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INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOSHOP
Adobe Photoshop is one of the most powerful image
modification programs published by Adobe Systems.
Although Photoshop is professional software for
photographers, graphic designers and web designers,
amateur users can use Photoshop easily. The file format
of Photoshop is PSD. PSD files keep layer information to
maintain the original image for future use. Photoshop
can work with different color modes: Bitmap, Gray scale,
Duotone, Indexed Color, RGB Color, CMYK Color, Lab
Color.

A layer is a component
of an image. Images
consist of multiple
layers. Layers might be
background, texts,
logos, shapes, pictures,
etc.

The most recent version Photoshop CS3 was released in

2007. CS stands for Creative Studio. CS3 works faster and uses less hardware
resource then earlier versions. The following pictures were created by using
Photoshop. There are two kinds of graphics. One is "raster graphics", the other is
"vector graphics". Their difference lies under encoding
the data file for a graphics image. Raster graphics
describe images as arrays of colored pixels. It is like
preparing a mosaic artwork. You place stones with
different colors on your canvas to produce different
shapes and illustrations. The more stones you place in a
certain area to describe an image, the clearer artwork
you will have. In Tibet, an Asian nation; people have an
amazing art called Mandalas. They place billions of
different colors of sands on big plates to form artwork
describing their culture as
shown on the left.
As you see on this plate each
grain of sand has a specific
place to represent a color.
The point here is to use very
small particles and not to
leave any empty place on the
plate. Think as if that the
plate under the Mandala
sands is flexible and if you try
to increase the size of the
plate by pulling, there will be
empty spaces between grains
of sand and the visual appeal
will be impoverized. And if you make the plate smaller by force, sands will overlap

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each other making the artwork less attractive.
The same concept is true for Raster Graphics Editing Programs (Photoshop). You use
as many pixels as you can in a certain area to make sharp images when printing. But
if you increase or decrease the size of the file after creating the document the quality
of the images will decrease. Therefore mostly Raster Graphics programs are used on
Photo images and in giving special effects to pictures.
Vector graphics based upon mathematical equations to represent images in
computer graphics. You can increase the size of your canvas as much as you want
without losing the visual quality of your vector image. Vector graphics are mostly
used in big format printing. But their ability is limited in Photo editing.

A project which is produced in Photoshop

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The Toolbox
The black triangle on the right bottom of tools means that the toolbox includes additional tools.
To open a sub tool menu you can either right click on it or just keep t and hold it, and then by
clicking on any tool on the menu will be able to change your tool.
Shortcut: Pressing on the shortcut letters on the keyboard
helps us to select the tools swiftly. For additional tools you
have to keep pressing on the shortcut letter.
Adobe Online
Move Tool

Hand Tool
Default Colors
Zoom Tool
Set Foreground and background Colors
Fullscreen Mode with Menubar

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Overview of Photoshop CS3
Menus

Tool Pane

Image Window

Palettes

Photoshop Interface

Close Button

Title Bar

Maximize Button
Minimize Button

Image

Scroll Bars

View Size

Resize Bar
Image Window

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Digital Imaging
Color Modes
Each color you see on your computer screen or on a printed document is a mixture of other
main colors. To produce a color, you need to combine the main colors in a certain ratio. You
may have faced this fact in painting when you were in primary school. You can add more
water to lighten the color, or you can add a little black to make it darker. In a PC
environment there are two different standards in defining the main colors. These are called
the color models.
Red, Green, Blue (RGB): This model refers to a system for representing the colors on a
computer screen. Red, green, and blue are combined to produce other colors.
Color values
RGB Mode
vary in the range 0-255. Red=0, Green=0, Blue=0 produces black color and Red=255,
Green=255, Blue=255 produces white color. In RGB red plus green produces yellow, red plus
blue produces magenta, blue plus green produces cyan. Figure 1 shows the three colors
used in the RGB color model and intersection of the colors.
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black): The CMYK model is commonly used for color printing. If
you are using your image editing programs to prepare printing materials, you have to work
with CMYK. In CMYK, magenta plus yellow produces red, magenta plus cyan produces blue
and cyan plus yellow produces green. Figure 2 shows the four colors usedCMYK
in the
CMYK color
Mode
model and the intersection of the colors.

