Nama : Fitri Ananda

NIM : 21060114120003
TUGAS II KOMUNIKASI DATA
EXERCISE CHAPTER 3. NETWORKING DEVICES

1.
Human voice frequency ranges from 16 Hz to about 20 KHz. Telephone
companies use the most-significant 4,000 KHz portion of this spectrum to
deliver voice conversation between two users. This downgrade in the quality
of conversation allows the transmission links to save bandwidth remarkably.
Using a three-level hierarchy of multiplexing (12:1, 5:1, and 10:1):
a. How many voice conversation can this system carry?
b. What would be the final transmission capacity of this system?
Jawab :
a. Number of channels
= 12 5 10
= 600
b. Capacity = 600 4KHZ
= 2400 KHZ = 2.4MHZ

2.
Consider the integration of three analog sources and four identical digital
sources through a time-division multiplexer that uses its entire 170 Kb/s
maximum capacity. The analog lineswith bandwidths of 5 KHz, 2 KHz, and
1 KHz, respectivelyare sampled, multiplexed, quantized, and 5-bit encoded.
The digital lines are multiplexed, and each carries 8 Kb/s.
a. For the analog sources, find the total bit rate.
b. For the digital sources, find the pulse-stuffing rate.
c. Find the frame rate if a frame carries eight sampled analog channels,
four digital data channels, a control channel, and a guard bit.

Jawab :
Karena total output bit-rate pada multiplexer adalah 160 Kb/s, maka kita
ubah terlebih dahulu 170 Kb/s menjadi 160 Kb/s.
a) Total bit-rate untuk analog links
= (5 KHz + 2 KHz + 1 KHz) 2 samples/cycle 5 bits/sample
= 80 Kb/s
b) Total bit-rate untuk digital links adalah
= 160 Kb/s - 80 Kb/s = 80 Kb/s
Total bit-rate per digital line
=

80 Kb/ s
4 lines

=20 Kb/s
Pulse stung per digital line
= 20 Kb/s - 8 Kb/s
= 12 Kb/s
c) Dengan m

3.
Assume that two 600 b/s terminals, five 300 b/s terminals, and a number of
150 b/s terminals are to be time-multiplexed in a character-interleaved
format over a 4,800-b/s digital line. The terminals send 10 bits/character,
and one synchronization character is inserted for every 99 data characters.
All the terminals are asynchronous, and 3 percent of the line capacity is
allocated for pulse stuffing to accommodate variations in the terminal clock
rate.
a. Determine the number of 150 b/s terminals that can be
accommodated.
b. Sketch a possible framing pattern for the multiplexer, assuming three
characters per 150 b/s terminal.
Jawab :
a) Pulse stung
= 4800 b/s 0.03 = 144 b/s
Number of characters are
= 1 (sync) + 99 (data)= 100

Synchronization bit rate

=

4800

b
s

100

50 b/s

Number of 150 b/s terminals

2 x 600+5 x 300+50+144 b/ s

=
terminals
4800=

b) Jumlah karakter untuk synchronization adalah sebanding dengan nilai bit

rates. Cohtohnya, ketika kita membutuhkan 12 karakter untuk 150 b/s
terminal, maka kita membutuhkan 3 karakter untuk synchronization
Frame format in terms of bits is:
= 2 (12 char 10 b/char) + 5 (6 char 10 b/char) + 12
(3 char 10 b/char) + 3 10 b/char + 1 10 b/char
= 940 b/frame

4.
Consider a time-division multiplexer having a frame time of 26 s. Each
user channel has 6 bits, and each frame has 10 bits of overhead information.
Assume that the transmission line carries 2 Mb/s of information.
a. How many user channels can be accommodated on the line?
b. Consider ten sources in this system, and assume a probability of 0.9
that a source is busy. What is the clipping probability?
Jawab :
a) Jumlah bits/frame (total) = 2 Mb/s 26 s/frame = 52 bits/frame
Jumlah bits/frame (data) = 52 bits/frame - 10 = 42 bits/frame
Kanal = n = 42 bits/frame

1
=7
6 bits/ch

ch/frame

m1

b) P [clipping] =

mi1
p i ( 1p )
( mi
)
i
i=n

M = 10, n = 7, p = 0.9, maka P [clipping] = 0.947

5.
Consider a synchronous TDM with eight inputs, each becoming an average
of 2 s active and 6 s inactive. Frames can receive four channels only.

