV21
W
Q
=
=
= 8314 ln 4 = 11.5 J K1
T
T
T
(expansion in a vacuum is isothermal)

dp
= G
p
p2
V1
nR T ln
= nR T ln
= 3146 J
p1
V2

dG SdT + V dp = nR T

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13

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 5

(5.8)
N!
Si = 2k ln  N 2
!
2
(a)
Sf = k ln

2N !
(N !)2

S = K(2N ln 2N 2N 2N ln N + 2N )
2K(N ln N N N ln N/2 + N )
= 2KN ln 2 + 2KN ln N 2KN ln N
2KN ln N + 2KN ln N 2KN ln 2
=0
(b)

as in solved example (5.1)

(5.9)
ds = cp

a
dp
8
dT
dp = R
= s = 287 ln
= 64 J kg1 K1
T
T
p
10

(5.10)
dp
dT
R
T
p
T2
p2
R ln
s = cp ln
T1
p1
950
T2
287 ln
= T2 = 269 K
30 = 1005 ln
273
900
0.286

1000
2 = 269
= 273 K
950
ds = cp

(5.11)
adp
dT

T
T
cp d ln = cp d ln T =
ds = cp

dT
d
= d = dT
=
T

or since


T

 

= constant
= T
T

 

or

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 5

(5.12) In this case

cp d ln = cp d ln T Rd ln p
or

d
dT
R dp
=

T
cp p

The airs T will increase due to conduction. So dT

> 0.
T
dT
d
If d
>
0
but
<
,
then
for
the
air
moving
over

warmer surface dp
<
0
which
means
the
surface
pressure
p
will decrease. If d
> 0 but dT
> d
the air moving over

dp
warmer surface p > 0 which will result in an increase of
the surface pressure and so on!
(5.13)
ST = CV1 ln

T
T
+ CV2 ln
T1
T2

For
T1 = T2 = T = T1 = T2 = ST = 0
For




 
1
1 + b/x
b+x
T1 = T2 = ST = CV1 ln
+ ln
1+b
b
1+b
where
b=

CV1
T2
CV1
CV2
,x =
and T =
T1 +
T2 .
CV2
T1
CV1 + CV2
CV1 + CV2

Dene
f (x) =
Then:

ST
.
CV1

df
1
1
=

.
dx
b + x x(b + x)

Now we have that

df
=0
dx

at x = 1.

For
x = 1,
Now

f (1) = 0

(f (x) has an extremum at x = 1).



d2 f
2x b
1
=
1 .
dx2
(x + b)2
x2

The second derivative is positive for x = 1. Thus the

extremum is minimum. It follows that f (x) is zero when
x = 1 (i.e. T1 = T2 ) and positive otherwise.

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15

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 5

(5.16)
ds = cV
T2
ln
= ln
T1
p2 =

dT
T2
a2
da
= R ln
=
+R
= 0 = cV ln
T
a
T1
a1


a1
a2

R/cV
= T2 = T1 (0.6)0.4 244.5 K

RT2
1404 mb
a2

(5.17)

Q
B

A D

ABCD = AA B  B A D DA D DC  B  + BB  C  C CC  B  C 
= AA B  B A D DA D D CC  + BB  C  C
Q = W12 W41 W34 + W23
since
W23 = W41 = CV (T2 T1 )
it follows
Q = W12 + W34 (W3 < 0).

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Page-16

CHAPTER 6

(6.1) & (6.2)


dU =

U
T


dT +
V


Q = dU + pdV =
Q
1
dS =
=
T
T


U
T

U
T


U
V

dV
T


dT +
V

1
dT +
T
V





U
V


+ p dV
T

U
V



T

+ p dV


Since dS is an exact dierential we can write





M
N
=
V T
T V

or


=
=

1
T

U
T

 
=
V

  
1
T
1
T

U
V

U
V

  



1
T

U
V

  
1
T

+p +


+p +


T

U
T


+
V

1
T T
1
T




U
= 0,
T V
 
1

= 0,
V T T

and

T
16

U
V


= 0.
T

1
T

U
V

Now,

+P

U
V

U
T

 
V

+p
T

 