Pixel
Rasterizing is the
process of
converting vector
image to raster
images.

A pixel (picture element) is a single point in a graphic image. Digital

images consist of collocated pixels. The intensity of each pixel is
variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three or four
dimensions of variability such as red, green, and blue, or cyan,
magenta, yellow, and black. It means a pixel can have only one color.

Resolution

Resolution refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image.

Resolution is the number of pixels on a specific area such as a computer screen or a paper. It
is most often used to define monitors, printers, and images. The higher the resolution you
have means the more pixels you use in defining the image and getting a sharper and clearer
result. Pixels Per Inch (PPI) is a measurement of resolution of a monitor displaying an image.
Dot per inch (DPI) defines the number of dots will be put on a specific surface when printing.

Anti-Aliasing
One of the most important techniques in making eye-catching and smooth graphics is antialiasing. In the context of rasterizing images, anti-aliasing refers to the reduction of the
jagged borders between colors.

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File Operations
New Image
When you run Photoshop for the first time, unlike most of the other programs, you will not
see a blank file. You need to use the New File dialog box to create a new file.
To create a new file:
1. Select File -> New. The New dialog box
New Dialog Box
opens.
2. Name: Write the name of the image file
3. Preset: To specify the size of image you
may either use preset or width - height
options.
4. Resolution: Resolution refers the
number of pixels per inch. Generally
image resolution is 72 dpi, which is well
enough for web images. But for printing
purposes we need to create our
document at 300 dpi. Increasing dpi of an image increases the size of the file too.
Therefore we use 72 dpi or web graphics to open the web site quickly on the
Internet.

Color Mode
Color mode shows how the colors are recorded in the file. For example;
RGB

Red, Green, Blue

CMYK

Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black

Gray Scale

256 shades of gray

Background Contents
Every image by default has a background layer. It is different than any other layer that we
work with.
White

Background color will be white

Background Color

You can set background color on the toolbar

Transparent

Background will be transparent (No color)

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Three Background
Contents

File Formats
Before you save a file in Photoshop, you should decide which file format you will need. You
can save a file in about 20 different file formats. The most common formats and their usages
are listed below.
Format Layers

Usage

Explanation

PSD

Yes

General (Photoshop
Format)

PSD is the default file format of Photoshop. PSD files

keep layers information to maintain the original image
for future use.

BMP

No

Windows applications,
wallpapers

Windows bitmap file format.

EPS

No

Publishing

The most popular file format for publishing.

GIF

No

Web design, animation

Due to its low file size, gif is a common web file format
and suitable for animations.

JPG

No

Web design, Photo

The most used photo and web images format. Difference

between GIF and JPG is supported color. GIF can include
256 colors, JPG more than 16.7 million colors.

PDF

Yes

e-book

Adobe's Portable Document Format

TIFF

Yes

Publishing

TIFF and EPS are the two most accepted file formats for
publishing. TIFF also keeps layers information like PSD.

Usage of File Formats

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On the table, you can compare the file size of the

picture below in different file formats. The image size
of the picture is 580px X 396px. The file size depends
on the quality and compression of the file format and
keeping layer information making file size bigger. That's
why PSD and TIFF have such big file sizes.

Format

Qulity

Size

PSD

Uncompressed

4050 KB

BMP

24 Bit

672 KB

EPS

1 bit/pixel

1197 KB

GIF

126 KB

JPG

Maximum

302 KB

JPG

High

120 KB

JPG

Medium

69 KB

JPG

Low

57 KB

PDF

3469 KB

TIFF

Uncompressed

4194 KB

TIFF

LZW (No Layers)

448 KB

Size of Picture Formats

Saving Files
Saving a file is very important for Photoshop. In Photoshop, you can save a file in two
different file formats to use in the future. PSD and TIFF are the most important file formats
to keep layer information. You have to save your project in the PSD format to edit in the
future. Select File -> Save As and then choose the file format according to your need.

Save As Dialog Box

Supported File Types by Photoshop CS3

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Opening Files
To open an existing file choose; File -> Open. Find
the picture and click on it. The appearance of the
picture will be in the preview window. Click open if
it's the file that you need. You may also make
multiple selections by pressing the CTRL Key to open
more than one file.