a. Find the probability that a source is active.

b. Find the probability that three channels of the frame are in use.
c. Find the blocking probability for this multiplexer.
d. Find the average number of used channels in the frame.
Jawab :

a)

b)

ta
2
= =25
tc+d 8
j
m ti
j ta

()
(mj ) tati

p j=3 =

3
8 2
3 6

( ) 21
(81 ) 62

i=0

p j=n=4 =

c) B =

m 1
n 3

i=0

()
(mi ) 13
n

i=0

4
8 1
7 3

( ) = 70/81 9
8 28 56 70
(8i ) 13 1+ 3 + 9 + 27 + 81
j

i=0

d) E[C] =

j p j=1 ( 0.275 ) +2 ( 0.32 )+3 ( 0.213 )+ 4 ( 0.0889 ) 1.94

j=1

6.
For a four-input statistical TDM, consider two different frame sizes of 2 and
3. Sketch one set of three plots, each showing the clipping probability versus
= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8.
Jawab :

a) Diketahui:
m=4
n=2
3

Prob[clipping] = Pc =

(3i ) i ( 1 )3i
i=2

=10.4% for =0.2

=35.2% for =0.4
=64.8% for =0.6
=89.6% for =0.8
b) m =4
n =3
3

Prob[clipping] = Pc =

(33 ) 3 ( 1 )3 3
i=3

=0.0% for =0.2

=6.4% for =0.4
=21.6% for =0.6
=51.2% for =0.8
c) n = 4
P4 = 100%

7.
Consider a statistical TDM in which 11 sources and 10 channels are present.
Find the clipping probability, assuming a probability of 0.9 that a given
source is busy.
Jawab :
=

ta
=0. 9
ta+ td

Untuk m =11 dan n = 10;

Pc = the clipping prabability
m1

Pc =

i (1 )m 1i=( 10 ) 10(1)0=10 0.35

( m1
)
i
10
i=n

8.
Find the average clipping time for each burst of information in statistical
TDMs.
Jawab :
the average clipping time for each burst of information in statistical TDMs is
1
n
(1 m)

9.
A string of 110011101 arrives at the line coder of a modem. Give the output
form if the line coder is designed by:
a. Natural NRZ
b. Polar NRZ
c. Manchester NRZ
Jawab :
Output line coder dari kode 110011101 untuk Natural NRZ Polar NRZ
Manchester NRZ adalah

Gambar Line Coding

10.
A string of 100101011 arrives at the modulation unit of a modem. Give the
output signal if the modulator is designed by:
a. ASK
b. FSK
c. PSK
Jawab :
Output sinyal dari kode 100101011jika didesain dengan ASK, FSK dan PSK
adalah sebagai berikut :

11.
We want to design the input port processor of a high-speed router and
analyze the delay. Incoming packets to IPP are fragmented into smaller
segments, with each segment consisting of d bits data plus 50 bits of header.
The switch fabric requires segments to be transmitted at r b/s. To achieve the
highest possible speed:
a. Is there any way to optimize the transmission delay D of each
segment in terms of d and r?How?
b. Is propagation delay in the switch fabric significant compared to D?
Why?
Jawab :
a) Assume a packet incoming at input port of IPP has length of L bits. Then, T

d+50
r

d T /dddr=0 d opt ,r opt

Therefore ways to optimize the transmission delay T are followings:

Increase transmission rate (r) by reducing clock cycle time of CPU.
Dene value of d to be equal to highest-probability packet length(L).
b) For example, if the switch fabric has 5 stages of routing in its internal
network, the processing delay mostly depends on AND gate switch time of
gates on a fabric. Assume applying CMOS transistors,which are slowest
technology for switching transistors, for this switch fabric. Assuming 50-80
ns switch time for CMOS AND gate, the total propagation delay in this
switch fabric = 80 ns 5 stages=0.4 s. On the other hand, the delay in IPP
(D) mostly depends on packet fragmentation and encapsulation delay time.
Typical value of this delay time is about tens or hundreds of milliseconds
for a 512-bytes packet. Therefore processing delay in the switch fabric is
not signicant compared to delay in IPP.