+
T

1
T

p
T


V

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 6

17

It follows that





U
1
1 p
2
+p +
=0
T
V T
T T V
or

U
V


=T
T

p
T


p
V

for ideal gases






RT
U

TR
=T
p=
p = 0 =
V T
T
V
V
V
U = f (V ) = U = f (T ).
(6.4) From ice at 20 C to ice at 0 C the amount of heat
required is
Q1 = CVi T = 5030 cal.
Thus, heat at a rate of 100 cal/min must be supplied for
50.3 min.
From ice at 0 C to water at 0 C the amount of heat
required is
Q2 = mlf = 39 850 cal.
In this case, heat at a rate of 100 cal/min must be supplied
for 398.5 min. Since heat is supplied for a total of 700 min.
It follows that an additional amount of heat of 70 000
44 880 = 25 120 cal will be supplied to water to raise its
temperature from 0 C to Tnal according to
25 120 = CV w T
which gives
Tnal = 50 C.
Since dQ/dt = 100 cal/min we have that
Q = 100t
and the three graphs should look like those that follow.
(6.5)
esw
5417
= 19.83
6.11
T
= esw (393) = 2591 mb
ln

esw (373) = 1237 mb

mv (initial) =

esw (393) V
= 1.43 kg.
Rv T

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 6

T
(C)

50

t (min)

20
50.3

448.8

700

Q
(cal)
44 880

t (min)

0
448.8
T
(C)

50

0
Q (cal)

20
5030

44 880

Similarly,
mv (nal) = 0.72 kg.
So,
1.43 0.72 = 0.71
must escape.

70 000

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 6

19

(6.6) The least amount of water needed is the amount of water

vapor corresponding to esw (100 C). At 100 C:
esw = 1000 mb (use equation 6.16)
1000 102 2 103
461.5 373
= 0.00116 kg

= mv (100 C) =

= 1.16 g
At standard conditions
d = 1.293 kg m3
= md = d V = 0.002586 kg.
It follows that
p2 =

md Rd T2
= 1384 mb.
V

Thus
ptotal = 1384 + 1000 = 2384 mb = 2.35 atm
(6.7)


U
V


p
=T
p
T V
 9 1.1 
10V T1.2
p
=T
T


109 T 0.1
p
= 1.1T
V 1.2
= 1.1p p = 0.1p = 0 (i.e. it is not an ideal gas)
Thus,
dU = CV dT
U = Q
S


pdV

Q
T

(6.8) Increase the temperature to about 1000 C.

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Page-20

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 6

(6.9)



dT
Q1
= CV
=
T
T
T2
= 5771 J K1
= 5cw ln
T1

1
Q2
= mlv = 30 201 J K1
S2
T
T
S1

Thus,
S 30 201 + 5771 = 35 972 J K1
(6.11) Heat absorbed from warm source
(1) Q1 = lf 1000 = 333.7 106 J
(2)

Q2
T2
=
= Q2 = 244.2 106 J
Q1
T1

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Page-21

CHAPTER 7

(7.1) Neglecting the water vapor terms and using

T =

m1 T 2 + m 2 T 2
2

and

T =

1000
p

k

we arrive at
k

)k + m2 2 ( 1000
)k
m1 1 ( 1000
1000
p
p
=

p
2
or
=

m1 1 + m2 2
.
2

Similarly using equation (7.74) and q w

e

e
p

we arrive at

m1 e1 + m2 e2
m

(7.2) We know that w = ws (Tdew , p) = ws (TLCL , pLCL ). Then

esw (Tdew )
esw (TLCL )
=
=
p esw (Tdew )
pLCL esw (TLCL )
esw (Tdew )pLCL = esw (TLCL )p =
p
pLCL
=
esw (TLCL )
esw (Tdew )

(1).

From equation (6.17)

esw (Tdew ) = 6.11 exp(19.83

 5417 
Tdew

and


esw (TLCL ) = 6.11 exp 19.83

5417
TLCL

(2).

21

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

Combining (2) and (1) yields



exp 19.83 T5417
p
dew


=
pLCL
exp 19.83 T5417
LCL
or


p
pLCL

= exp

5417
5417

TLCL
Tdew

(7.3)
e=

wp
w+

= ei = 7.74 mb and ef = 5.98 mb

From equation (6.17)


5417
esw (T ) = 6.11 exp 19.83
T
which gives
eswi = 23.4,

eswf = 12.16.

It follows that
ri = 0.33,

rf = 0.49.

Then using equation (7.16) we have that

Tdew i = 276.5 K,

Tdewf = 272.8 K

(7.4)
Q = lv dm = lv dmv


mv
=
Q = lv md d
md
Q = lv md dw
(7.5) Working as in example 7.4 we nd that it is the same as the
air at 1000 mb.
(7.6) Recall equation (7.80). Following the discussion in section
7.3.2, we have that
 p k
1
T1 = T0 = 1
1000
 p k
2
T2 = T0 = 2
1000

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

23

in general

= T0

1000
p

k
.