Open Dialog Box

Browsing Files
Adobe Bridge CS3 is an external program, provided with Adobe Creative Suite 3
components, to organize and browse images easily. From Bridge you can view, search, sort,
filter, manage, and process image, video, and audio files. You can sort images by filename,
document type, date created or modified, file size, and dimension. You can use Bridge to
rename, move, and delete files; edit metadata; rotate images; and run batch commands.
When you rotate an image you only rotate the view of the image. Rotating does not affect
the image data. You can also view files and data imported from your digital still or video
camera.

Images may be filtered by

keywords, date created, date
modified, orientation, and
aspect ratio. By clicking on one
of the criteria you can display
images containing that
criteria.
Browsing only Landscape Images

Batch Rename Files

You can rename files and folders in a group, or batch. When you batch rename files, you can
choose the same settings for all the selected files or folders. When you need to rename files
in an order (image01, image02, image03...) batch rename is the best command to use.
Hundreds of files can be renamed in a minute by using batch rename command.

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To batch rename files;

Select the files or folders

Choose Tools -> Batch Rename
Set the Destination Folder option.
Rename in same folder: Renames files' names
Move to other folder: Renames files' names and moves to
another folder.
Copy to other folder: Renames files' names and copy to
another folder.

Renaming Batch Files

Set the New Filenames option.

Text: Changes filename text.

Sequence

Number:

The

number

automatically increments for each file

named.
You can click the plus button (+) or minus
button (-) to add or delete elements. A
preview of the new filename appears at the
bottom of the dialog box.
Click Rename button.

Batch Rename Options

After Renaming Files

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PRACTICE
Create a new page according to the following criteria:

Width: 500 pixel

Height: 300 pixel
Resolution: 300
Color mode: RGB
Background contents: Transparent
Save as yourname.jpg

Open grapes.jpg file

save as PSD, BMP, EPS, GIF, PDF and TIFF

put all files in a folder
compare their sizes (fill the table)
thick if MS Paint can open or not (fill the table)
Format

Size

Open in Paint?

JPG
PSD
BMP
EPS
GIF
PDF
TIFF
Extract the file seasons.rar. Save the pictures with the name of the seasons on them in TIFF
format.

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LAYERS
Layer Essentials
Layers in Photoshop are just like layers of acetate where
each image has its own layer to build up a composite image.
Each layer has its own transparency, position and can be
edited independently.

To display layers
panel click on
Window -> Layers

Layers are fundamental part of Photoshop and it is

essential for us to learn how they interact well if we want to use Photoshop
effectively. To understand benefit of layers, we can think of an artist creating his
masterpiece. He must work with zero mistakes to finish his job. Because applying a
small brush stroke to a wrong part or using an inappropriate color on small surface
can spoil the whole work and he has to start from the beginning again. But in
Photoshop we have layers to help us
edit, modify, colorize different parts of
artworks free from their other parts. So
any mistake you make only effects a
limited area that can be fixed easily. In
these pictures you see a clown. As you
see his nose is a different layer (nose).
Because Photoshop only does changes
on selected layer(s) we are able to
change his nose to blue.

Layer Window
4

1. Set the blending mode for the layer

2. Layer opacity
3. Fill opacity affects pixels painted in
a layer or shapes drawn on a layer
without affecting the opacity of any
layer effects that have been applied
to the layer.
4. Layer options window
5. Hide/Unhide
6. Layer preview and layer name
7. Link layers
8. Add a layer style
9. Add layer mask
10. Create new fill or adjustment layer.
11. Create a new group
12. Create a new layer
13. Delete layer

2
3

9
8

11
10

13
12

Layer Palette

Layers

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New Layer
To create a new layer, we simply click on Layer -> New
Layer. Once we do that, a new layer is created on the top
of our layer stack. Open the file daisies.psd and
create a new layer.

We can also click on "new

layer" icon on the layers panel
to create a new layer

Layer menu
New Layer Dialog Box

Renaming a Layer
To rename a layer, simply double click on the layer name and change
its name. On daisies.psd rename the new layer you created as
empty layer.

Moving a Layer
The easiest method to move a selection or a layer
from one document to another is the drag and
drop method. Using the move tools drag and drop
the layer on any part of the other document. You
will see the moved layer on top of all the layers. To
do this both of the documents should be open and
the document windows should be in restore mode.
Open daisies.psd and butterflies.psd. When butterflies.psd is the active window click on
butterfly 1 layer and drag it into daisies.psd, and Save As daisies and butterflies.psd.

