FERROUS METALS

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Department of Oil and Gas processing

Ferrous metals
Iron technology was widely applied by
500B.C.
Steel used in automotive industries, bar
and plate, construction, cans and
containers, farm and electrical
equipment
Phase diagram

Ferrous metals
Phase diagram of Pure Iron
phase diagram
At atmospheric pressure:
Below 770oC: alpha iron (bcc
structure): magnetic
Above 770oC: nonmagnetic
Above 912oC: gamma iron (fcc)
Above 1394oC: delta iron (bcc)
The delta phase melts at
1538oC

Ferrous metals
Steel:0.06-2%C

Ferrous metals
Phase diagram of
Iron structure

Ferrous metals
Phase diagram of
Iron structure

Ferrous metals
Phase diagram - Terminology

Ferrous metals
Phase diagram - Terminology

Ferrous metals
Phase diagram - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels
Steel - Terminology

Steels

0.005%

Pure Iron
Soft, ductile,
weak

0.06%

2%c

Steel Rolling,
forming,
shearing

4%

Cast Iron

5%

Pig Iron

Pig Iron

Steels

Bessemer
furnace,
blasted air in
molten iron

Basic Oxygen
Furnace, 1960,
25%scrap, 75%
molten pig iron,
pressurized oxygen

Open hearth
Furnace, 50%scrap,
50% molten pig
iron, pressurized
air

Electric Furnace,
scrap, electric arc
through carbon
electrode

Steels
Steel take largest fraction of steel production
Carbon max 2%, silicon max 0.6%, copper max 0.6%, manganese max
1.65%
Forms: sheet, strip, bar, plates, tube, pipe, wire
Applications: automobiles, appliances, base plate of machines,
housings, chutes, structural members

Steels
Steel alloy:
Carbon max 1%, all alloy content max 5%, copper max 0.6%,
manganese max 1.65%,Silicon max 0.6%
Alloy ingredient: aluminum, chromium (max 3.99%), cobalt,
molybdenum, nickel, titanium,
Applications: structural components, axle shaft, gears, hand tools,

Steels
High strength low alloy:
Applications: sheet, bar, plate, structural shapes
Yield strength: 60-90ksi
Other steels: tool steels, steels for pressure, vessel and boilers, millheat treated (quenched, tempered, normalized)

Ferrous metals

Ferrous metals

Ferrous metals

Ferrous metals

Ferrous metals

Steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Behavior of carbon and alloy steels in tension

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Behavior of carbon and alloy steels in tension

Alloy steels

Behavior of carbon and alloy steels in tension

Behavior of carbon and alloy steels in tension

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels

Alloy steels
strength

Alloy steels
strength
hardness

Quenched steels - hardness

Quenched steels - hardness

Quenched steels - hardness

Quenched steels - hardness

Quenched steels hardness

Steel selection and specification

Steel selection and specification

Steel selection and specification

Steel selection and specification

Steel selection and specification

Steel selection and specification

Steel selection and specification

To be
continued