Now
=

# p2
p1

dp

p1 p2

#
=

dp
T0 1000
pk
p1 p2

= 1000k T0 (p1k
p1k
)/(1 k)(p1 p2 ).
2
1
Thus from equation (7.80)
T = pk

T0
(p1k p1k
)/(p1 p2 )
2
1k 1

(7.7) The lowest possible temperature will be Tw . Then from

equation (7.22) we have
Tw +

lv
lv
wsw = T +
w.
cpd
cpd

Since the air is initially very dry we can assume that w = 0.

As such
Tw = T
or
Tw T

lv
wsw
cpd



5417
lv 
6.11 exp 19.83
.
cpd p
Tw

The above equation can be solved numerically to obtain

Tw 288 K.
(7.8) At high temperatures the curve is fairly linear. Thus, for the
mixture to become slightly supersaturated, both breath and
the outside air must be very close to being saturated or be
supersaturated. In any case the answer is yes but very high
relative humidities are needed.
(7.9) From equation (7.16) we estimate that r = 0.66. From equation (6.17) we nd that esw (308) = 57.6 mb. Then it follows
that e = 38.0 mb and that (at p = 1000 mb) w = 24.6 g kg1 .
Then from equation (7.22) we nd (by numerical method)
that Tw 303 K.
This makes sense because Tw > Tdew . The dierence between
this answer and the answer in problem 7.7 is largely due to
the fact that here w = 0.

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Page-24

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

(7.10) That will be at Tdew . From equation (7.16) we estimate that

Tdew =

T
287.4 K.
T Rlvvln r + 1

(7.11) Since the decompression is adiabatic the nal temperature

inside the cabin is
0.286

500
T  = 298
= 252 K
900
Now esw (T  ) = 1.15 mb (from equation 6.17). Then
wsw (T  ) = 0.001434. At T = 298 K, esw (T ) = 31.9 and
wsw (T ) = 0.0228. Since the cabin is a closed system w(T ) =
wsw (T  ). Thus, r = 6.29%.
(7.12) The dew point temperature of outside air with T = 258 K
is (from 7.16)
Tdew =

T Rv ln r
lv

+1

= 252 K.

This is also the dew point for the air inside the room where
T = 298 K. Thus, inside the room
ln r =

T Tdew
= 3.32
R TT
v lv dew

or

r = 3.6%.

At T = 298 K, esw = 31.9 mb (from equation 6.17)

When the room reaches 50% relative humidity then the
water vapor has a vapor pressure equal to
e=

mv Rv T
mv Rv T
= resw =
V
V

or
mv =

resw V
Rv T

(1)

for r = 0.5, esw = 31.9 102 Pa, V = 100 m3 , Rv =

461.5 J kg1 K1 and T = 298 K it follows that
mv = 1.16 kg.
Now this is not the amount it should be added because to
start with there is some vapor. The amount of this vapor
is found from equation (1) for r = 0.036 and it is equal to
0.0835 kg. Thus, 1.16 0.0835 1.08 kg must be evaporated
for the relative humidity to become 50%.
The mass of dry air is
md = d V = 1.293 100 = 129.3 kg.

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-25

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

25

Thus
wt =

1.16
= 8.97 g kg1 .
129.3

Finally
Q = lv m = 2.5 106 1.08 = 2.7 106 J.
(7.13) a. w, q, pLCL , TLCL , , v , s (wt , qt do not apply)
b. wt , qt , r, pLCL , T, e , w , s
c. w, q, e, , v , h
d. r, h (note e = ep , w = wp )
(7.14) At 303 K, esw = 43.08 mb. Since initially r = 0.5 =
e(303 K) = 21.54 mb. It follows that the amount of water
vapor in the air inside the refrigerator is
mv =

eV
= 0.0308 kg.
Rv T

In 2 m3 there is md = d V = 2.586 kg of dry air. So there is

m = 2.6168 kg of moist air inside the refrigerator.
To nd the temperature at which condensation begins, T  ,
we use equation (6.17) for esw (T  ) = e i.e.