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Duplicating a Layer
By duplicating a layer, we produce a copy of all items in that layer.
To duplicate a layer, first we select the layer by clicking on it once
then we follow the Layer -> Duplicate Layer path. The other way for
duplicating a layer is right-clicking on the layer and dragging the
layer to the New Layer icon.
Open the file daisies and butterflies.psd and duplicate butterfly 1
layer. Then by using the move tool move the duplicated butterfly
somewhere else in the picture.

Deleting a Layer
To delete a layer we click on Layer -> Delete Layer or we drag and
drop the layer to the trash bin which is located at the right
bottom corner of the panel.
Open the file daisies and butterflies.psd and delete butterfly 2
layer.

Hide/Show Layers
To hide a layer, we first select the layer by clicking on it once then
we follow Layer -> Hide Layers path. The shortest way to hide a
layer is to click on the eye icon on the left side of the layer. To
unhide a layer, we click to Layer -> Show Layers or click on the
empty box on the left side of the layer to bring back the eye symbol
for making the layer visible.

Merging Layers
Sometimes we need to combine all layers in
one layer. This is called "merging layers" in
Photoshop. Merging layers do not change
any effect given to the layers. To merge
layers, we first select the layers by pressing
the Shift key while clicking on them. Then we
follow Layer -> Merge Layers path.
Before Merging

After Merging

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Linking Layers
We link layers to move them all together. To
link layers, we select all the layers we want
to link by pressing the Shift key while
clicking on them. Then we follow the Layer > Link Layers path. The better option for
linking layers is clicking on the Link Layers
icon after selecting the layers. To unlink
layers, select layers and follow the Layer ->
Unlink Layers path or just select the layers
and click on the Link Layer icon again. Open Before Linking
After Linking
the files daisies.psd and butterflies.psd. On
the butterflies.psd, link butterfly 1 and the butterfly 2 layers, and move them to the file
daisies.psd. As you will see both of the layers will be moved to the daisies.psd file together.

Grouping Layers
Grouping layers has two main advantages.
1. Grouped layers can be edited, modified,
moved, given effects together.

Group Layers Icon

Hide/Show group Layers

2. Grouping layers helps us to organize the

Layers panel when we are working with
many layers.

To group layers, first we select the layers and click Layer -> Group Layers. The second way is
to drag the selected layers to the Group Layers icon below the Layers panel.
We can hide/show grouped layers by clicking
on the arrow given above.
To move a layer out of a group, drag and drop
the layer above the group folder.
To give a name to a group, same as renaming
layers, double click on the group name and type
it's new name.
Moving layers Out of a Group

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Background Layers
There are three kinds of background layers in Photoshop.
These are transparent backgrounds, color backgrounds and
picture backgrounds. When creating a new file, if we define
the Background Content as transparent, there will be no color
on the background. For colored background, before creating a
new file we change the background color from toolbox. Then
we select background color from the Background Contents box

Transparent Background

while creating a new file. When we open a new picture in

Photoshop, by default picture becomes the background layer.
The background layers do not support transparency, which
means when we make a selection on the background layer and
delete it, we fill the selection with the current background
color.
If we want the background layer to be editable, we need to
Color Background
convert it to a layer. To do this, we need to double click on the
Background layer on the Layers Panel and give it a name. The converted layer will support
transparency.
Sometimes we might need to convert a layer to a background layer as well. In such cases
you need to follow Layer -> New -> Layer from Background.

Picture Background

Deleting a Selection on the Background Layer

Deleting a Selection on a Layer Which is

Converted from Background Layer

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Opacity
A layer's opacity determines to what degree it obscures
or reveals the layer beneath it. A layer with 1% opacity
appears nearly transparent, whereas one with 100%
opacity appears completely opaque.
Open the wall_clock.psd. As you see on the picture we
have four wall locks which all have an opacity of 100
percent.
Now select the layers one by one and change their
opacity to different values.

Fill Opacity
While opacity affects the opaqueness of the whole layer
including layer effects, fill only affects the layer content,
but not layer effects.
You see two clocks and their opacity and fill values on the
left. After giving drop shadow effect, we see that because
opacity is applied even to effects the shadow is a bit
lighter than the one on its left.

