Multirate Digital Signal Processing

Basic rate-changing components:

upsampler and downsampler:
time domain and frequency-domain models

Upsampler:
increases the sampling rate by an integer factor L
Synonyms: rate expander; expander; oversampler

x[n]

xU [n]

x[n / L] n = 0, L, 2 L,...
xU [n] =
otherwise
0
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 x[n / L] n = 0, L, 2 L,...
xU [n] =
otherwise
0
Upsampling keeps the original samples and introduces
L 1 zero samples between them:

x[n]

xU [n]

t
L=7
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 x[n / L] n = 0, L, 2 L,...
xU [n] =
otherwise
0
Upsampling keeps the original samples and introduces
L 1 zero samples between them:

x[n]
xU [n]

T
T = T / L

t
f s = Lf s
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Downsampler:
decreases the sampling rate by an integer factor M
Synonyms: rate compressor; compressor; undersampler; decimator

x[n]

xD [ n ]

xD [n] = x[nM ]

xD [n] = x[nM ]
downsampling keeps the 0th, Mth, 2Mth original samples
and skips the rest:

x[n]

xD [ n ]

t
M =7
6

xD [n] = x[nM ]
downsampling keeps the 0th, Mth, 2Mth original samples
and skips the rest:

x[n]
xD [ n ]

t
T
T = MT

t
f s = f s / M
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Time- and frequency-domain models

Upsampler

x[n / L] n = 0, L, 2 L,...
xU [n] =
otherwise
0
X U ( z ) = X ( z L ) : X% U ( f ) = X% ( Lf )

Action:Shrinking of the frequency axis by a factor L

Time- and frequency-domain models

Downsampler

xD [n] = x[nM ]

1
X D ( z) =
M

M 1

1/ M k
%
(

)
:
X
z
X

M
D( f ) = ?
k =0

Action: complicated

Upsampler (incorporating LP Postfilter):

increases the sampling rate by an integer factor L
Synonyms: rate expander; expander; oversampler; interpolator

xU [n]
x[n]

L
fs

xI [ n ]

LPF
f s = Lf s

f s = Lf s

x[n / L] n = 0, L, 2 L,...
xU [n] =
otherwise
0
n

xI [n] = h xU [n] = h[n m]x[m / L]

m =0

assuming both h and x are causal

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Upsampling keeps the original samples and interpolates

L 1 zero samples between them, then lowpass filters
the result to remove spectral images:

x[n]

xU [n]

xI [ n ]

t
L=7
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X(f )

L=2
f

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

XU ( f )
Images

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

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X(f )

L=2
f

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

XU ( f )

Anti-imaging Filter

Images

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

XI ( f )
Filtered Images

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

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Downsampler (incorporating LP Prefilter):

decreases the sampling rate by an integer factor M
Synonyms: rate compressor; compressor; undersampler; decimator

xL [ n ]
x[n]

LPF

xD [ n ]

M
fs

fs

f s = f s / M

xL [n] = h x[n]
nM

xD [n] = xL [nM ] = h[nM m]x[m]

m =0

assuming both h and x are causal

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Downsampling lowpass filters to the OUTPUT half-Nyquist

bandwidth, then keeps the 0th, Mth, 2Mth original samples
and skips the rest:

x[n]

xL [ n ]

xD [ n ]

t
M =7

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Without lowpass prefiltering aliasing occurs:

M =2

X(f )

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

XD( f )
X ( f / 2 + fs )

X ( f / 2 fs )

Overlap

Overlap

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

Aliasing
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With lowpass prefiltering aliasing is prevented:

M =2

XL( f )

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

XD( f )
X L ( f / 2 + fs )

X L ( f / 2 fs )
f

fs

fs / 2

fs / 2

fs

No Aliasing
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Some related techniques:

Fractional rate conversion

Multistage upsampling and downsampling

Polyphase FIR filter

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Fractional rate conversion: R = L/M

f s = Lf s

f s = Lf s

fs

x[n]

LPF
xU [n]

h2

xI [ n ]

xIL [n]

LPF
f s = Lf s

h1

xI [ n ]

M
f s = Lf s

Now combine the two LPFs

xR [ n ]
f s = Lf s / M
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Fractional rate conversion: R = L/M

x[n]

f s = Lf s / M

f s = Lf s

fs

LPF

xR [ n ]

h
h[ n] = h1 h2 [n]

NB: L and M must be relatively prime,

having no common factor (why?)
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Polyphase FIR filter

Example: 11th-order FIR filter, requiring 12 (6 different) coefficients

H ( z ) = h[0] + h[1]z 1 + h[2]z 2 + h[3]z 3 + h[4]z 4 + h[5]z 5

+ h[5]z 6 + h[4]z 7 + h[3]z 8 + h[2]z 9 + h[1]z 10 + h[0]z 11
H ( z ) = E0 ( z 3 ) + z 1 E1 ( z 3 ) + z 2 E2 ( z 3 )
where

E0 ( z ) = h[0] + h[3]z 1 + h[5]z 2 + h[2]z 3

E1 ( z ) = h[1] + h[4]z 1 + h[4]z 2 + h[1]z 3
E2 ( z ) = h[2] + h[5]z 1 + h[3]z 2 + h[0]z 3

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x[n]

E0 ( z )

E1 ( z )

E2 ( z )

y[n]

z 1
z 1

Each of the 3 3rd-order FIR filters requires 4 coefficients, but

they all work at the reduced rate, and this is advantageous;
e.g. reduced power consumption
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Question:
Apply the symmetry-exploitation
trick to the polyphase filter, and
redraw the block diagram

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