5417
.
21.54 = 6.11 exp 19.83
T
Numerical solution of this equation gives T 
= 19 C (292 K).
Since the system is a closed system it follows that
mt = mv = constant = 0.0308.
Then, w = wt = mt /md = 0.012 (mt is the total mass of
water). At 275 K, esw = 6.97 mb. This vapor pressure for
V = 2 m3 corresponds to a mass of water vapor
mv = 0.011 kg.
Thus mv mv = 0.0198 kg of vapor must condense to achieve
a temperature of 275 K. In order to estimate the amount of
heat given to the surroundings we proceed as follows. From
T = 303 K to T  = 292 K an amount of heat Q1 = CV T
is given away. Here CV = 2.6168 cV d (1 + 0.97w). It
follows that Q1 20 908 J. From T  = 292 K to T = 275 K

0521796768sol

26

March 16, 2007

Page-26

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

the amount of heat given away is

Q2 = Cp T + lv m
= (cpd + wt cw )mT + lv m
= (1005 + 0.012 4218) 2.6168 17 + 2.5 106 0.0198
46 960 + 49 500
= 96 460 J
Thus in total 117 368 J must be given to the surroundings.
(7.15) (a) We will assume an average temperature for the glass of
T = (T1 + T2 )/2 where T1 = 25 C and T2 = 10 C. Thus,
T = 7.5 C, which is assumed to be the dew point temperature. Then from equation 7.16, we nd that r 0.32. Thus
rmax 32%.
In (b) the windows will also have T = 25 C = rmax = 1.0
(7.16) At Tw
es (Tw ) = 17.65 mb
then
ws (Tw ) =

es (Tw )
= 11.2 g kg1 .
p es (Tw )

Then from equation (7.22) we nd that

T = 28.4 C = 301.4 K
Using Poissons equation we can nd T900 mb

T900 =

900
1000

0.268(10.269q)
293 K.

Now esw (T900 ) = 23.4 mb which gives ws (T900 ) = 16.6 g kg1 .

Thus r900 mb = 6/16.6 = 36.14%.
(7.17) We will assume that there is enough drops to cool the air
down to 10 C. In this case T = 20 C, Tw = 10 C, ws (Tw ) =
8 g kg1 and equation (7.22) gives
w = 3.93 g kg1 .
(7.18)
w=

0.01nMH2 O
mass H2 O
=
6.3 g kg1
0.99nMd
mass dry air

= Tv = T (1 + 0.61w) = T (1.0038)

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-27

27

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

(7.19)

w dw =

v dz
0

or
1
dw =
w

e
dz.
Rv T

(1)

An upper limit is obtained by assuming that for any z, e

esw
desw dT
desw
desw
=
=
.
dz
dT dz
dT

(2)

From C-C equation we have:

Rv T des
esw
=
.
T
lv dT

(3)

Combining (1)(3) yields

1
dw =
w l v

T
0

des
.
dz

Now, the upper limit can be obtained by assuming that

T (z) = T0 where T0 is the surface temperature. In this case:
dw

To eso
w l v

(7.20)
1r=
(1 r)

es e
es

ws
ws
= (es e)
= (es e)/(p es )

e
ws
pe
=

p es

(1)

pe
pe
ws e
ws
=
=
=
r
es
p

e
we
w
s
s

ws = 
p es

(2)

= 1 + (1 r)

w=

from (1) and (2), it follows that

w=

rws
1 + (1 r) ws

(7.21) Clear skies allow radiation to escape thus cooling the air
near the surface which leads to dew or frost.
The role of wind is not as straightforward.

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-28

CHAPTER 8
(8.2)
a
dTvirt
= Tvirt, 0
dz
(a + z)2
a
= virt = Tvirt, 0
(a + z)2
virt d =

aTvirt, 0
d
(a + z)2

For
virt d = 0 =
$
aTvirt, 0
a
zc =
d
For z > zc , v d < 0
For z < zc , v d > 0

stable
unstable

(8.3)
1 z/a1
dv
1
=
e

virt, 0 dz
a1
a2
1

For
a1
dv
= 0 = zc = a1 ln
dz
a2
For z > zc ,
For z < zc ,

dv
dz
dv
dz

>0
<0

stable
unstable

(8.4)
=

%
%
2 Tvirt, 0
2 Tvirt, 0

=
gvirt
gd

Period increases with temperature but the relationship is

not linear.
(8.5)