Layer Order
On layers panel, the layer above is always in front of the other.

The sun is in front of waves

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Blending Mode
The blending mode controls how pixels are affected after
painting or editing. By changing the blending mode of a
layer, we mix the colors of the layer with the layer beneath
it. Each mode gives a different result, since ways of mixing
is different for each blending mode.
Example

Open the images red_tulips.psd and sea.psd.

Drag and drop the Red Tulips onto the sea file by
using the Move tool. Place the red tulip so as to
cover the whole of canvas.
Change the blending mode of the Red Tulips layer to the Lighten and the Vivid Light
modes.

red_ulips.psd

Lighten

sea.psd

Vivid Lighten

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Layer Style
Layer Style menu allows us to customize various layer effects and blend selected contents
from multiple layers.
If we have a look at the Layer Style menu, on the left side we see different layer effects. To
apply any of those effects, we click on its name on the left side and change the settings of
the effects which will come to the middle of the menu. To apply more than one effect, we
tick on the box of each effect we want to add.
Here are some effects given to the file clover.psd.

PRACTICE
1. Positioning Layers
Open the file badge.psd and
make a security officer badge

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2. Making a Vegetable Woman by Using Layers

Open all pictures under the vegetable folder.

Open pumpkin.psd.
Move the vegetables into pumpkin.psd file and by using
the layer features, try to make a vegetable woman like in
the picture.

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Introduction to Adobe Illustrator

Adobe Illustrator is a vector-based drawing program that is often
used for graphic design. Utilizing the program will help you create
complicated patterns and designs faster and more efficiently than one
normally could on pencil and paper or other traditional methods.

Keyboard shortcuts
Adobe actually has a comprehensive library of keyboard shortcuts for all their programs.
However we have made a small list of more useful keyboard shortcuts that you will find
useful on your journey as a designer.

SHIFT holding shift while moving and object will ensure that it moves in a straight
line
Ctrl G, this command is for grouping objects
to flip and object
R to rotate an object
Alt Shift ] or [ to move an object to the front or back
Ctrl 2 to lock an object

Its also possible to set your own keyboard shortcuts or import a custom set that others
have set up and optimized for your designing experience.

Making Basic Shapes in Adobe Illustrator

Up in the depth of your tool palette is the shape tool.
If you hold down the mouse key on the shape tool
button then a menu will appear with a list of
shapes (or shape menu) for you to choose from
like in the shape below.

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Clicking on the arrow to the side

of the shape menu allows the
shape menu to pop out in a
separate window:

Now youre ready to make your

first shape!

Youll notice that when you select a shape and click on your new document that the shape is
stamped onto your page. However if you hold down the click and drag the mouse you can
adjust the size of the shape. You may have also noticed that you can rotate the shape if you
drag it in circles.
Holding down the SHIFT button as you drag your shape will ensure your shape stays
proportional as you change the size of the shape. When you hold down ALT, it centers your
shape in its position while you decide on the size and rotational angle of your shape. Holding
down CTRL will give the shape a similar effect as hold down alt except it lets you position
and angle the shape from the left side
of the shape rather than from the
center. Dont worry about getting your
shape perfect. You can always change
the aspects of your shape later by
clicking on it with the Selection Tool
(located at the top left corner of your
tool palette) and dragging the corners
of the selection box.
It is also possible for you to change the
number of points your shape normally
has by clicking on it with the Shape Tool
and adjusting the points section in the
menu that pops up. This is how you
create freak-of-nature-shapes such as
the 110-point star.
So now we have a shape. Its not quite as beautiful as we would like is it? Luckily, Illustrator
has plenty of tools that will assist you in pimping out your custom shape.

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Fill and Stroke Tools
The fill color will always default to white however if
you double click on the tool then a color menu
opens up for you to choose your own custom color.
After you choose a new color and click OK, your
shape will automatically be filled with the color of
your choosing.

The stroke of the shape can be treated the same way however if you decide not to have a
stroke then just simply click the tiny red striped square below the Stroke tool to cancel out
the stroke.

The Pathfinder palette lets you create new shapes from overlapping objects. Just select the
objects you would like to combine with the Selection tool and click on the effect that you
want in the Pathfinder palette. The palette provides four different effects for shapes. You
can either combine two or multiple shapes into a one unique shape.

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You can also minus the object(s) that are in front.

You can also intersect two of the objects or exclude the space in-between them.

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Most objects and graphics in Illustrator can be created by combining and transforming
shapes creating enough possibilities to make Picasso jealous.

PRACTICE
Create a project in illustrator that consists of shapes. These shapes should make a meaning
shape (like an animal).

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QUESTIONS
1. The
most
powerful
modification program is;
a. Illustrator
b. Dreamweaver
c. Photoshop CS3
d. Microsoft Word
e. Paint

image

5. Which of the following cannot you

do with Photoshop?
a. Create Flash movies
b. Restore old photographs
c. Create original artwork
d. Open .jpg files
e. Modify images

2. What tool is missing from this popup tool list?

6. Which of the File Formats can keep

layer information?
a. .bmp
b. .gif
c. .psd
d. .jpg
e. .png

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Sponge Tool
Rectangular Marquee Tool
Magnetic Lasso Tool
Brush Tool
Elliptical Tool

3. Which of these is not a color

mode?
a. RGB
b. Mask Color
c. Gray Scale
d. CMYK
e. None of above
4. Which one is not one of the tools in
the Photoshop CS3 Toolbar?
a. Color Range Selection
b. Lasso Tool
c. Gradient Tool
d. Type Mask Tool
e. Brush Tool

266 Review Questions

7. Which of the following can you not

define in a New Dialog Box?
a. Resolution
b. File Extension
c. Color Mode
d. Width
e. Height
8. Clicking and holding the mouse
button on a toolbar icon does
what?
a. Shows additional tools
related to that tool
b. Opens Save As dialog box
c. Locks that tool
d. Shows help text for that tool
e. Closes the toolbar
9. CS3 stands for
a. Counter Strike
b. Creative Studio
c. Color System
d. Computer Science
e. Computer System

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10. Layers in Photoshop are
a. filters that have been
applied to the image
b. images stacked on top of
each other
c. color models
d. color
and
brightness
correction
e. they are not objects of
Photoshop

11. Which of the following ways cannot

bring up the Layer Styles/Blending
Options dialog box?
a. Double click on the layer's
long bar in the layers
palette (not the name)
b. Right click on the layer long
bar and choose Blending
Options
c. Use the lower left fly-up
menu and choose a layer
style
d. Double click on the layer
name
e. None of above

12. If we want to give the same Layer

Style to more than one layer, which
one is the best method given
below?
a. Duplicating them
b. Selecting them
c. Linking them
d. Merging them
e. Deleting them

13. Which cannot be done by using the

icon below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Creating a new layer

Creating a layer group
Duplicating layer groups
Duplicating layers
None of above

14. Which Layer Style effects are given

to the shape below?

I. Drop shadow
II. Bevel and Emboss
III. Outer Glow
IV. Pattern overlay
a. I-II
b. I-IV
c. I-II-III
d. I-III-IV
e. II-III
15. You
see
a
diamond,
an
empty circle and a
star on the picture
in the right. All
shapes are in
different
layers.
Which one is the correct order of
the layers?
a. Circle, star, diamond
b. Circle, diamond, star
c. Star, diamond, circle
d. Star, circle, diamond
e. Diamond, circle, star

Review Questions 267

Chapter - 6: Basics of Photoshop CS3 & Illustrator

16. Which file format is not supported
by Photoshop?
a. .bmp
b. .png
c. .jpg
d. .jpg
e. .mp3

17. Which function is used to copy all

items in the layer to a new layer?
a. Deleting the layer
b. Duplicating the layer
c. Linking the layer
d. Moving the layer
e. Renaming the layer

18. Which one is the program to

browse and organize images easily
inside Photoshop?
a. Adobe Bridge
b. Adobe Dreamweaver
c. HTML
d. Java
e. C++

19. Which one is a vector-based

drawing program that is often used
for graphic design?
a. Photoshop
b. Dreamweaver
c. Flash
d. Illustrator
e. Bridge

268 Review Questions

20. Which short cut key is used to

group objects in Illustrator?
a. Ctrl + A
b. Ctrl + R
c. Ctrl + P
d. Ctrl + C
e. Ctrl + G