dz = gz

d = gdz = = g
0

= = gz
28

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-29

29

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 8

dp
= g
dz
= adp = d =

d = gdz
 2
 2
RT
=
dp = gz =
adp = gz =
p
1
1

p1
p1
RT
Rd T virt

ln
ln
z =
=
g
p2
g
p2
=

Rd T v p1 + dp1

ln
z =
g
p2 + dp2

After lifting:

ln

p1 + dp1
p1
dp1
dp2
= ln
=
=
p2 + dp2
p2
p1
p2

(8.6)
Tvirt = Tvirt, 0 virt z
dp =

pg
dz
Rd Tvirt

dp
g
dz
=
p
Rd Tvirt, 0 virt z
 z
g
dp
d(Tvirt, 0 virt z)
=+
p
Rd virt 0 Tvirt, 0 virt z

p0

ln

g
Tvirt, 0 virt z
p
=
ln
po
Rd virt
Tvirt, 0

 g
virt z Rd virt
p = po 1
Tvirt, 0

(8.7)
pg
dz
Rd Tvirt
 z
g
dp
=
dz
p
Rd Tvirt, 0 0
dp =

po

gz

p
gz
=
= p = po e Rd Tvirt, 0
po
Rd Tvirt, 0

(8.9)
z(t) = A(et et )
v=

dz
= A(et + et )
dt

(1)

Tvirt

303
298
291
289
293
283
268
263
253

1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600

295
294
291
288
283
278
263
258
243

Tdew
26.5019
24.8972
20.59
16.9607
12.1653
8.62198
2.5762
1.63841
0.37689

e
0.01693
0.01674
0.01456
0.01266
0.0096
0.00723
0.0023
0.00157
0.00039

w
0.01665
0.01646
0.01435
0.01251
0.00951
0.00718
0.00229
0.00157
0.00039

q
300
295
288
287
291
282
268
263
253

T
303
302
300
303
313
308
297
298
293

virt
35.8897
26.5628
17.4932
15.6896
21.0013
11.1867

es

3.85731
2.51924
1.01761

ei

0.73842
0.9373
1.17703
1.08102
0.57926
0.77073
0.66787
0.65036
0.37037

294
294
292
288
281
277
261
256
240

T (LCL)

350
348
340
338
340
328
303
302
294

ep

0521796768sol
March 16, 2007
Page-30

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-31

31

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 8

STABILITY CONDITIONS
Layer

dvirt /dz

1000950
950900
900850
850800
800750
750700
700650
650600

<
<
<
>
<
<
>
<

Condition

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Unstable
Unstable
Unstable // supersaturated
Stable
// saturated use dep /dz
Unstable
Unstable
Stable
Unstable

CONVECTIVE STABILITY CONDITIONS

Layer

dep /dz

1000950
950900
900850
850800
800750
750700
700650
650600

<
<
<
>
<
<
<
<

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Condition
Unstable
Unstable
Unstable
Stable
Unstable
Unstable
UnStable
Unstable

for
t = 0,

v = 1 =
$

1
where =
A=
2

g
(virt d ) = 0.023
Tvirt, 0

or
A = 21.74
Then from equation (1), z(t = 60 sec) 81 m and v =
2.1 m/sec.
(8.10) From problem 8.7 we have that
gz

R T
d virt, l

pl (z) = pl e

gz

, pw (z) = pw e Rd Tvirt, w .

dz
dt

0521796768sol

32

March 16, 2007

Page-32

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 8

At z = h,
pl (h) = pw (h) =

gh

pl
e Rd Tvirt, w
=
=
gh

pw
e Rd Tvirt, l
ln( ppwl )
Rd
h=
g T 1 T 1
virt, w

virt, l

(8.11)
Problem 8.6:


 g
z R
p = po 1
To

Problem 8.7:

p = p e RTo

Problem 8.10: h =

gz

R ln( ppwl )
g( T1w

1
Tl

where R is the gas constant of the environment and is the

environmental lapse rate.

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-33

CHAPTER 9

(9.1)


u = ln T
w = T ln p

= eu = T

x = Re(u+we
y
x
u
x
w
y
u
y
w

= ewe

w
w
= ln p e T = p
T

= R(1 weu )e(u+we

= Reu eu+we

= weu ewe
= eu ewe

= Rewe

= e(u+we

It follows that
x y
x y

u w w u
= R(1 weu ) + Rweu = R = constant.

J=

Since J = constant we conclude that this diagram is an areaequivalent diagram.

Since p = ewe

isobars are not straight lines.

From Poissons equation we have that for the dry adiabats

ln = ln T + kd ln 1000 kd ln p
or
ln p =

1
ln T + constant.
kd

This equation is a straight line in a (ln p, ln T ) diagram but

not in a (T ln p, ln T ) diagram.
33

0521796768sol

34

March 16, 2007

Page-34

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 9

(9.2)
u=T

w = pkd

x=a=

u=T
=

w kd = p

RT
1
= Ru w kd
p
1

y = p = w kd
x
1
= Rw kd
u
1 1 1
x
= Ru w kd
kd
w
y
=0
u
y
1 1 1
= w kd
w
kd

= J =

R 1
w
kd

Since J = kdRw = constant, it follows that this diagram is

not an area-equivalent diagram. Since w = pkd and u = T
isobars and isotherms are constant w and u lines respectively,
and thus they are straight lines.
From Poissons equation

=T

1000
p

kd
=

pk = T constant,
which in a (pk , T ) diagram is a straight line.
(9.3)
u=T
w = cp ln = cp ln T cp kd ln p + constant =
w cp ln u constant = cp kd ln p =
ln p = A ln u Bw + C
where
A=

1
1
1
,B =
, C = constant
.
kd
cp kd
cp kd

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-35

35

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 9

It follows that
p = eA ln uBw+C
x=a=
=

Ru
RT
Ru
Ru
= A ln uBw+C = A ln u [CBw] = A [CBw]
p
e
e
u e
e

Ru1A
e[CBw]

y = p = eA ln uBw+C = uA e[CBw]

R(1 A)
x

= [CBw] uA

u
e

1A

BRu
x

= [CBw]

w
e
=

y
[CBw] A1

= Ae
u

A [CBw]

= Bu e
w

J = R(1 A)B +
Q.E.D.

BR
A

= constant

(9.4) Since at 950 mb, T = 22.5 C and Tdew = 15.7 C it follows


wp
11.78
w = 12.4 = e = w+
= 0.6344
= 18.6 mb
= r = 0.68
esw (22.5 C) = 27.4 mb
From the diagram we nd that
= 27.5
Twp = 18 C
wp = 20 C
Now:
lv
(w wsw )
cpd



5417

lv
Tw T +
w 6.11 exp 19.83
cpd
p
Tw

(1) Tw = T +

Numerical solution provides

Tw 292 K 19 C
lv w
324 K = 51 C
(2) Te = T +
cpd + wcw
(3) From equation (7.63) with p = 1000, T = 20 C, w = 0.016,
it follows that ep = 66 C.
(4) From equation (7.64) = Tep = 333.3 K 60.3 C.

0521796768sol

36

March 16, 2007

Page-36

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 9

(9.5) From the sounding we nd that

pLF C 700 mb
pLN B 300 mb
if we assume:
< T T > 1K
it follows (from the equation at the bottom of page 153) that
CAPE 244 J kg1
or
umax =

2 CAPE = 22.1 m/sec.

This is not a very large value. So, even though some

convection may develop, deep convection most likely will not.
(9.6)

p
pLNB

20 mb

B
6.5 C/km

7.0 C/km

1000 mb

D
218

A
T0 = 303

For constant lapse rate:


 g
z Rd T
p(z) = po 1
T0
or

  Rgd
p
T0

1
z=

p0

(k)

0521796768sol

March 16, 2007

Page-37

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 9

37

Then
(1) z200 mb = 12 164 m
(2) T200 mb = T0 z = 218 K
(3) 218 = T0 s zLN B = zLN B = 13 077 m

 g
s z Rd s
178 mb.
(4) pLN B = po 1
T0
Now

178

(T200mb T0 )d ln p

CAPE = Rd
1000

= Rd (Area of ADC Area of ABD)

Note here that we are dealing with d ln p not dp. It follows

that
CAPE =

1
287 85(1.72 1.6) = 1464 J kg1
2

which corresponds to
umax = 54 m/sec.
(9.8) from 800 to 550 mb, z 2.8 km. The mass of dry air in a
volume 280011 m3 is 2800 1.293 = 3620 kg. This means
that there is 3620 0.0027 = 9.8 kg of water in that volume.
If all precipitates it will occupy a volume mw /w = 0.0098 m3 .
Then, since 1 1 z = 0.0098 = z 1 cm. From formula
(7.19) we nd dw 3 cm. The dierence might arise from the
fact that in (7.19) all the atmospheric vapor is assumed to
condense.
(9.7,9.9,9.10) Use a diagram to obtain the answers.